DILIGENT    勤奮

EAGER to ACHIEVE one's TASK USING APPROPRIATE EFFORT.
INDUSTRIOUSHARD-WORKINGASSIDUOUSCONSCIENTIOUSPARTICULARPUNCTILIOUSMETICULOUSPAINSTAKINGRIGOROUSCAREFULTHOROUGHSEDULOUSEARNESTPERSEVERINGPERSISTENTTENACIOUSZEALOUSDEDICATEDCOMMITTEDUNFLAGGINGUNTIRINGTIRELESSINDEFATIGABLEDOGGEDARCHAIC LABORIOUS
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current word for (typically respectful) meticulous and almost fastidious diligence is jǐn 謹 (ant. màn 慢 "be neglectful"). 2. Shèn 慎 (ant. hū 忽 "be neglectful") "be careful and cautious" emphasises not only careful attention but also wariness of possible danger. 3. Lì 力 emphasises total devotion of all one's physical and mental effort, and in this meaning the word is normally adverbial. 4. Qín 勤 (ant. duò 惰 "without proper strenuous and dutiful effort") emphasises dutiful mental effort. 5. Quàn 勸 focusses on the externally induced enthusiasm with which something is done. 6. Miǎn 勉 focusses on externally or internally generated extraordinary enthusiasm for a task. 7. Què 愨 emphasises the moral appropriateness of the diligence in question. 8. Yuàn 愿 (not to be confused with yuàn 願 "hope") is an elevated rare word referring to respectful diligence of the people. 9. Jìng 敬 often refers to respectful diligence in action imposed by one's respect rather than to the attitude or the explicit direct show of respect as such.
Modern Chinese Criteria
勤奮 勤勉 勤勞 勤懇 勤快 勤謹 細心 細緻 周密 勤 手勤 勤苦 辛勤 努力 奮勉 巴結 宵旰 兀兀 乾乾 孜孜不倦 篤行不倦 臥薪嘗膽 櫛風沐雨 吃苦耐勞 不辭辛勞 不辭勞苦 不辭勞瘁 任勞任怨 摩頂放踵 克盡厥職 事必躬親 身體力行 發憤忘食 廢寢忘食 宵衣旰食 旰食宵衣 人一己百 笨鳥先飛 精衛填海 磨杵成針 駑馬十駕 鍥而不舍 有志竟成 稍盡微勞 (lit) refers to doing one's best for a cause. rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • CULTIVATE　Be DILIGENT TRYING to BASICALLY IMPROVE ONESELF. (anc: 15/0, child: 1)
  • EARNEST　DILIGENT AND SERIOUS IN-RELATION-TO one's SELF:own BELIEFS AND ASPIRATIONS. (anc: 15/0, child: 3)
  • CAUTIOUS　DILIGENT IN-RELATION-TO AVOIDING DANGER. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • DETAILED　DILIGENT so as to pay ATTENTION to EVEN UNIMPORTANT PARTS of something. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • TIRELESS　ENDURINGLY DILIGENT. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • PEDANTIC　EXCESSIVELY DILIGENT (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • HONEST　MORALLY DILIGENT TENDING TO SPEAK TRUE AND NOT TO LIE. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • LAZYNATURAL TENDENCY to REFUSE to make EFFORTS.
  • NEGLECTDISREGARD what one SHOULD NOT DISREGARD.
See also
  • SERIOUSEARNEST AND BELIEVING ONE'S ACTS to be IMPORTANT.
  • CAUTIOUSDILIGENT IN-RELATION-TO AVOIDING DANGER.
Hypernym
  • EAGER　INTENSE DESIRE to ACT FOR A DEFINITE AIM. (anc: 13/0, child: 2)
  • DESIRE　GOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO ONESELF concerning the FUTURE HAVING, CONTROLLING, or ACTING:doing SOMETHING DEFINED. (anc: 12/0, child: 11)
  • FEELING　NATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND. (anc: 11/0, child: 17)
  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 509©

    DILIGENTIA res exeqvendi debitum studium. Quod si fit

    1. cum lubentia, dicitur Alacritas

    2. cum attenta Cogitatione, Cura

    3. cum anxia etiam cura, Solicitudo

    4. pertinaciter continuata, Assiduitas v. Sedulitas

    5. cum severa Celeritate, Strenuitas.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    INDUSTRIOUSNESS

    industria refers to activity as a habitual quality of an elevated sort, the impulse to activity that animates the hero or the statesman.

    sedulitas refers to an activity that shows itself in small matters, often even of a comic sort, the indefatigable bustling of the busy housewife, of the good-natured nurse.

    assiduitas refers to an extensive tendency to put in a worthy uninterrupted effort.

    diligentia reers to intensive careful application to whatever is needed in order to the aims of one's industry.

    studium refers to the inclination and loe towards the object of one's industry, as an inward impulse.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 324

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 115

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    DILIGENTIA

    INDUSTRIA

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p.

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1294

    謹，慎

    1. WL claims that ji3n 謹 refers to chariness, sparseness and carefulness in the use of language whereas she4n 慎 refers to intellectual sincerity and strenuous severe effort. In fact, ji3n 謹 is a technical term for the opposite of sparseness in the use of language, i.e. the meticulous and almost fastidious making explicit of things that might seem superfluous, as in ji3n zhi1 謹之 "be meticulous about something" e.g. a date: 謹而日之 "record the day meticulously". Moreover, the speech radical and LY 10.1 not withstanding, and quite predominantly, ji3n 謹 does not refer to any diligence with language at all. It seems perniciously dangerous to follow tradition and take the radical to indicate basic meaning. Basic meaning must emerge from attested usage.

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 335

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 437

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.327:219

    PROMPTITUDE.CELERITE.VITESSE.DILIGENCE

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.72.53

    ATTENTION.EXACTITUDE.VIGILANCE

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 58B

    • Words (56 items)

    謹  jǐn OC: klɯnʔ MC: kɨn 173 Attributions

    The current word for (typically respectful) meticulous and almost fastidious diligence is jǐn 謹 (ant. màn 慢 "be neglectful").

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 慎/DILIGENT Shèn 慎 (ant. hū 忽 "be neglectful") "be careful and cautious" emphasises not only careful attention but also wariness of possible danger.
    • Assoc: 恭 / 共/RESPECT Gōng 恭 (ant. jù 倨 "behave in an informal impolite way") refers specifically to private proper polite and respectful attitudes shown to a deserving person.
    • Assoc: 孝/LOVE Xiào 孝 refers to loving respect for one's parents and ancestors in attitude and action and is a major traditional virtue.
    • Assoc: 愿/DILIGENT Yuàn 愿 (not to be confused with yuàn 願 "hope") is an elevated rare word referring to respectful diligence of the people.
    • Assoc: 篤/EARNEST Dǔ 篤 refers to trusty earnestness under the special aspect of dependability.
    • Assoc: 信/FAITHFUL The current general word for trustiness or good faith is xìn 信.
    • Assoc: 慎/DILIGENT Shèn 慎 (ant. hū 忽 "be neglectful") "be careful and cautious" emphasises not only careful attention but also wariness of possible danger.
    • Assoc: 慎/DILIGENT Shèn 慎 (ant. hū 忽 "be neglectful") "be careful and cautious" emphasises not only careful attention but also wariness of possible danger.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.tactdiligent attention to N
    • nabactdiligence in action
    • nabdispositiondiligence;
    • vadNmeticulous, painstaking
    • vadVpainstakingly, diligently, carefully; meticulously; unfailingly 謹而
    • viact, commendatorybe diligent; be meticulous; be assiduous; show diligence
    • vipejorativebe (overly) meticulous, be fastidious???
    • vpostadVtoNgradeddiligently; with diligent attention to detail 遇客甚謹
    • vt(oN)pay diligent attention toCH
    • vt+prep+Nbe diligent about, pay painstaking attention to
    • vt+V[0]be careful to V
    • vtoNactbe diligent about, take pains with; devote oneself meticulously to; be meticulous on the point of; be vigilant regarding
    • vtoNcausativecause to be diligent
    • vtoNpassivebe paid painstaking attention to
    • vtoNpsychpay diligent attention to, pay close attention to; be carefully attentive to
    慎  shèn OC: djins MC: dʑin 41 Attributions

    Shèn 慎 (ant. hū 忽 "be neglectful") "be careful and cautious" emphasises not only careful attention but also wariness of possible danger.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 輕 / 輕/FRIVOLOUS The current general and neutral word for lack of seriousness is qīng 輕 (ant. zhuāng 莊 "serious").
    • Contrast: 敏/SKILLFUL Mǐn 敏 (ant. yú 愚 "stupid and incompetent") refers to a very high degree of adeptness at a task.
    • Contrast: 謹/DILIGENT The current word for (typically respectful) meticulous and almost fastidious diligence is jǐn 謹 (ant. màn 慢 "be neglectful").
    • Assoc: 謹/DILIGENT The current word for (typically respectful) meticulous and almost fastidious diligence is jǐn 謹 (ant. màn 慢 "be neglectful").
    • Assoc: 謹/DILIGENT The current word for (typically respectful) meticulous and almost fastidious diligence is jǐn 謹 (ant. màn 慢 "be neglectful").

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychdiligence; preoccupation with which one is carefully or warily concerned; moral carefulness
    • vadVMOVE TO CAUTIOUS carefully, warily
    • viactbe advertent; be careful
    • vt prep Npay careful attention to NCH
    • vt(oN)be diligent with respect to
    • vt+prep+Nreflexive.己be diligent and cautious with respect to (oneself)
    • vt+V[0]be careful in V-ing; take care to V [This is a clear case where vadV is indistinguishable from vt+V.]
    • vtoNpay careful attention to; be careful to avoid; show special care for
    • vtoNpassivebe paid careful attention toCH
    • vtoNreflexive.己be diligent and careful with respect to (oneself)
    敬  jìng OC: kreŋs MC: kɣaŋ 30 Attributions

    Jìng 敬 refers to respectful diligence in action.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 簡/NEGLECT Màn 慢 (ant. jìng 敬 "pay proper and respectful attention to") and jiǎn 簡 (ant. xì 細 "pay detailed attention to") refer to a typically deliberate and defiant, often a deliberately outrageous, failure to pay proper attention to what is expected to be heeded.
    • Object: 事/WORK Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler.
    • Assoc: 忠/FAITHFUL Zhōng 忠 refers to a selfless effort on behalf of the person to whom one takes oneself to owe loyalty, and this person may be either a ruler or a friend.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactrespectful diligence in practice
    • vadVwith devoted diligence, diligently
    • viactshow respectful diligence in action
    • viimperativebe diligent!CH
    • vt[oN]（degree verb, see 甚敬）be morally earnest in one's behaviour and attitudes; show a respectful attitude
    • vtoNpay diligent attention to, attend diligently to
    • vtoNimperativebe diligent about N!
    • vtoNreflexive.己cause oneself to be reverently diligent in one's actions
    勤  qín OC: ɡlɯn MC: gɨn 13 Attributions

    Qín 勤 (ant. duò 惰 "without proper strenuous and dutiful effort") emphasises dutiful mental effort.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNdiligent
    • vadVdiligently
    • viactbe industrious and strenous in one's efforts, make strenuous efforts, be assiduous; be meticulous
    • vt+prep+Nbe diligent with regard to
    熟  shóu OC: djɯwɡ MC: dʑuk 9 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 圖/PLAN Tú 圖 suggests that the person who plans has the formal authority to take a decision.
    • Epithet: 察/INVESTIGATE The most general words for investigating something are chá 察 "sort out clearly" and shen 審 "investigate carefully".

      Syntactic words
    • vadVthoroughly, carefully, closely
    • vibe mature, well-considered
    謹慎  jǐn shèn OC: klɯnʔ djins MC: kɨn dʑin 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactproper careful diligence
    • VPibe properly diligent
    • VPt+V[0]be meticulous about Ving
    • VPtoNbe diligent about
    審  shěn OC: qhjɯmʔ MC: ɕim 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVdiligently, carefully, meticulously
    • viactbe diligent
    • vt+V[0]take meticulous care in V-ing, V with critical attention
    • vtoNbe meticulous about
    • vtoNpassivebe practised with diligence
    好  hǎo OC: qhuuʔ MC: hɑu 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVimperativeproperly, carefully
    • vpostadVcompletely, properly
    愨  què OC: khrooɡ MC: khɣɔk 6 Attributions

    Què 愨 emphasises the moral appropriateness of the diligence in question.

      Syntactic words
    • nabdispositionearnest decency, naive diligence
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthose who are diligent; the diligent
    • viactbe decent, be dutiful and diligent in an unsophisticated way; naive and morally diligent; straightforwardly decent
    • vichangebecome trustily diligent
    愿  yuàn OC: ŋɡons MC: ŋi̯ɐn 5 Attributions

    Yuàn 愿 (not to be confused with yuàn 願 "hope") is an elevated rare word referring to respectful diligence of the people.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 直/GOOD Zhí 直 (ant. qǔ 曲 "devious") refers to moral straightforwardness and uprightness.
    • Ant: 侗/COARSE
    • Assoc: 謹/DILIGENT The current word for (typically respectful) meticulous and almost fastidious diligence is jǐn 謹 (ant. màn 慢 "be neglectful").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactdiligence
    • vadNdiligentCH
    • viactbe attentive and make an honest effort, sincere and diligent SW: 謹也
    勸  quàn OC: khons MC: khi̯ɐn 4 Attributions

    Quàn 勸 focusses on the externally induced enthusiasm with which something is done.

      Syntactic words
    • vifeel encouraged to make strenuous efforts; LY feel enthusiasticSAME AS "DILIGENT" vt-pass delenda (vi should be vt-pass)
    • vt(oN)enthusiastically work on the contextually determinate tasksLZ
    • vtoNbe encouraged to work diligently for (rewards etc); fell impelled to work for
    精勤  jīng qín OC: tseŋ ɡlɯn MC: tsiɛŋ gɨn 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVwith careful diligence
    諦  dì OC: k-leeɡs MC: tei 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVpaying diligent attention to all details
    護  hù OC: ɢʷaaɡs MC: ɦuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtake care with, be careful about
    勃  bó OC: bɯɯd MC: buot 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viintensitivebe serious, be officious
    善  shàn OC: ɡjenʔ MC: dʑiɛn 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVproperly; carefully 善聽
    作意  zuò yì OC: tsaaɡ qɯɡs MC: tsɑk ʔɨ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVwith attention, carefully
    • VPt(oN)imperativepay diligent attention (to what I am saying)
    • VPt+V[0]pay attention to V-ing
    繁  fán OC: ban MC: bi̯ɐn 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nbe elaborate with respect to
    • vtoNcausative(cause to be elaborate>) be fastidious about; to elaborate, make elaborate
    脩  xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpay diligent attention to, be careful with
    踧踖  cù jí OC: sklɯwɡ skaɡ MC: tsuk tsiɛk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiintensitivebe very reverent
    前後  qián hòu MC: dzen huwX OC: dzeen ɡooʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVthoroughly, from all perspectivesLZ
    恭勤  gōng qín OC: koŋ ɡlɯn MC: ki̯oŋ gɨn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVdiligently
    聳  sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe cared for; keep in apprehension
    • vtoNbe careful about (GY)
    子細  zǐ xì OC: sklɯʔ snɯɯs MC: tsɨ sei 1 Attribution
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 461b, #3

      Syntactic words
    • VPadVin detail > diligently, carefully, with great care
    賢  xián OC: ɡiin MC: ɦen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe worthy and diligent
    踧  cù OC: sklɯwɡ MC: tsuk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • v-p.adVdiligently, reverently
    • viintensitiveshow diligent reverence 踧踖 show respectful unease
    脩然  xiū rán MC: sjuw nyen OC: sqlɯw njen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVcarefullyLZ
    敬慎  jìng shèn MC: kjaengH -- OC: kreŋs -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe diligent and careful in actionCH
    屬臾  shǔ yú MC: dzyowk yu OC: djoɡ lo 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabshow diligence and concernCH
    恭謹  gōng jǐn OC: koŋ klɯnʔ MC: ki̯oŋ kɨn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe respectfully diligent
    采顧  cǎi gù OC: tshɯɯʔ klaas MC: tshəi kuo̝ 1 Attribution
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 41

      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)colloquialcolloquial: pay attention to, show respect to, care about
    戒慎  jiè shèn OC: krɯɯɡs djins MC: kɣɛi dʑin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe very careful
    仂  lì OC:  MC: lɨk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadVdiligently
    力  lì OC: ɡ-rɯɡ MC: lɨk 1 Attribution

    Lì 力 emphasises total devotion of all one's physical and mental effort, and in this meaning the word is normally adverbial.

      Syntactic words
    • nadVinstrumentwith all one's might, all one can
    亹亹  wěi wěi MC: mj+jX mj+jX OC: mɯlʔ mɯlʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi.reddiligent, hard-working (SHI)LZ
    謹而  jǐn ér OC: klɯnʔ njɯ MC: kɨn ȵɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVmeticulously
    徠  lài OC: rɯɯs MC: ləi
    徠  lài OC: rɯɯs MC: ləi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNread la4i: practise diligently
    懃  qín OC: ɡlɯn MC: gɨn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe careful, diligent, zealous
    懋  mào OC: moos MC: mu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthe diligent; the zealous ones
    • viactbe diligent; be energetic
    • viimperativebe they diligent!
    • vt+V[0]exert oneself in VERBING
    • vtoNcausativecause to strive diligently
    敦  dūn MC: twon OC: tuun 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe diligentCH
    整  zhěng MC: tsyengX OC: tjeŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi.red-p:adVfor all one's diligent effortCH
    篤敬  dǔ jìng OC: tuuɡ kreŋs MC: tuok kɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]humanthe diligent onesLZ
    • VPiactbe diligent
    勤屬  qín shǔ MC: gj+n dzyowk OC: ɡlɯn djoɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNdiligent, hardworkingLZ
    勤意  qín yì OC: ɡlɯn qɯɡs MC: gɨn ʔɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVwith careful attention
    纖  xiān OC: sem MC: siɛm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadVfigurativemeticulously
    • vi.red:adVdelicately
    踖  jí OC: skaɡ MC: tsiɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viintensitivereverently and politely
    黽勉  mǐn miǎn OC: mblinʔ mronʔ MC: min miɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]actSHI: make a diligent effort to V
    懃仂  qín lì OC: ɡlɯn MC: gɨn lɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe diligent
    劼  jié OC: khriid MC: khɣɛt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVdiligent
    勉  miǎn OC: mronʔ MC: miɛn 0 Attributions

    Miǎn 勉 focusses on externally or internally generated extraordinary enthusiasm for a task.

      Syntactic words
    • viactbe diligent
    慎謹  shèn jǐn OC: djins klɯnʔ MC: dʑin kɨn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe careful and diligent
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe diligent and careful in actionCH
    勤心  qín xīn OC: ɡlɯn slɯm MC: gɨn sim 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVwith a diligent heart> diligently, strenuously, with appropriate effort
    微密  wēi mì OC: mɯl mbriɡ MC: mɨi mit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactpay meticulous attention to details
    瞿  jù OC: kʷas MC: ki̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe careful; be circumspect
    繩  shéng OC: sbljɯŋ MC: ʑɨŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi.red:-p::adVbe careful