HUMAN    人人

ANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS.
MAN PERSON
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human. 2. Mín 民 is a mass noun referring to the population in general, but the word is also used to refer generically to ordinary citizens. (See PEOPLE)
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 GOVERNMENT/LAW 32. 人，上古可專稱有一定地位者，有時也可專稱有一定才能、德行者。 民，專稱除統治者和奴隸之外的各種勞力者；至封建社會，成為與統治者相對之民眾的通稱。 氓，專稱客遷的農業勞動者；也可作民眾通稱。 24. HONORIFIC DESIGNATONS: 男子的尊稱、美稱。 父，周代對同姓諸侯或大臣的尊稱。 甫，男子美稱，附於表字後。 士，男子美稱，或未婚的青年男子。 郎，權貴子弟的美稱。 夫，綴於某詞後，表示從事各種工作或勞作者。 丈夫，成年男子通稱。
Modern Chinese Criteria
人 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • BARBARIAN　HUMAN who is NOT CHINESE. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • BEREAVED　HUMAN whose NEAR RELATIVE has DIED in the NEAR PAST. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • FRIEND　HUMAN with whom one INTERACTS with MUTUAL LOVE AND RESPECT BECAUSE s/he has RESEMBLING ASPIRATIONS. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
  • HUNCHBACK　A HUMAN who HAS the DEFECT of an INTENSELY CURVED BACK. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • RELATIVES　HUMANS who HAVE COMMON ANCESTORS. (anc: 7/0, child: 6)
  • NEIGHBOUR　HUMAN who DWELLS INTENSELY NEAR to one. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • DESCENDANT　HUMAN HAVING a DEFINED OTHER HUMAN as FATHER, MOTHER, OR ANCESTOR. (anc: 7/0, child: 2)
  • PERSON　HUMAN as an ABSTRACT THING which FEELS, THINKS AND DECIDES, AND HAS RIGHTS AND DUTIES. (anc: 7/0, child: 4)
  • WITNESS　HUMAN SUMMONED in LAW COURT TO EXPLAIN what s/he KNOWS that is IMPORTANT to LITIGATION. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • ADULT　HUMAN who is SUFFICIENTLY OLD to ESTABLISH his/her SEPARATE HOME. (anc: 7/0, child: 20)
  • DWARF　ADULT HUMAN of INTENSELY SMALL SIZE. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • BOY　INTENSELY YOUNG MALE HUMAN. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • DEFENDANT　ACCUSED HUMAN DEFENDING HIMSELF IN COURT. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • PAGAN　A HUMAN who does NOT CONFORM to an APPROPRIATE RELIGION. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • PLAINTIFF　HUMAN who ACCUSES IN a COURT OF LAW. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • SUBJECT　HUMAN of MORE LOW STATUS IN-RELATION-TO someone AND SHOULD OBEY his/her COMMANDS. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • OPPONENT　HUMAN who COMPETES with someone. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
  • PHILOSOPHER　HUMAN who WORKS FOR SYSTEMATIC STUDY AIMING for WISDOM, OR WISDOM AIMING to be BASED on SYSTEMATIC EXPLAIN:explanation AND PROVE:proof. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • COMMONER　HUMAN of less than NOBLE status. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • GIANT　HUMAN of HUGE AND NOT NATURAL SIZE. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • CHINESE　HUMANS of CHINA. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • ARISTOCRACY　HUMAN of a FAMILY of INHERITED HIGH RANK. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • CONSUMER　HUMAN who BUYS THINGS OR SERVE:services. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • INTELLECTUAL　HUMAN whose WORK is BASICALLY WORK of the MIND. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • REPRESENTATIVE　HUMAN who is ELECTED TO WORK FOR the INTERESTS of certain OTHERS, TYPICALLY in a DEMOCRACY. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • MANKIND　CATEGORY of HUMANS as DIFFERENT FROM ANIMALS. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • AUTODIDACT　HUMAN who has TAUGHT HIMSELF. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • RACE　NATURAL KIND OF HUMANS. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • RULER　HUMAN GOVERNS a GROUP OR a TERRITORY.[[HERRSCHER]] (anc: 7/0, child: 3)
  • MAN　HUMAN WHO IS MALE. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • STRANGER　HUMAN who is NOT INTIMATE WITH SOMEONE. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
Antonym
See also
  • PEOPLEGROUP of HUMANS LIVING in a STATE OR TERRITORY.[[VOLK]]NOTE: For this section I have found it instructive to collect a large number of post-Buddhist binomes.
  • MALEGENDER of an ANIMAL or ANIMAL which HAS the ORGANS FOR ENGENDERING AND CAN NOT give BIRTH.
Hypernym
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • CREATURE　LIVING THING. (anc: 4/0, child: 3)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • Was ist der Mensch? ( BARTELS 1975) p.

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 809

    MITMENSCH

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    MAN Dum 1236

    homo refers to a human being, man or women, one of the human kind.

    mas refers to a male in a physical sense, as opposed to femina.

    vi4r typically refers to a man as endowed with male psychological as well as physical characteristics.

    homunculus refers generically to man as a weak and powerless being, especially vis-a-vis the gods.

    homuncio and homullus refers individually to an insignificant or weak person.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 1

    MENSCH

    MENSCHHEIT

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    HOMO

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 5.1059

    MENSCH

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 103ff

  • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 901

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.74

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.74

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 1A

    MENSCHENKUNDLICHER WORTSCHATZ

    MENSCHHEIT

    MENSCH

    • Words (27 items)

    人  rén MC: nyin OC: njin 501 Attributions

    The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human.

      Word relations
    • Object: 擇/CHOOSE Zé 擇 is "to choose between, make a free choice among (alternative objects presenting themselves)" and the word applies to all sorts of choices, formal or informal.
    • Object: 樹/ESTABLISH Shù 樹 refers to planting or establishing something firmly where one intends it to remain.
    • Object: 傷/INJURE The clearly dominant general term referring to the inflicting of bodily harm is shāng 傷. (But note that the word also currently refers to mental harm and psychological distress.)
    • Epithet: 主/RULER The current general word for a person in charge of others are zhǔ 主 (ant. pú 僕 "servant").
    • Epithet: 信/FAITHFUL The current general word for trustiness or good faith is xìn 信.
    • Epithet: 仁/BENEVOLENCE Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE]
    • Epithet: 匠/CARPENTER
    • Epithet: 玉/JADE
    • Epithet: 君/RULER Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.
    • Epithet: 臣/MINISTER The general word for a government minister at any level and of any kind is chén 臣, generically rén chén 人臣.
    • Epithet: 氣/ENERGY The most general current word for material vital cosmic energies of any kind is qì 氣.
    • Epithet: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").
    • Contrast: 馬/HORSE The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬.
    • Assoc: 物/ANIMAL Wù 物is sometimes used to refer to what in Christian parlance are "creatures" of any kind. See THING [ARCHAIC?], [GENERAL]; [[RARE]]
    • Assoc: 舍/DWELLING The most current general word for a dwelling of any kind noble or ordinary is shè 舍.
    • Oppos: 禽獸/ANIMAL The current general word for an animal of any kind would appear to be qín shòu 禽獸, although this word definitely excludes snails, insects, snakes and the like. [CURRENT], [GENERAL]
    • Oppos: 非人/CREATURE
    • Oppos: 天/NATURALLY Tiān 天 refers specifically to the non-man-made aspect of the nature of things.
    • Oppos: 獸/BEAST Shòu 獸 tends to refer to dangerous mammals above a certain size that are typically imagined as running (zǒu shòu 走獸), and sometimes as liable to bite.
    • Oppos: 天/HEAVEN
    • Oppos: 天/GOD Tiān 天 refers to the - often personified or semi-personified - God of Heaven.

      Syntactic words
    • npreposed object: men in generalCH
    • nhuman resourcesLZ
    • nabanthropologicalthe species consisting of the humans [Note that this usage is unmarked, and that this reading is contested. The anthropological notion of "the species of the humans" is not common in pre-globalised ancient literature.]CH
    • nabconceptconcept of manCH
    • nabconceptual kindabstractly: the type of creature called "man"CH
    • nabfeaturehumanness; humanityCH
    • nabmetaphysicalman (as opposed to animals, or inanimate things, or spirits, or Heaven, or Earth)
    • nab{PRED}be a matter of humanness/human initiative/human actionCH
    • nadNindefinitesomeone'sDS
    • nadNnonreferentialbelonging to people; human, designated for men, belonging to human beings; designed for human consumption
    • nadVanalogylike a man
    • nadVquantifierper person
    • ncpost-V{NUM}V man; V menDS
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nmeasure-word for humans
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nclassifiermeasure-word for humans 生子二人
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.post-NpredicateN extends to NUM of persons: 其弟三人 "he had three brothers"DS
    • nfigurativeBUDDH: person > the subjective, subject, the one who perceives throught the sense organs (one of the central terms in the 臨濟錄 contrasted to 境 which refers to the 'objective', 'the objects perceived', 'environment')
    • ngeneralisingvague: people (in general)CH
    • nindefplural: such peopleLZ
    • nindefinitea person, someone
    • nnonreferential subjectman in the true sense of that word, man who deserves the name of man
    • nnonreferential, subjectany person, someone; peopleCH
    • nobjectman
    • npost-nproconceptthe sort of person; the kind of man
    • npost-N{PLACE}the leading people of Npl
    • npost-N{PLACE}.+Npra man from Npl by the name of Npr 宋人屈穀
    • npost-N{PLACE}cancellary stylein Annals cancellary style: (unidentified) patricians of Npl; the leadership of Npl; often: an (unidentified) representative of Npl; representatives of Npl, sometimes military: the (military) men from Npl, the forces of Npl
    • npost-N{PLACE}definitethe (typically elevated) people in Npl [This should probably be subsumed under the general "def.plur" semantic category, and this is easily done. However the examples form a neat set of some interest, so I keep them together. CH]
    • npost-N{PLACE}definitethe person from Npl
    • npost-N{PLACE}indefinitea person/man from Npl
    • npost-N{PLACE}predicatebe a person from Npl
    • npost-N{PLACE}reference=rulerperson (who is the ruler of the place N)
    • npost-V{NUM}.postYOU:post-Nclassifier(number of) persons (postposed classifier)
    • npostVtobject, nonreferentialdummy object of some transitive verbs: people in general. cf. 狗咬人DS
    • npostVtobject=generala person, a human beingCH
    • nproindefiniteone; somebody; someone
    • nsubject=definitethe man
    • nsuitablea good person; suitable persons,; a person as one should be, a human worthy of than name, a person who deserves to be called human; 
    • nvocativeMan!
    • n{PRED}be truly human; be only human; be human
    • n{PRED}post-Nbe a person of the kind NLZ
    • n{PRED}post-Vbe a person who V-sLZ
    • vibe human, have human featuresLZ
    • viactpractise what is human (rather than from Heaven); behave like a human??
    • vtoNcausativeto humanise, to make truly human
    者  zhě MC: tsyaeX OC: kljaʔ 69 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.post-Vthe/a person(s) who V-ed (MUST BE MOVED INTO PRONOUN)CH
    • npro.post-V{PASSIVE}the person who is/was V-edCH
    • npropost=Npra certain NPpr; someone like NPprCH
    此人  cǐ rén OC: tsheʔ njin MC: tshiɛ ȵin 32 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPderogatorythis fellow
    • NPindefinitea person of this sort
    • NPneutralthis (aforementioned) person
    • NPpluralthese people
    • NPpositivethis (remarkable) person
    民  mín OC: min MC: min 29 Attributions

    Mín 民 is a mass noun referring to the population in general, but the word is also used to refer generically to ordinary citizens. (See PEOPLE)

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • ncount noun, pluralcommon personsCH
    • nindefinitecommon peopleCH
    • nmpluralmass term: the people (of a state or region); the common people
    • nmpost-V{NUM}collectivekinds of people
    • npost-Nordinary people of the N kind
    • nvocative, distinguished(distinguished) gentlemen!CH
    子  zǐ OC: sklɯʔ MC: tsɨ 20 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nperson (including possibly rulers like Duke Huán of Qí etc)
    • nmalepejorative: fellow
    • npost-Nperson (of a certain kind specified by preceding word) NB: current analyses take this as a suffix, but it is not clear that this is the proper way to take it.
    • npro.post-Vsemipronominalisedthe V man; the V personCH
    • nreference=femalethis person (who happens to be female)
    身  shēn OC: qhjin MC: ɕin 19 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nclose to third-person pronoun: an individual; (with contrasting noun in parallel phrase: 其身the person; a person (physically)
    先生  xiān shēng OC: sɯɯn sraaŋ MC: sen ʂɣaŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpost=NprMr 差不多先生
    後生  hòu shēng OC: ɡooʔ sraaŋ MC: ɦu ʂɣaŋ 5 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 61

      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]born afterwards > young person, youth
    男女  nán nǚ OC: noom naʔ MC: nəm ɳi̯ɤ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadditivemales and females
    二三子  èr sān zǐ OC: njis saam sklɯʔ MC: ȵi sɑm tsɨ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPplural; definitethe young men; they
    夫子  fū zǐ OC: pa sklɯʔ MC: pi̯o tsɨ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthis man
    善人  shàn rén OC: ɡjenʔ njin MC: dʑiɛn ȵin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPgood person; good people; outstanding people
    公  gōng MC: kuwng OC: klooŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)keeper of the contextually determinate N; man occupied with the contextually determinate NDS
    • npost-Nkeeper of N; man occupied with NDS
    • npost=NprMrCH
    眾人  zhòng rén OC: tjuŋs njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin
    衆人  zhōng rén OC: tjuŋ njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin 2 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}singularhoi polloi; an ordinary person
    兩足  liǎng zú OC: raŋʔ tsoɡ MC: li̯ɐŋ tsi̯ok 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]two-legged [creature]> human
    人類  rén lèi MC: nyin lwijH OC: njin ruds 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabanthropologicalthe human speciesCH
    大小  dà xiǎo OC: daads smewʔ MC: dɑi siɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1&N2}pluraladults and children
    儇子  xuān zǐ MC: xjwien tsiX OC: qhʷen sklɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPsmart fellowLZ
    力人  lì rén OC: ɡ-rɯɡ njin MC: lɨk ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPstrongman
    人中  rén zhōng OC: njin krluŋ MC: ȵin ʈuŋ 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • NPadVamong the humans, in the world of men
    人意  rén yì MC: nyin 'iH OC: njin qɯɡs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychhumanity, human(istic) way of thinking and feelingLZ
    人故  rén gù MC: nyin kuH OC: njin kaas 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • NP{PRED}have a human causeCH
    老漢  lǎo hàn OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhlaans MC: lɑu hɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPderogatoryold fellow, old chap
    遠人  yuǎn rén OC: ɢʷanʔ njin MC: ɦi̯ɐn ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialpeople in distant parts
    丁  dīng OC: teeŋ MC: teŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNadult, of employable age
    口  kǒu OC: khooʔ MC: khu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nperson (particularly as counted item)
    手  shǒu OC: hmljuʔ MC: ɕɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nperson