Taxonomy of meanings for 襲:　　

Additional information about 襲

說文解字: 【襲】，左衽袍。从衣、龖省聲。 【似入切】 【𧟟】，籒文襲不省。

Criteria
• AGAIN
  

  [CYCLIC/LINEAR]

  [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

  [INCREASING/STATIC]

  [SUBJ=HUMAN/SUBJ=NON-HUMAN]

  1. Fù 復 tends to refer to a cyclic repetition of any any event, action, or process.

  [CYCLIC!], [GENERAL]

  2. Yòu 又 refers to linear repetition, often of an incremental nature, of any event, action, or process (compare LAO 玄之又玄 "even more mysterious than the mysterious".

  [GENERAL], [INCREASING!], [LINEAR]

  3. Zài 再 refers generally to linear repetition of the same action, typically by a human agent.

  [GENERAL], [LINEAR], [SUBJ=HUMAN!]

  4. Gèng 更 in front of transitive verbs typically implies a change of object and thus often retains elements of its original force "improve", and the word often retains the nuance of an intended systematic improvement achieved by the change.

  [SPECIFIC], [SUBJ=HUMAN]

  5. Xí 襲 refers to repetition by way of a continuation of a traditIon. See REPEAT.

  [LINEAR], [SPECIFIC], [SUBJ=HUMAN]

• FOLLOW
  

  1. The dominant current word for moving along behind someone or something else, both in concrete and in abstract senses, is cóng 從 (ant. bèi 背 "be in opposition against").

  2. Suí 隨 is to move along literally behind someone, by a deliberate act of volition.

  3. Zūn 遵 refers primarily to the kind of deliberate following of a path, behaviour that is motivated by respect for what one follows, but sometimes the word is also used in a more generalised way referring to a person following a certain physical guideline without any suggestion of respect for this guideline, as in MENG 遵海而南 "head south along the shore of the sea".

  4. Xún 循 is to follow certain guidelines or a certain prescribed path, as a matter of prudential strategy, and typically in a rather mechanical or habitual manner.

  5. Yǎn 沿 is to follow a physical guideline (like a river bank) in a mechanical way.

  6. Hòu 後 and zhǒng 踵 is to follow literally in the footsteps of someone.

  7. Tīng 聽 refers to the abstract notion of following advice given to one as a superior. See OBEY

  8. Yì 役 and xùn 徇 are fairly rare when used as words referring to the deliberate act of becoming someone's follower or employee.

  9. Xí 襲 refers to a mechanical course of action in conformity with some pattern.

  10. Zé 則 refers to the following of a certain abstract principle or model person to which due attention is paid. See CONFORM

• COPY
  

  1. The general (but rare) word for producing a copy of something written or sculpted etc, is xiě 寫 (ant.* 著 "compose" and zuò 作 "make").

  2. Mó 摹 (ant.* shū 書 "produce calligraphy") refers to making a mechanical copy of a piece of calligraphy from Han times onwards.

  3. Xí 襲 (ant.* zuò 作 "create") refers to unauthorised or unacknowledged copying, but this usage is mostly post-Buddhist.

  NB: Lín 臨 "make a close copy of a painting" is post-Buddhist (TANG).

• CLOAK
  

  1. By far the most common word for a cloak or fur coat is qiú 裘, but the word refers specifically to the fur coat of which the fur turned towards the outside.

  2. The general term for anything worn outside ordinary outer-layer garments is biǎo 表.

  3. Páo 袍 refers to a padded cloak that became current from Han times onwards.

  4. Zhěn 袗 refers to a single-layer thin overcoat.

  5. Xí 襲 refers to an overcoat worn on ceremonial occasions.

  6. Jiǒng 絅／褧 refers to a coarse hemp overcoat.

  NB: Aυ 襖 is a post-Buddhist word for a padded jacket.

• ATTACK
  

  [ASCENDING/DESCENDING]

  [CIVIL/MILITARY]

  [COMMENDATORY/DEROGATORY]

  [COVERT/OVERT]

  [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

  [LARGE-SCALE/SMALL-SCALE]

  1. The general word for any attack is gōng 攻 (ant. shǒu 守 "defend"; success kè 克 ) which can be used in a general sense referring to all kinds of attack, although that word does also have the specific meaning of a pointed campaign against a certain locality. (Note 戰必勝，攻必克。 )

  [GENERAL]

  2. Fá 伐 refers to a large-scale typically destructive formal attack by one state on another, typically formally announced, and with much beating of drums.

  [DESCENDING], [MILITARY!], [LARGE-SCALE!], [OVERT]

  3. Qīn 侵 refers to a less formal attack, typically unannounced beforehand, and typically aimed at taking the enemy's territory.

  [COVERT!], [DEROGATORY], [MILITARY], [SPECIFIC]

  4. Xí 襲 refers to a surreptitious attack, on the sly, without any self-righteous pomp.

  [COVERT+], [MILITARY], [SPECIFIC]

  5. Zhēng 征 refers to a typically punitive campain of some size against a state, construed as being of lower status.

  [COMMENDATORY], [DESCENDING], [MILITARY], [LARGE-SCALE], [OVERT]

  6. Tǎo 討 refers to a an extended explicitly punitive campaign by someone who construes himself as being in moral authority and entitled to uphold rectitude and morality through warfare. (Also figurative as in 天討有罪 "Heaven punishes those who are guilty". See PUNISH)

  [COMMENDATORY], [DESCENDING+], [MILITARY], [OVERT]

  7. Wéi 圍 refers specifically to military attack by surrouding the enemy.

  [MILITARY], [OVERT], [SPECIFIC]

  8. Kòu 寇 refers derogatorily to a wanton enemy attack.

  [DEROGATORY+], [MILITARY]

Word relations
• Ant: (CONTINUE)變/CHANGE The most current general words for objective and typically abrupt change are biàn 變 "change from one's original state to become something different" (ant. héng �� "remain constant").
• Object: (CONTINUE)業/WORK Yè 業refers to the pursuance of one's own professional career or one's career as a skilled artisan, farmer etc.. 1 Attribution
• Contrast: (ATTACK)伐/ATTACK Fá 伐 refers to a large-scale typically destructive formal attack by one state on another, typically formally announced, and with much beating of drums. [DESCENDING], [MILITARY], [LARGE-SCALE!], [OVERT] 1 Attribution
• Contrast: (ATTACK)攻/ATTACK The generalword for any attack is gōng 攻 (ant. shǒu 守 "defend") which can be used in a general sense referring to all kinds of attack, although that word does also have the specific meaning of a pointed campaign against a certain locality. [GENERAL]
• Assoc: (ATTACK)取/WIN Qǔ 取 (ant. fù 負 "fail") refers to conquering a place so as to gain full control over it, and the word usually refers to a victory won easily.
• Synon: (CONTINUE)承/CONTINUE Chéng 承 refers to the continuation of an abstract tradition.