Taxonomy of meanings for 走:
- 走 zòu (OC: tsoos MC: tsəu) 則候切 去 廣韻：【釋名曰疾趨曰走又祖苟切 】
- 走 zǒu (OC: tsooʔ MC: tsəu) 子苟切 上 廣韻：【趨也子苟切又音奏一 】
- RUN
- nsubjectwhat can run
- vadNN=nonrefprefix forming generic concepts 走獸 beasts in general
- viactbe busy running about; run about
- vtoNrun towards
- vtoNcausativemake somebody run (e.g. horses), put through their paces (horses)
- vadVas one is running, in the processor runningCH
- vt+Nrun the distance NTWH
- nabdispositionrunning; running speedLZ
- nab[.post-N]N=own[his own] runningCH
- feature>QUICK
- vadNfleet-footed (horses), racing (horses)
- so as to get away>FLEE
- nabactan act of fleeing or running away
- vt(oN)run away (from the contextually determinate place; make off, flee; leave the scene
- vt+prep+Nflee to, flee and seek refuge with
- vtoNrun away towards; flee to
- vtoNcausativecause to flee
- nab{PRED}be an act of fleeingCH
- vtoN.-V[0]CH
- vtoN.-V[0]flee to N in order to VCH
- Exocentric:
animal able to run>BEAST
- exocentric: person running in service for an
employer跑腿的>SERVANT
- nplurthe runners, humble employees
- (as if) on horseback>GALLOP
- generalised>WALK
- RUN
Additional information about 走
說文解字:
- Criteria
- WALK
1. The current general word for walking is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "stay put").
2. Bù 步 (ant. zǒu 走 "run fast") refers to dignified slow pacing along.
3. Mài 邁 refers to walking or (sometimes even with abstract subjects like time) moving forward.
4. Jiàn 踐 focusses on the physical aspect of walking as stepping on something or walking across something.
- FLEE
1. The current general word for illicit disappearance from where one has some obligation to remain is zǒu 走.
2. Táo 逃 refers to an attempted or successful escape to a place, or from any difficult predicament (for which see AVOID), occasionally also from a person or group of persons. Thus to 逃 a state is to flee TO a state, to 逃 a predicament is to flee FROM a predicament, and to 逃 a person is to flee FROM that person.
3. Bèi 北 is to flee during a battle engagement.
4. Bēn 奔 is refers to absconding from a place at high speed.
5. Dùn 遁 is to get away by simply going into hiding rather than by seeking refuge in a certain alternative place.
6. Wáng 亡 and the much rarer sàng 喪 often refers to a dignified almost public way of leaving one place for another, especially to going into exile in order to escape danger.
7. Yì 逸 / 佚 is to seek and find freedom through fleeing from an oppressive situation.
8. Cuàn 竄 is primarily to sneak away, availing oneself of a narrow "window of opportunity", and going into hiding after the flight.
NB: There is a striking number of binomes expressing flight. These need to be analysed in detail to determine their semantic nuances.
- BEAST
[GENERAL]
[SPECIFIC]
Wild animals are generally mentioned in the context of hunting or capturing animals, and also in connection with their use in the culinary arts as well as in the production of utensils of all kinds. Their wild nature is standardly contrasted with humane or civilised domesticity.
1. Qín shòu 禽獸 is the current general word for non-domestic animals which often but not always includes birds of a certain size, but the term which includes all manner of fowl more explicitly is the also current niǎo shòu 鳥獸. See ANIMAL
[GENERAL]
2. Qín 禽 is sometimes used to refer quite generally to non-tame animals, especially in so far as these may be caught alive and with a net, but the word also refers specifically to wild birds. The word refers to smaller beasts than shòu 獸.
[SPECIFIC]
3. Shòu 獸 tends to refer to dangerous mammals above a certain size that are typically imagined as running (zǒu shòu 走獸 ), and sometimes as liable to bite..
[SPECIFIC]
4. Yě shòu 野獸 focusses on the habitat of wild animals far from human habitation, in the open countryside.
5. Máo 毛 and máo wù 毛物 refer generally to animals with feathers or fur, birds and beasts.
- RUN
1. The current general word for running is zǒu 走 (ant. bù 步 "go along without running").
2. Bēn 奔 refers to running fast, often in order to avoid a dangerous situation. See also FLEE.
3. Bèn 奔 refers to running fast in order to avoid a dangerous situation, and in a certain direction, particularly in order to seek refuge. See FLEE
NB: Pǎo 跑 is post-Han (TANG).
- Word relations
- Result: (FLEE)老/TIRED
Láo 老 refers specifically to exhaustion of soldiers. - Ant: (RUN)去/LEAVE
The general word for leaving one place for another is qù 去 (ant. liú 留"remain"). - Epithet: (RUN)獸/BEAST
Shòu 獸 tends to refer to dangerous mammals above a certain size that are typically imagined as running (zǒu shòu 走獸), and sometimes as liable to bite. - Epithet: (QUICK)馬/HORSE
The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬. - Contrast: (FLEE)歸/RETURN
The standard general world for returning to where one belongs is guī1 歸(zhī 之 "go to") . - Assoc: (FLEE)亡/FLEE
Wáng 亡 and the much rarer sàng 喪 often refers to a dignified almost public way of leaving one place for another, especially to going into exile in order to escape danger. - Assoc: (FLEE)卻/WITHDRAW
Què 卻(ant. qián 前 "move forward") refers to backing off, often under pressure, and typically for a shorter distance, and usually the immediate purpose of the withdrawal is not that of returning to one's point of departure but to get out of a confrontation. - Assoc: (RUN)奔 / 奔/HURRY
Bēn 奔 refers to running fast, often in order to avoid a dangerous situation. See also FLEE. - Assoc: (FLEE)還/TURN BACK
The standard word for changing direction and turning to one side is huán 還. 馬還 "the horses turn round contrasts with tuì 退 "withdraw" in that there is no focus on the turning round in tui 退, and no ultimate aim of the withdrawal is envisaged. - Assoc: (RUN)馳/HURRY
Chí 馳 and the somewhat rarer zòu 驟 refer to racing along, typically on horseback. - Synon: (FLEE)卻/WITHDRAW
Què 卻(ant. qián 前 "move forward") refers to backing off, often under pressure, and typically for a shorter distance, and usually the immediate purpose of the withdrawal is not that of returning to one's point of departure but to get out of a confrontation.