HAND UP 獻上獻
TRANSMIT to a SUPERIOR.
Old Chinese Criteria
2. Jìn 進 is a very common bureaucratic word for submitting something to a superior.
3. Fèng 奉 is a rather dramatic word depicting a person handing something up with both hands (possibly with the intention of making a formal gift of it, xiàn 獻.
4. Nà 納 is a cold strictly bureaucratic term referring to the handing some upwards in the hierarchy.
5. Gòng 貢 refers to the formal and ritual handing up or pledging of something to high authorities (typically tribute) in the course of one's ritual or political duties (the two being not held apart in ancient Chinese society). This tribute may even consist of lands or populations.
6. Bǐng 稟 refers to handing up something to high authority (typically reports) with a show of extreme but customary deferential politeness.
7. Xiào 效 typically refers to the offering up of abstract things such as effort on behalf of high authority.
8. Zòu 奏 refers to the formal submission of a text to the highest authorities, and typically to the emperor.
9. Shàng 上 is a neutral word referring to the submission of anything to someone higher up in the official hierarchy.
10. Gōng 供／共 refers to the provision of what is necessary to the higher authorities.
11. Nà 納 is to hand in formally to the authorities.
Modern Chinese Criteria
交
繳
捐獻
捐輸
捐
輸
獻
奉
呈獻
貢獻
奉獻
進奉
孝敬
進貢
朝貢
芹獻
獻芹
first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH
Old Chinese Contrasts
2. Some words are restricted to the submission of text (zòu 奏 ).
3. Some words are specialised on the submission of action in the service of someone (xiào 效 ).
4. Some words take only concrete objects (gòng 貢, fèng 奉 )
- Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
HAND UP
conferre denotes the carrying of something to a central authority, typically as an offering.
comportare denotes the carrying of something by one authority to a higher authority.
OFFER
praebere denotes a voluntary act of the giver by which a want or wish of the receiver is satisfied, and in particular the thing given was in the possession of the giver.
exhibere can refer to a voluntary act of delivering something to someone who is thought to have the best claim to what he is given.
praestare denotes an involuntary act of the giver who only fulfills a duty, as the English "discharge".
suppeditare is the habitual and abundant giving wherever it is necessary.
- 韓非子同義詞研究
(
HANFEI TONGYI 2004)
p.
281 - 王力古漢語字典
(
WANG LI 2000)
p.
1321 1. WL claims that go4ng 貢 is generally to the emperor whereas xia4n 獻 refers to giving a respectful gift to anyone. In fact, all courts had the go4ng 貢 system, and the crucial point is that go4ng 貢 refers to the formal and ritual presentation of what is owed as tribute, whereas xia4n 獻 can refer to anything one wishes to respectfully give to superiors.
- Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary
(
TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996)
p.
141 - Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary
(
TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996)
p.
237
Attributions by syntactic funtion
Attributions by text
- 韓非子 : 50
- 春秋左傳 : 42
- 史記 : 14
- 賢愚經 : 14
- 戰國策 : 13
- 說苑 : 12
- 論衡 : 8
- 祖堂集 : 7
- 禮記 : 5
- 管子 : 5
- 淮南子 : 4
- 論語 : 3
- 呂氏春秋 : 3
- 鹽鐵論 : 3
- 百喻經 : 3
- 搜神記 : 2
- 臨濟錄 : 2
- 韓詩外傳 : 2
- 古列女傳 : 2
- 晏子春秋 : 1
- 莊子 : 1
- 春秋穀梁傳 : 1
- 孟子 : 1
- 妙法蓮華經 : 1
Words
獻 xiàn OC: hŋans MC: hi̯ɐn 56 AttributionsWD
The current general word for handing something up to superiors is xiàn 獻 (ant. cì 賜 "present to inferior").
- Word relations
- Contrast: 貢/HAND UP
Gòng 貢 refers to the formal and ritual handing up or pledging of something to high authorities (typically tribute) in the course of one's ritual or political duties (the two being not held apart in ancient Chinese society). This tribute may even consist of lands or populations. - Assoc: 貢/HAND UP
Gòng 貢 refers to the formal and ritual handing up or pledging of something to high authorities (typically tribute) in the course of one's ritual or political duties (the two being not held apart in ancient Chinese society). This tribute may even consist of lands or populations. - Assoc: 貢/HAND UP
Gòng 貢 refers to the formal and ritual handing up or pledging of something to high authorities (typically tribute) in the course of one's ritual or political duties (the two being not held apart in ancient Chinese society). This tribute may even consist of lands or populations.
- Syntactic words
- vtt(oN1.) prep N2passivebe handed up toCH
- vttoN1. prep N2passivebe handed up to N2CH
- vadNpassivehanded-up
- vt(oN)offer the contextually determinate thing up as a gift
- vt[oN]offer up a ceremonial cup
- vtoNserve (food) politely (at meal)
- vtoNfigurativepresent (oneself)> devote (oneself) to
- vtoNgeneralhand over; formal: give to a person of higher status; make an offering to a superior (of something)
- vtoNpassivebe handed up
- vtpost-.VtoNoffer up N
- vtt(oN1.)(+N2)hand up the contextually determinate object N1 to the contextually recipient N2
- vtt(oN1.)+N2hand the contextually determinate N1 to N2
- vtt(oN1.)+N2imperativehand up N2 to the contextually determinate N1CH
- vtt(oN1.)+N2N1=recipientgive N2 to the contextually determiant recipient N1
- vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2omhand up the contextually determinate thing to (recipient N2)
- vttoN1(.+prep+N2)omhand up (something N1) to a contextually determinate beneficiary N2
- vttoN1.+N2hand (something N1) up to (someone N2 of higher status)
- vttoN1.+prep+N2hand up (something N1) as a formal offering to (a beneficiary N2); offer to give; give politely (to superiors or inferiors)有獻不死之藥於荊王者
- vttoN1:postvtoN2hand (something) up to (someone)
進 jìn OC: tsins MC: tsin 21 AttributionsWD
Jìn 進 is a very common bureaucratic word for submitting something to a superior.
- Word relations
- Object: 酒/LIQUOR
- Assoc: 奉/HAND UP
Fèng 奉 is a rather dramatic word depicting a person handing something up with both hands (possibly with the intention of making a formal gift of it, xiàn 獻. - Synon: 奏/HAND UP
Zòu 奏 refers to the formal submission of a text to the highest authorities, and typically to the emperor.
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)hand contextually determinate things up
- vtoNcome forward with and present
- vtoN.+VtoSto present (typically a speech) as follows:DS
- vttoN1. N2present N1 ceremoniously to the superior/divine N2CH
效 xiào OC: ɡreews MC: ɦɣɛu 17 AttributionsWD
Xiào 效 typically refers to the offering up of abstract things such as effort on behalf of high authority.
- Syntactic words
- viacthand up things; make one's contribution
- vtoNoffer up; deliver; hand up and give away, surrender, hand over (to the opponent or to an authority); deliver (results, in service of a ruler)
- vtoNpassiveget handed up
- vttoN1:postvtoN2hand (something N1) up to (someone N2)
奉 fèng OC: boŋʔ MC: bi̯oŋ 14 AttributionsWD
Fèng 奉 is a rather dramatic word depicting a person handing something up with both hands (possibly with the intention of making a formal gift of it, xiàn 獻.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 進/HAND UP
Jìn 進 is a very common bureaucratic word for submitting something to a superior.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNhold up with both hands; hold so as to offer up; hand over respectfully
- vtoNfigurativeput forward as a candidate
- vtoNpassivebe handed up
- vtt(oN1.)+N2hand the contextually determinate N1 to N2
- vttoN1.+N2hand up N1 to N2
- vttoN1.+prep+N2hand up N1 to N2
納 nà OC: nuub MC: nəp 14 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vttoN1(.+prep+N2)submit; hand in; offer up, hand up (bribes etc)
- vttoN1.+prep+N2hand in (something N1) to (a beneficiary N2) 納x於y
供養 gòng yǎng OC: koŋs laŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ ji̯ɐŋ 11 AttributionsWD
HYCD: 佛教稱以香花、明燈、飲食等資養三寶(佛、法、僧)為供養，并分財供養、法供養兩種。香花、飲食等為財供養；修行、利益眾生叫法供養。供養就是禮佛，或施捨僧人、齋僧的意思。
- 中國佛教百科全書 Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū Encyclopedic Book Collection on Chinese Buddhism
(
YANG WEIZHONG 2000)
p.
213-215
- Syntactic words
- NPBUDDH: what is offered > offerings, ceremonial gifts often concretely: material support or food offerings for monks)
- NPfigurativeBUDDH: (abstract) offering (as of peace of mind, to those one preaches to)???
- NPobjectBUDDH: what is offered > offerings, ceremonial gifts often concretely: material support for monks)
- VPt(oN)omBUDDH: make offerings (to a contextually determinate N)
- VPtoNN=humBUDDH: make offerings to; more neutrally (BUDDH>COLL): > support
- VPtt(oN1.)+prep+N2hand N2 up to the contextually determinate N1
- VPttoN1.+N2hand N2 up to N2 for sustanance
上 shàng OC: ɡljaŋʔ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 10 AttributionsWD
Shàng 上 is a neutral word referring to the submission of anything to someone higher up in the official hierarchy.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNsubmit
- vtoNobject=documentsubmit formally (a document); report on
- vtoNobject=foodhand up; serve up (food etc)
- vttoN1(.+N2)hand up the contextually determinate thing N2 to N1
貢 gòng OC: kooŋs MC: kuŋ 10 AttributionsWD
Gòng 貢 refers to the formal and ritual handing up or pledging of something to high authorities (typically tribute) in the course of one's ritual or political duties (the two being not held apart in ancient Chinese society). This tribute may even consist of lands or populations.
- Word relations
- Contrast: 獻/HAND UP
The current general word for handing something up to superiors is xiàn 獻 (ant. cì 賜 "present to inferior"). - Assoc: 獻/HAND UP
The current general word for handing something up to superiors is xiàn 獻 (ant. cì 賜 "present to inferior"). - Assoc: 獻/HAND UP
The current general word for handing something up to superiors is xiàn 獻 (ant. cì 賜 "present to inferior").
- Syntactic words
- nab.t:+prep+Nact???the being handed up to N [or is this vt - pass nominalised in context? How do we need to enter these kinds of constructions?]
- vt+prep+Noffer up tribute to
- vtoNgive by way of tribute
- vtoNfigurativeoffer up to superiors (not necessarily emperors but rulers)
- vttoN1.+N2hand up (an offering N1) to (a person of high status N2)
- vttoN1.+prep+N2hand up (a tribute N1) to (a recipient N2) 貢絲於周室
致 zhì OC: k-liɡs MC: ʈi 7 AttributionsWD
hand up his post to the ruler >to resign [DS]
- Syntactic words
- vtoNhand up
- vtoNfigurativesacrifice on behalf of superiors
- vtoNobject=rankhand up ones post to the ruler > resign
- vttoN1.+N2hand N1 up to N2; formally convey N1 to N2
奏 zòu OC: skoos MC: tsu 6 AttributionsWD
Zòu 奏 refers to the formal submission of a text to the highest authorities, and typically to the emperor.
- Word relations
- Synon: 進/HAND UP
Jìn 進 is a very common bureaucratic word for submitting something to a superior.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNsubmit (text or memorial) formally to the highest authorities; submit to the emperor
- vtt(oN1.)+N2N2=humansubmit the contextually determinate N1 to N2DS
薦 jiàn OC: tseens MC: tsen 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNritually present (something) to superiors or deities
- vtoNpassivebe handed up
- vttoN1. N2ritually offer up to deitiesCH
入 nà MC: -- OC: -- 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtt(oN1.)(+N2)bring the contextually determinate N1 to the contextually determinate N2DS
- vttoN1(.+prep+N2)hand up N1 (concrete things or advice) to the contextually determinate N2
- vttoN1.+prep+N2
共 gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ
供 gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ 5 AttributionsWD
Gōng 供／共 refers to the provision of what is necessary to the higher authorities.
- Syntactic words
- nabactthe handing up
- nmofferings
- vtoNprovide and hand up
內 nèi OC: nuubs MC: nuo̝i 3 AttributionsWD
Nà 納 is a cold strictly bureaucratic term referring to the handing some upwards in the hierarchy.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNsubmit to higher authorities; hand up to the higher authorities, offer
- vttoN1.+prep+N2reflexive.自hand oneself in to/for; deliver oneself to, hand oneself up to the authorities forCH
御 yù OC: ŋas MC: ŋi̯ɤ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)serve food to a contextually determinate person N
- vtoNserve up (food), set before a superior
奉上 fèng shàng OC: boŋʔ ɡljaŋʔ MC: bi̯oŋ dʑi̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtt(oN1.)+prep+N2hand up to
授 shòu OC: djus MC: ɨu 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNfigurativegive up (one's life)
- vtt[oN1]. N2hand up something to N2CH
供給 gòng jǐ OC: koŋs krub MC: ki̯oŋ kip 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt(oN)omsupport, provide for (a contextually determinate person)
奉貢 fèng gòng OC: boŋʔ kooŋs MC: bi̯oŋ kuŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtt(oN1.)+N2hand the contextually determinate N1 up to N2
奉送 fèng sòng OC: boŋʔ sooŋs MC: bi̯oŋ suŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNhand up
委質 wěi zhì MC: 'jweX tsyit OC: qrolʔ tjidCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt( prep N)make ritual presents to superiorsCH
升 shēng OC: qhljɯŋ MC: ɕɨŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt+prep+NcausativeOBI: CAUSE TO ASCEND> hand (them) up to
又 yòu OC: ɢʷɯs MC: ɦɨu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNOBI Period II onwards: offer up, hand up, present to spirits, or ancestors
稟 bǐng OC: prɯmʔ MC: pim 0 AttributionsWD
Bǐng 稟 refers to handing up something to high authority (typically reports) with a show of extreme but customary deferential politeness.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNhand up
謁 yè OC: qad MC: ʔi̯ɐt 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nsubmission; something one transmits and hands up
共給 gòng jǐ OC: ɡoŋs krub MC: gi̯oŋ kip 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt(oN)hand up politely
賀獻 hè xiàn OC: ɡaals hŋans MC: ɦɑ hi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN1(.adN2)}objectwhat is handed up ceremonially with felicitations
通 tōng OC: kh-looŋ MC: thuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtt(oN1.)+N2hand up N1 to N2
Existing SW for
Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:
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