WORK    工作工

Make an EFFORT ENDURINGLY CONFORMING to a PLAN, IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE an AIM, and OFTEN IN ORDER TO be PAID a SALARY.
LABORTOILSLOGDRUDGERYEXERTIONEFFORTINDUSTRYSERVICEINFORMAL GRINDSWEATELBOW GREASETOILLABOREXERT ONESELFSLAVE (AWAY)KEEP AT ITPUT ONE'S NOSE TO THE GRINDSTONEINFORMAL SLOG (AWAY)PLUG AWAYPUT ONE'S BACK INTO ITKNOCK ONESELF OUTSWEAT BLOODLABOUR
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general term for work is gōng 工 (ant. xiū 休 "rest"), but the word refers specifically to skilled work. 2. Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler. 3. Zuò 作 (ant. xí 息 "take a rest from work") refers to manual work. 4. Chǎn 產 refers to the pursuance of a traditional family trade. 5. Yè 業 refers to the pursuance of one's own professional career or one's career as a skilled artisan, farmer etc.. 6. Wù 務 refers to work imposed on one because of one's public employment. 7. Shēng 生 can occasionally come to refer to something like one's daily work. 8. Zhì 治 is mostly used verbally and refers to putting a coherent organised effort into something or work at something. 9. Gān 干 is only used verbally and refers to the concerted effort or working towards an end.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 TRADE 17. TRADE 17. 雇傭。 傭，出賣勞動力長期服務於固定的雇主。 賃，出賣勞動力服務於臨時雇主。 雇，有償使用他人勞動力。
Modern Chinese Criteria
工作 幹活兒 做活兒 做事 行事 辦事 視事 上工 上班 出勤 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • AGRICULTURE　WORK IN FIELDS TO REAR USEFUL PLANTS.  (anc: 15/0, child: 4)
  • REPAIR　WORK so as to CAUSE TO BECOME EXCELLENT RESEMBLE:as in the PAST AGAIN. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • LABOUR　FORCED WORK that CAUSES one to BECOME TIRED.[[ARBEIT]] (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • THRESH　WORK to SEPARATE GRAIN FROM HUSK. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • PROFESSION　ENDURING PAID WORK that NEEDS BIG SKILL AND INTELLIGENCE. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • PROGRESSIVE　WORKING POLITICALLY to CAUSE PROGRESS in SOCIETY. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • OCCUPATION　CONSTANT WORK USING WHICH EARNS MONEY AND CAND REAR A FAMILY. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
See also
  • STRIVE FORTRY INTENSELY to SUCCEED in something IMPORTANT.
  • ARTISANWORKER who WORKS on CONCRETE THINGS he is EDUCATED FOR.
  • WORKERADULT EMPLOYED by the GOVERNMENT OR by ENTREPRENEURS to WORK FOR them.[[ARBEITER]]
Hypernym
  • EFFORT　DELIBERATE DILIGENT TRY:attempt to SUCCEED in an ACTION. (anc: 13/0, child: 2)
  • TRY　ACT, BUT DOUBT WHETHER one WILL be SUCCESSFUL ACTING. (anc: 12/0, child: 9)
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • Die Rolle der Arbeit in verschiedenen Epochen und Kulturen ( BIERWISCH 2003) p.

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.12

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.13

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 159

    OPUS, OPERATIO

    401. Inter Opus et operationem. Opus dicitur ipsum quod fit, operatio autem ipsa rei actio est.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    WORK

    opera refers to an activity without intense exertion, as merely or turning one's hand to, something as opposed to momentary inactivity, and also in opposition to thinking, speaking, advisign.

    labor refers to strenuous exertion which is typically followed by fatigue.

  • China Handbuch ( FRANKE 1974) p. 30

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 1.154-215

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    LABOR

    NEGOTIUM

    OCCUPATIO

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 13

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.1554-1.1564

    Travail

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.1554

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 1.480

    ARBEIT

  • Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 17

  • The concept of Work/Labor,Arbeit in the Chinene World BIERWISCH 2003: 103-136 ( WAGNER 2003) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens ( BAECHTHOLD-STAEUBLI 1987) p. 1.572

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.361

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

  • Women in ancient China ( HINSCH 2011) p. 475

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 60A

    • Words (75 items)

    事  shì OC: dzrɯs MC: ɖʐɨ 194 Attributions

    Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler.

      Word relations
    • Object: 敬/DILIGENT Jìng 敬 refers to respectful diligence in action.
    • Object: 從/WORK
    • Object: 慎/CAUTIOUS The dominant general word referring to wariness and circumspect action is shèn 慎 (ant. hū 忽 "slipshod").
    • Object: 操/ACT
    • Object: 議/DISCUSS The current words for discussion are yì 議 "public discussion", and lùn 論 "discursive discourse; written summary discussion with a conclusion".
    • Object: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
    • Contrast: 作 / 作 / 作/WORK Zuò 作 (ant. xí 息 "take a rest from work") refers to manual work.
    • Contrast: 功/ACHIEVE Gōng 功 refers to the achievement of something regarded as important to others. See MERIT. [ALTRUISTIC], [IMPORTANT]; [NOUN]
    • Contrast: 功/WORK
    • Assoc: 政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
    • Oppos: 言/PROMISE Yán 言 refers to a typically somewhat formal speech act by which a person commits himself to a future action. Compare 言而有信 "keep faith when one has promised something".
    • Oppos: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Oppos: 躬/SELF Gōng 躬 is a fairly rare archaic and idiomatically restricted word referrring to the agent himself.

      Syntactic words
    • nabcurrent tasks, current issues; important business to work onCH
    • nab.post-Nthe matter for which N is responsible, the task of N
    • nab.post-Nthe public tasks and official affairs of NCH
    • nab.post-V{NUM}act(especially official) matter, especially: public task, official business; public event; public project, (military) undertaking, task; one's professional concern 五事
    • nab.post-V{NUM}actkinds of official task
    • nab.red:-V{NUM}actevery task, every piece of work
    • nab[.post-N]his/one's own proper taskCH
    • nabactthe conduct of public affairs; official tasks and affairs; public affairs; public business
    • nabactprofessionLZ
    • nabact.pejorativemere public business; mundane affairs of this worldCH
    • viactengage in public or official work
    • vtoNwork at, try to achieve; busy oneself with, interfere with
    • vtoNoccupy oneself with in a public capacity, as public businessCH
    力  lì OC: ɡ-rɯɡ MC: lɨk 31 Attributions

    Lì 力 emphasises the strength needed to make a working effort.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactstrenuous manual labour; meritorious effort, meritorious contribution; exercise of strength, powerful effort; contribution
    • v[adN]pluralthose who work hard
    • viactput in energetic work, work hard
    • vt+prep+NPab{ACT}work hard at
    • vt+V[0]use all one's strength on, do one's best in (weaving and housework)
    • vtoNwork hard at
    • vtoNcausativeto make sure that N works hardLZ
    業  yè OC: ŋab MC: ŋi̯ɐp 29 Attributions

    Yè 業refers to the pursuance of one's own professional career or one's career as a skilled artisan, farmer etc..

      Word relations
    • Object: 簡/NEGLECT Màn 慢 (ant. jìng 敬 "pay proper and respectful attention to") and jiǎn 簡 (ant. xì 細 "pay detailed attention to") refer to a typically deliberate and defiant, often a deliberately outrageous, failure to pay proper attention to what is expected to be heeded.
    • Object: 繼/CONTINUE The most current general word for continuing to do something and also for continuing a tradition is jì 繼 (ant. jué 絕 "disrupt a tradition") which concentrates on the original thing that is being continued or made longer.
    • Object: 襲/CONTINUE
    • Assoc: 產/WORK Chǎn 產 refers to the pursuance of a traditional family trade.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-Nprofessional achievements of NCH
    • nab.post-Nactprofession, professional task; trade; professional tasks; performance of one's duties, professional achievements
    • nab[.post-N]their work, his work, one's workCH
    • viactengage in serious educational activity or study
    為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 28 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Result: 成/ACHIEVE The current general word for successful action on one's own behalf or on someone else's behalf is chéng 成 (ant. bài 敗 "fail to achieve; botch up"). [GENERAL], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]
    • Object: 為/ACHIEVE

      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]work on things; be engaged in thingsDS
    • vtoNwork on, be engaged in, cultivate (literary pursuits, gardening etc); have as one's main concern
    • vtoNpassivebe worked on, be worked towards, be worked withCH
    功  gōng OC: kooŋ MC: kuŋ 15 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 農/AGRICULTURE The general term for agriculture and agricultural work is nóng 農, and this term refers to the sedentary cultivation of plants as well as the raising of domestic animals.
    • Contrast: 事/WORK Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler.
    • Contrast: 作 / 作 / 作/WORK Zuò 作 (ant. xí 息 "take a rest from work") refers to manual work.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactsuccessful enterprise, completed undertaking; successful working efforts 土功 "earth works"
    • nabactprojected workCH
    務  wù OC: mos MC: mi̯o 14 Attributions

    Wù 務 refers to work imposed on one because of one's public employment.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactprofession; preoccupation; important task; most important task
    • nabderivedthe most important work, the most important duty; the most important taskCH
    • vt[oN]work on thingsCH
    • vtoNwork at, work on
    • vtoNcausativeto make N work hardLZ
    職  zhí OC: kljɯɡ MC: tɕɨk 13 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • nabactofficial tasks; official function; function; official duties
    • npost=Nappositionthe task N; the duty NDS
    • viactperform one's official duties
    • vtoNassign as a dutyIH
    作  zuò OC: tsaaɡs MC: tsuo̝
    作  zuò OC: tsaals MC: tsɑ
    作  zuò OC: tsaaɡ MC: tsɑk 13 Attributions

    Zuò 作 (ant. xí 息 "take a rest from work") refers to manual work.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 事/WORK Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactwork
    • viactdo unskilled manual work; work, do productive work
    從事  cóng shì OC: dzoŋ dzrɯs MC: dzi̯oŋ ɖʐɨ 12 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactwork; do one's work; work hard as one should
    • VPt+prep+Nbe focussed in one's work on N; work hard at N
    事業  shì yè OC: dzrɯs ŋab MC: ɖʐɨ ŋi̯ɐp 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPjob, occupation; preoccupations
    治  chí OC: rlɯ MC: ɖɨ 9 Attributions

    Zhì 治 is mostly used verbally and refers to putting a coherent organised effort into something or work at something.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNwork at, work professionally with; deal with properly
    庶績  zhù jī MC: tsyoH tsek OC: -- skleeɡ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactprojects; achievementsCH
    百事  bǎi shì MC: paek dzriH OC: praaɡ dzrɯs 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpublic affairsLZ
    營  yíng OC: ɢʷleŋ MC: jiɛŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactengage in work, busy oneself
    • vt+prep+Nwork at; work withTWH
    • vtoNwork at; work with
    產  chǎn OC: sqreenʔ MC: ʂɣɛn 6 Attributions

    Chǎn 產 refers to the pursuance of a traditional family trade.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 業/WORK Yè 業refers to the pursuance of one's own professional career or one's career as a skilled artisan, farmer etc..

      Syntactic words
    • nabactproductive effort; productive activities; profession; line of profesional activity 經產，末產， 產業
    刑名  xíng míng OC: ɡeeŋ meŋ MC: ɦeŋ miɛŋ 4 Attributions
    • What Is Taoism? And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History ( CREEL 1970) p. 79-91

      Syntactic words
    • NPabactsometimes has to be understood as:) performance and job description (leaving 刑 "punishment" or 形 "shape" unexplained!)
    五事  wǔ shì OC: ŋaaʔ dzrɯs MC: ŋuo̝ ɖʐɨ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfive types of obligatory behaviour/tasks 指古代統治者修身的五件事，謂貌恭、言從、視明、聽聰、思睿。《書‧洪範》："五事：一曰貌，二曰言，三曰視，四曰聽，五曰思。貌曰恭，言曰從，視曰明，聽曰聰，思曰睿。"
    守  shǒu OC: qhjuʔ MC: ɕɨu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactassigned task, official work; task performed
    • nagentworker, one who works carefully on a contextually determinate taskLZ
    • vtoNwork on carefully, take protective care ofCH
    工  gōng OC: kooŋ MC: kuŋ 4 Attributions

    The current general term for work is gōng 工 (ant. xiū 休 "rest"), but the word refers specifically to skilled work.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactskilled work, specialised work; craftsmanship
    • viwork with skill, deploy one's skill in work; act as a craftsman should
    奔命  bēn mìng OC: pɯɯn mɢreŋs MC: puo̝n mɣaŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactwork with due diligence and haste; follow one's instructions in all haste
    從  cóng OC: dzoŋ MC: dzi̯oŋ 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Object: 事/WORK Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNwork at, work with; carry out (tasks)
    忙  máng OC: maaŋ MC: mɑŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi.red:adNintensitivevery busy, restless
    • viactpreoccupied with work, busy
    攻  gōng OC: kuuŋ MC: kuo̝ŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nwork hard at, direct one's attention at
    • vtoNto work on intensely, with a big effort; to work hard at
    普請  pǔ qǐng OC: phaaʔ tsheŋʔ MC: phuo̝ tshiɛŋ 3 Attributions

    This word appeared during the Tang and the original meaning is: "to gather the assembly of monks/nuns". In the Chán Buddhist context it assumed the extended meaning of "gathering the monks of a monastery in order to engage in manual labour on the monastery property (fields)".

      Syntactic words
    • VPiactBUDDH: engage in manual work; work on the fields (of the monastery)
    • VPt+V[0]BUDDH: work (at the monastery property) with Ving; do fieldwork Ving
    緣事  yuán shì OC: k-lon dzrɯs MC: jiɛn ɖʐɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactmundane tasks
    實  shí OC: ɢljiɡ MC: ʑit 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactobligation; performance (of duties)
    • vtoNfulfilment of obligations ????
    數  shuò OC: sqrooɡ MC: ʂɣɔk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redactPRONUNCIATON UNCERTAIN ACCORDING TO JDSW: be eagerly preoccupied
    服  fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nab(.post-N)the duties of the contextually determinate NLZ
    • nabpost-None's dutiesLZ
    • vtoNwork on
    走使  zǒu shǐ OC: tsooʔ srɯʔ MC: tsu ʂɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactrun errands; work hard
    生  shēng OC: sraaŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ 2 Attributions

    Shēng 生 can occasionally come to refer to something like one's daily work.

      Syntactic words
    • nabact(enjoy one's) work
    用力  yòng lì MC: yowngH lik OC: k-loŋs ɡ-rɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiwork manuallyLZ
    事要  shì yào OC: dzrɯs qews MC: ɖʐɨ ʔiɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactimportant political undertakings; important matters
    疲役  pí yì OC: bral ɢʷleɡ MC: biɛ jiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactslave away; work slavishly hard
    為臣  wéi chén OC: ɢʷal ɡjiŋ MC: ɦiɛ dʑin 1 Attribution

    job of being official, post of minister [DS]

      Syntactic words
    • VPijob of being official, post of minister [DS]
    公事  gōng shì MC: kuwng dzriH OC: klooŋ dzrɯs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPofficial businessCH
    敦比  duī bǐ MC: twoj pjijX OC: tuul piʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoN= dui1pi3 敦庀: to manage, to administrate, to work onLZ
    九一  jiǔ yī OC: kuʔ qliɡ MC: kɨu ʔit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPito work on the 1/9 system
    加事  jiā shì OC: kraal dzrɯs MC: kɣɛ ɖʐɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+prep+Nabwork on
    功作  gōng zuò OC: kooŋ tsaaɡ MC: kuŋ tsɑk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactconstruction work DCD: 指土木營造之事。
    助  zhù OC:  MC: ɖʐi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe engaged in work on public fields as a form of taxation (eufemism?)
    動  dòng OC: dooŋʔ MC: duŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viactwork
    勞  láo MC: law OC: raaw 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNN=humanwork on behalf of, work for the benefit ofCH
    事務  shì wù OC: dzrɯs mos MC: ɖʐɨ mi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabacttask; official task
    劬勞  qú láo MC: gju law OC: ɡo raaw 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • VPibe hard-workingCH
    圃  pǔ OC: paaʔ MC: puo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nsubject=humangardener
    事國  shì guó MC: dzriH kwok OC: dzrɯs kʷɯɯɡ 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • VPiactwork for the state; hold public officeCH
    不暇  bù xiá MC: pjut haeH OC: pɯʔ ɡraas 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt V[0]have no time to V; be too busy to V DS
    功實  gōng shí MC: kuwng zyit OC: kooŋ ɢljiɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabimportant concrete tasksCH
    庸  yōng OC: k-loŋ MC: ji̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nservice rendered
    徵  zhēng MC: tring OC: tɯŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabactlabour-tax; state-imposed corvée labourCH
    搔  sāo OC: suu MC: sɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redintensitivebe very much preoccupied, bustle about working
    官事  guān shì OC: koon dzrɯs MC: kʷɑn ɖʐɨ 1 Attribution

    tasks of an official

      Syntactic words
    • NPabactofficial tasks
    客作  kè zuò OC: khraaɡ tsaaɡ MC: khɣɛk tsɑk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactwork away from home
    客作兒  kè zuò ér OC: khraaɡ tsaaɡ ŋje MC: khɣɛk tsɑk ȵiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPcolloquialworker working away from home; hired field worker; GERMAN: Gastarbeiter
    述職  shù zhí MC: zywit tsyik OC: ɢljud kljɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPitake up an appointmentCH
    作務  zuò wù OC: tsaaɡ mos MC: tsɑk mi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactwork, carry out work
    作勞  zuò láo OC: tsaaɡ raaw MC: tsɑk lɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactengage in tiring activities
    狎  xiá OC: ɡraab MC: ɦɣap 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNlabour (on fields)
    理  lǐ OC: ɡ-rɯʔ MC: lɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viactdo one's assigned work
    當  dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viactbe on guard duty (during the night)
    職業  zhí yè MC: tsyik ngjaep OC: kljɯɡ ŋab 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPofficial dutiesLZ
    執勞  zhí láo OC: tjib raaw MC: tɕip lɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNactwork hard, put in an effort
    守業  shǒu yè OC: qhjuʔ ŋab MC: ɕɨu ŋi̯ɐp 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNperform the duties of
    竭智  jié zhì OC: ɡad tes MC: gi̯ɐt ʈiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactuse all one's intellectual resources, do one's intellectual best
    公  gōng OC: klooŋ MC: kuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactpublic duties
    周  zhōu OC: tjɯw MC: tɕɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdevote oneself completely to every aspect of
    勞倦  láo juàn OC: raaw ɡrons MC: lɑu giɛn 0 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPabacthard work
    宦  huàn OC: ɢʷraans MC: ɦɣan 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactbe on official business, be officially employed; study to become an official; serve as a slave or low official
    干  gān OC: kaan MC: kɑn 0 Attributions

    Gān 干 is only used verbally and refers to the concerted effort or working towards an end.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNwork on, work for LY 干祿
    幹  gàn OC: kaans MC: kɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactoccupation; job
    弄  nòng OC: ɡ-rooŋs MC: luŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNwork with, work on 十三弄文史 "at thirteen he worked with/studied literature and histories"
    徵  zhēng MC: tring OC: tɯŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactlabour-tax; state-imposed corvée labourCH
    作使  zuò shǐ OC: tsaaɡ srɯʔ MC: tsɑk ʂɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactdo one's job as bidden
    作息  zuò xī OC: tsaaɡ sqlɯɡ MC: tsɑk sɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactwork away, do one's work
    經  jīng OC: keeŋ MC: keŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactlarge undertakings; work