TLS - 漢學文典

Taxonomy of meanings for 深:　　

shēn (OC: qhljum MC: ɕim) 式針切平廣韻：【逺也又水名出桂陽南平式針切二】
DEEP
- viphysicalbe deep
- vadVliteral: deeply (MENG: of ploughing); deeply (hide); deeply (understand),
- vichangebecome deeper
- vadNdeep; deep and spacious; deep and remote 深山
- vi.red:adNdeep, very deep
- vtoNcausativedeepen; give greater depth (of defenses?) to make higher (!!)
- nabfeatureliterally: depth
- vadNfigurativeunfathomable; endless (mountains etc)
- v[adN]deep abyssCH
- viderivedbe preoccupied with deep other thingsCH
- npost-Ndeepest point of NCH
- vt+prep+Ngradedbe deeper than NLZ
- inaccessible>
  DIFFICULT
  - vibe difficult to understand
  - abstract>
    PROFOUND
    - vadNabfigurativeprofound (with abstract noun)
    - nabfeaturedepth, profoundness
    - vifigurativego deep; be profound
    - vadVprofoundly; with deep reflection; with profound dedication
    - v[adN]what is profound; a profound way of doing things; a profound solutionCH
    - enter deeply into>
      UNDERSTAND
      
      vt+prep+Nunderstand deeply, have a deep mastery of
      
      vtoNunderstand deeply, have a deep mastery ofLZ
- action: enter deep into>
  ENTER
  - vtoNenter deep (into territory)
  - vt(oN)enter deep into the contextually determinate place
  - vtoNcausativecause (someone) to enter deep into a territory
  - specifically: withdraw deep into>
    WITHDRAW
    - vtoNwithdraw into; recede into
    - causative:move away into depth>
      CONCEAL
- grammaticalised>
  INTENSELY
  - vadVdeeply, intensely
  - vibe intense (also of colour!)
  - vpostadVintensely; profoundly
  - vadNprofound, intense
  - vadVV=passiveon a large scale
  - positive process>
    FLOURISH
    - continuously>
      ENDURING
  - of authorities>
    SEVERE
    - vadNsevere 深刑 XINYU: "severe punishments"
    - viactact with severityCH
  - of debt, heavy>
    BIG
proper names>
RIVERS
shèn (OC: qhljums MC: ɕim) 式禁切去廣韻：【不淺也式禁切又式今切二】

Additional information about 深

說文解字:

Criteria

GARMENT

1. The current general word for garments of any kind is yī 衣, and the word refers specifically to the upper garments like jackets rather than the lower garments like skirts. [HUANG 1995: 711 - 712]

2. Fú 服 refers to robes or formal dress. See COURT DRESS. The word refers to the specialized dress worn for various opportunities; mainly then to the formal court and ritual dress. The term refers not only to the cloth itself, but also to the various adornments belonging to it: [HUANG 1995: 713 - 714, 716 - 717]

3. Cháng 裳 refers to the part of the garment worn from the waist downwards. See SKIRT

4. Shén yí 深衣 refers to the cloth made in one piece, and not divided into the jacket and the skirt. This kind of cloth became popular in Warring States times, and was particularly common in the Han period. [HUANG 1995: 744 - 745, SUN 1991: 241; ill.: ZGYI 1996: tab. 49; SUN 1991: 60-1 - 60-5]

5. Paó 袍 is a kind of shén yí 深衣 which is long and consists of three layers of textile. From the Western Zhou till the Han, the term ussually referred to the undercloth, in Han times it began to be worn outside. [HUANG 1995: 745; SUN 1991: 243; ill.: SUN 60-6; ZGYI 1996: tab. 52; HAYASHI 1976: pp. 3, tab.1-3]

6. Chān tóu 襜褕 refers to the broad kind of shén yí 深衣, which came to use in Western Han times. Originally, it was a kind of unformal dress; since the Eastern Han, it could be used also on formal occassions. [SUN 1991: 243; ill.: SUN 1991: 60-7, 60-8]

7. Qiú 裘 refers to the fur garments which is mentioned already in SHIJING. It was worn in the winter. Fur garments for the upper class were usually made of fox or tiger skin, for the lower of dog or sheep skin. [HUANG 1995: 743]

8. Shù 裋 refers to the simple dress worn by humble people; it can be of various length and bredth. [HUANG 1995: 746 - 750; for the ordinary dress see ill.: SHEN 1992: tab. 70??]

9. Hè 褐 refers to the humble cloth worn by ordinary people, which is usually made of hemp, but also of animal hairs. The term partly overlaps with shù 裋, but refers more to the material then to the shape. [HUANG 1995: 748 - 750]

10. Rú 襦 refers to the short cloth reaching above the kneels; it can also refer to the child cloth. [ZGYI 1996: 220; ill.: SUN 1991: 59-3, 4; HAYASHI 1976: pp. 5, tab. 1-16; SHEN 1992: tab. 70]

11. Gǔn 袞, according to Han sources, refers to the ceremonial dress of the ruler embroidered with dragon design. [ZGYI 1996: 131]. In the Western Zhou and Chunqiu period, the term refers to the embroidered ritual dress. [XIANG 1997: 213 - 214; JWCYZD 1992: 804]
DEEP

1. The dominant current general word for anything deep in any sense is shēn 深 (ant. qiǎn 淺 "shallow"). Depth is shèn 深.

2. Yuān 淵 is a poetic word for depth, and the meaning derives from the ordinary reference of the word to a deep pool or even an abyss.
BEAUTIFUL

[ABSOLUTE/GRADED]

[ACOUSTIC/VISUAL]

[ARTIFICIAL/NATURAL]

[[COMMON/RARE]]

[ELEVATED/VULGAR]

[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

[HUMAN/NON-HUMAN]

[POETIC/PROSAIC]

1. The general word is měi 美 "handsome and admirable" (ant. è 惡 "ugly") which refers to anything concrete or abstract which is attractive or handsome in a dignified way, and the word often retains its primary culinary sense of "tasty".

[GENERAL], [GRADED]; [[COMMON]]

2. Lì 麗 (ant. sù 素 "unaodorned") is often restricted to physical objects, prototypically to clothes, and emphasises their balanced symmetric beauty, occasionally also - by analogy - the well-aligned symmetric beauty of mountains.

[ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]

3. Wén 文 (ant. zhì 質 "merely material") emphasises cultivated external as well as internal elegance as well as traditionalism.

[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]

4. Yǎ 雅 (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") emphasises primarily external elevated elegance.

[ACOUSTIC!], [ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED+], [NON-HUMAN]

5. Hǎo 好 "comely, handsome" (ant. chǒu 醜 "ugly") refers indiscriminately to men and women, but the word is sometimes more general and even abstract in application and refers to attractive words or attractive moral qualities.

[HUMAN!], [NATURAL], [VISUAL]

6. Xiù 秀 "of vigorous and imposing beauty" focusses on flourishing and flamboyant beauty in analogy with that of flowers.

[ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [NON-HUMAN], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]

7. Huá 華 "of striking and colourful beauty" (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") focusses on flourishing and flamboyant superficial or only apparent beauty, on the analogy analogy with that of flowers.

[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], NON-HUMAN], [SUPERFICIAL], [VISUAL]

8. Zhuàng 壯 "stately" (ant. ruò 弱 "weak and unsightly") is virile beauty associated with strength and vigour. See STRONG

[NATURAL], [MARGINAL], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]

9. Jiā 佳 "of outstanding beauty" (NB: liè 劣 "unremarkable" is the ant. of jiā 佳 "outstanding", and not in the meaning of "outstandingly beautiful") emphasises comparative beauty compared to others in the same group.

[GRADED], [ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [POETIC]

10. Dū 都 "urbane and exquisitely beautiful" (ant. bì 鄙 "rustic and inelegant") is a highly poetic word that can only be used in elevated prose.

[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]

11. Yán 妍 "attractive and exquisite (of humans as well as human products)" (ant. chì 蚩 "unattractive") refers to elaborate beauty. See SEXY.

[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [HUMAN], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]

12. Xiū 脩 / 修 "refined moral beauty" refers to moral as well as physical beauty, thus coming close the Greek kalokagathia, but never approaching the latter in importance as a cultural keyword.

<div>[ELEVATED], [ARTIFICIAL]; [[RARE]]</div><div> </div><div>吳蓬，東方審美詞彙集萃，上海文藝出版社，2002 lists the following rough definitions of a variety of terms of aesthetic appreciation by the artist and scholar Wu Peng. Many of these terms express conventional appreciative flattery only. This list does provide one not particularly well-known artist's subjective readings of some basic terms of traditional Chinese aesthetic approbation.</div><div>勃：富有生机之突起。 苍：浓的，毛的，老练的。 沉：沉着不浮，有重量感。 冲：调成和淡之意向。 饬：整顿。 粗：大而不笨者。 淳：清，往往易薄，然而淳是清中滋润之厚。 醇：与淳略同，这醇是提炼后的滋润之厚。 绰：与"约"字合用，即舒而不纵之意。 澹：平静而有幽淡之趣。 淡：与浓艳相对。 宕：放荡不拘。 跌：往往与"宕"字合用，即是起伏明显之状。 端：方正而不出偏，有稳实感。 敦：很实在的，结实的厚。 繁：众而密，有生气。 方：与平正同义。 丰：饱满而充足。 风：审美中之"风"指的是一种气韵格调。 飞：大幅度的流动。 刚：属于阳性的，有正力的，与柔软相对。</div><div>高：俯视一切的、超然得不一般。 工：规矩，不潦草。 孤：自我独立。 古：旧气，更有历史的抗怀千载之迹象。 骨：内在的架子。 犷：是跟"雄悍"接近，在粗中发展开来。 瑰：不单调的美。 乖：不和顺。 憨：近于拙朴而敦实。 酣：厚润四溢。 豪：激动向上之貌，有气魄。 宏：大而有气度。 厚：有沉积的饱和。 华：明亮而艳丽。 环：长久圆融之境。 荒：与"枯简"接近，不修饰。 豁：与开朗接近，然比开朗明显。 恢：宽广有余。 浑：团然一气之象，有朦胧感。 简：经过一番整修的减少。 娇：美得可爱。 警：审美中用此警字，往往指敏锐、颖达。 </div><div>劲：能察觉的力。 精：很到位。 隽：精致而具内涵之美。 娟：秀而婉丽。 崛：高起而突出。 俊：人材杰曲之美。 峻：山高而陡。在书画中是浓而锋利之用笔。 空：有灵气之空白。 枯：干而毛，生的萎缩，然亦是力的显露。 宽：大度而畅朗。 旷：广阔而空灵。 辣：是枯毛爽直的老笔触。 朗：明亮而豁然。 琅：圆而光润。 伦：是同类之意，带有文明意念。 冷：跟"淡"与"静”接近，与浓烈相对。 炼：精到而有功力。 淋：与"漓”往往合用，是无拘束的洒落。 流：明显的动感。 迈：阔而放的超势。 莽：宽广而繁密的，朴直奔放的。 袤：与"古"字合用，即悠长久远之趣。 茂：有生气的繁密。 媚：柔美之趣。 宓：安而静。 明：清晰有亮度。 凝：浓重而不流动。 懦：毫无火气之柔软。 平：一般的，接近于稳。 朴：原始状态，形象较准。 嫖：与"姚"字合用，即动疾之状，而有气势。 奇：不一般。 气：生发的，迎面直扑而来的感觉。 清：是混的相对。其间透出一股朗气。 峭：山之直而险，在书画中是露锋的侧锋用笔，有明显露 尖状态。文章中之峭，是意气直逼。 遒：婉转有致，内力强劲。 虬：与遒类似，但动感较强，弯曲而有力度。 意：诚实谨慎。 儒：代表文人之书卷气。 洒：散落无拘束。 赡：富有与丰实。若与"疏”、"逸”组合即成"澹”或"安"之义。</div><div>骚：审美中之骚字，可引伸为风骚至风流感。 韶：美丽有光泽。 涩：在不爽快的进程中，流露出内力之美。 深：不是浮面的。 神：精与气合。高端的。 生：不成熟，但比成熟有味。 肆：任意放纵。 松：松是灵活自然，是一切技巧之本要。 瘦：与粗笨相对，在审美中的"瘦"，是指细长而精练。 疏：一种稀少秀朗之美。 肃：有立即静穆下来之势。 率：与潦草随便有别，爽快而直接。 邃：深远而悠久。 阅：通达之意。 给：与"宕"合用，是安详舒放之趣。 天:很自然，一片天箱之"天"。 恬：安静而坦然。 挺：直而有生气。 婉：柔和而曲折。 温：是一种暖调与缓和的综合。</div><div>巍：往往与"峨"合用，是高大厚实之趣。 洗：与"炼”合用，即是"精炼"之意，凡物之洁出于洗。 犀：与"利"字合用，即坚利。 熙：光明，和乐。 细：指细而不纤。 娴：文静而雅致。 闲：一种高雅的自由。 萧：疏少有致。 潇：散朗而润泽。 馨：很醇厚的香气。 篁："篁古”是悠远辽阔之意。 雄：强大，有力度，有霸气。 秀：灵巧的，有生气的，美好的显露。 虚：表象空，但并非真空。 雅：文气而不俗。 妍：鲜美而柔性。 严：认真，不马虎。 淹：一种浸沉与精深明达之境。 野：超脱、不规范。 冶：经过一番精致修饰。 逸：悠闲的起伏。</div><div>意：精神倾向。 莹：透明而幽亮。 雍：往往与“容"字合用，有和顺之貌。 幽：静而深。 腴：肥润而饱和。 郁：厚积而有生气。 纤：与"迥"字合用，即弯环回绕之趣。 遹：与"瑰"字合用，即纤迥美丽之趣。 渊：往往与"懿"合用，是深润而悠美之趣。 圆：接近于饱满润滑。 蕴：与"藉"合用，即内涵丰富。 韵：一种余味不尽之趣。 恣：放纵的，无拘束的。 滋：湿润感。 自：出于本性的流露。 质：本体的，实在的。 纵：放逸无拘之状。 拙：接近朴，形不准。 庄：端正之貌。 卓：与“荤"合用，是突出明显之状。 </div><div> </div>

Word relations

Ant: (DEEP)淺/SHALLOW
Ant: (DEEP)高/HIGH The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高(ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation.
Object: (DEEP)測/ASSESS Liào 料 refers to a tentative and approximative subjective assessment, typically of probabilities. [APPROXIMATIVE], [PROSPECTIVE], [TENTATIVE]
Epithet: (DEEP)池/POND The most common word for an artificial lake of any kind is chí 池, and this word typically refers to a meandering lake, sometimes close in shape to a moat, particularly round elevated terraces and the like, around gardens and orchards, but also as part of palaces.
Epithet: (DEEP)淵/LAKE Yuān 淵 refers to a very deep pool.
Epithet: (PROFOUND)知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")
Assoc: (DEEP)幽/DARK The most current general word for physical shadowiness and obscurity is probably yōu 幽 (ant. míng 明 "bright"), but this word often has lyrical overtones of secluded peace.
Oppos: (DEEP)高/HIGH The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高(ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation.