BODY    身體形

SHAPE of an ANIMAL OR HUMAN OR of THINGS.
FIGUREFRAMEFORMPHYSIQUE
Old Chinese Criteria
[[CONGERIES]] 1. The general word for the body versus the heart and soul is xíng 形 (ant. xīn 心 ) but note that this word also applies generally to non-human physical shape.. 2. Qū 軀 "physical frame" refers to body as seen from the outside, objectively, not as part of the person, and as constituted by flesh and bones. 3. Shēn 身 (which also means "person") specifically refers to the main trunk of the body typically excluding head, arms and legs. 4. Tǐ 體 refers to body as constituted by its various parts, in particular the limbs, and when it refers to the body as a whole the reference is to the posture and carriage of the body. 5. Zhī 肢 refers specifically to the limbs and cannot be used to refer to other parts of the body at all. See LIMB 6. Gōng 躬 is an elevated word which can be used to refer to a person as a whole, but also specifically to the body. See PERSON 7. Xíng tǐ 形體 is the standard current binome for the physical body of both men and animals, including the body after death, among other things as the container of vital energy qì 氣. NB: Shī 尸 refers specifically to the dead body. See CORPSE
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 BODY 26. 身，多指不包括頭的身體。 躬，指身體從頸椎至尾椎的部分。 體，側重於指身體的各個組成部分。 軀，指整個肉體。 骸，用於自稱，含有謙下、卑微、行將就木的意味。 幹，特指身體的主要部分，即軀幹。 肢，四肢。
Modern Chinese Criteria
身體 肢體 體 身 軀 軀體 肌體 肉體 肉身 身子 身軀 軀幹 七尺 臭皮囊 形體 形骸 軀殼 全身 渾身 一身 通身 滿身 周身 遍身 遍體 個子 個兒 個頭兒 身材 身長 身量 身軀 塊頭 長度 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • CORPSE　BODY of a HUMAN OR ANIMAL who has DIED. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
Part of
  • BODY JUICESIMPORTANT LIQUID in the BODY.
  • BONEINTENSELY HARD BODY TISSUE.
  • HEADLIMB CONTAINING EYES, NOSE AND MOUTH.
  • LIMBBODY PART OTHER than the TORSO.
  • NECK
  • ORGANBODY PART used for BASIC FUNCTIONS of LIFE.
  • TORSO
  • VEINS
  • SKINThe COMPLEX BODY TISSUE which WRAPS the WHOLE BODY of HUMANS AND ANIMALS.
  • TRUNK
Antonym
  • MINDABSTRACT ORGAN of DESIRING, THINKING, FEELing AND KNOWING in HUMANS OR ANIMALS.
  • SOULMIND:mental/psychological ORGAN OF THE HUMAN.
Hypernym
  • SHAPE　APPEARANCE of the PLACE something is in, as PERCEIVED by the EYES, DISREGARDING the SUBJECTIVITY of the APPEARANCE. (anc: 5/0, child: 13)
  • APPEARANCE　CLEAR:visible BUT SUBJECTIVELY PERCEIVED FEATURES. (anc: 4/0, child: 6)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 4.11

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 705

    LEIB

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 4

    KOERPER UND KOERPERTEILE.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 6

  • L'intelligence de la China. Le social et le mental ( GERNET 1994) p. 270-279

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 53

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 477/8

  • A Russian-English Collocational Dictionary of the Human Body ( IORDANSKAJA 1996) p. 361

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 86

  • Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du francais contemporain, vol. I ( Mel'cuk I) p. 83

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1376

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1880

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 1.574

  • Histoire du corps Univers historique ( VIGARELLO 2006) p.

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 115/123

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 57ff

  • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 3.419

  • Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine ( HSU 2010) p. 392

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 3.428

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.379

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

    • Words (44 items)

    身  shēn OC: qhjin MC: ɕin 116 Attributions

    Shēn 身 (which also means "person") specifically refers to the main trunk of the body excluding head, arms and legs.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 意/THINK
    • Contrast: 力/STRONG The typically nominal or adverbial lì 力 commonly refers to a permanent property of strength..
    • Contrast: 骸/BODY
    • Contrast: 筋骨/BODY
    • Assoc: 體/BODY Tǐ 體 refers to body as constituted by its various parts, in particular the limbs, and when it refers to the body as a whole the reference is to the posture and carriage of the body.
    • Oppos: 名/NAME The current general word for a name is míng 名 (ant. shí 實 "reality").
    • Oppos: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").
    • Oppos: 神/SOUL Shén 神 is primarily a subtle physical substance which gives man his spiritual dimension (ant. xíng 形 "body")), and the body xíngtǐ 形體 is the abode shè 舍 of the soul.
    • Oppos: 聲/VOICE
    • Oppos: 魂/SOUL Hún 魂 "male soul which returns to Heaven at death" and pò 魄 "female soul which returns to Earth at death" (all ant. xíng 形 "body") inhabit man in the general mode of spiritual possession.
    • Oppos: 精神/SOUL
    • Oppos: 首/HEAD The standard word for the head is shǒu 首.
    • Oppos: 魂魄/SOUL

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)body as a whole; especially the main trunk as opposed to the head; body as embodying the person
    • n[post-N]one's own body [many of the BODY n need to be moved here]
    • nabfigurativephysical manifestation
    • nabsolutethe body
    • nadVinstrumenton the body; with one's body; physically
    • npost-NN's (living) bodyCH
    形  xíng OC: ɡeeŋ MC: ɦeŋ 52 Attributions

    The general word for the body versus the heart and soul is xíng 形(ant. xīn 心).

      Word relations
    • Ant: 神/SOUL Shén 神 is primarily a subtle physical substance which gives man his spiritual dimension (ant. xíng 形 "body")), and the body xíngtǐ 形體 is the abode shè 舍 of the soul.
    • Object: 揜 / 掩 / 奄/COVER Yǎn 掩/揜 is an informal word which focusses on the deliberate act by a human, executed with his hand, which is designed to prevent something from being discovered or from getting in touch with other things.
    • Contrast: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Contrast: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.
    • Assoc: 軀/BODY Qū 軀 "physical frame" refers to body as seen from the outside, objectively, not as part of the person, and as constituted by flesh and bones.
    • Assoc: 體/BODY Tǐ 體 refers to body as constituted by its various parts, in particular the limbs, and when it refers to the body as a whole the reference is to the posture and carriage of the body.
    • Oppos: 容/FACE Róng 容 refers especially to the lineaments and the outline of the face.
    • Oppos: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").
    • Oppos: 精/SOUL Jīng 精 "spiritual subtle substance" is the seminal supremely subtle material substance that gives man his spiritual energies.

      Syntactic words
    • nbodyCH
    • n(post-N)the body of the contextually determinate N
    • n[adN]reflexive.形one's (own) physical body as opposed to the Self which has this body (without being identical with it)
    • n[post-N]one's body; physical appearance 
    • n[post-N]standardnatural physical form, natural bodyCH
    形體  xíng tǐ OC: ɡeeŋ rʰiiʔ MC: ɦeŋ thei 40 Attributions

    Xíng tǐ 形體 is the standard current binome for the physical body of both men and animals, including the body after death, among other things as the container of vital energy qì 氣.

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").
    • Oppos: 神/SOUL Shén 神 is primarily a subtle physical substance which gives man his spiritual dimension (ant. xíng 形 "body")), and the body xíngtǐ 形體 is the abode shè 舍 of the soul.
    • Oppos: 質/FEELING
    • Oppos: 精氣/ENERGY
    • Oppos: 魂氣/SOUL
    • Oppos: 精神/SOUL

      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N.)adVon the body of the contextually determinate NDS
    • NP{N1=N2}one's body (also: body of the deceased; even overall physical shape of Heaven and earth) 人形體 "human body"
    • VPiprocessbe embodied, take a physical form
    身體  shēn tǐ OC: qhjin rʰiiʔ MC: ɕin thei 34 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Synon: 形軀/BODY
    • Oppos: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").

      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)the body of the contextually determinate NCH
    • NP[post-N]body
    • NPpost-Nthe body of the NCH
    體  tǐ OC: rʰiiʔ MC: thei 32 Attributions

    Tǐ 體 refers to body as constituted by its various parts, in particular the limbs, and when it refers to the body as a whole the reference is to the posture and carriage of the body.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 氣/ENERGY The most general current word for material vital cosmic energies of any kind is qì 氣.
    • Contrast: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Assoc: 形/BODY The general word for the body versus the heart and soul is xíng 形(ant. xīn 心).
    • Assoc: 身/BODY Shēn 身 (which also means "person") specifically refers to the main trunk of the body excluding head, arms and legs.
    • Oppos: 容/FACE Róng 容 refers especially to the lineaments and the outline of the face.
    • Oppos: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").
    • Oppos: 志/MIND Zhì 志 (ant. shēn 身 "body") never refers to the faculty of the will, but is the agency through which man has his highest aspirations in life.
    • Oppos: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Oppos: 精神/SOUL

      Syntactic words
    • nlimb, limbs; body as constituted by its parts
    • n(post-N)body of the contextually determinate personDS
    • n[post-N]one's body, the human bodyCH
    • nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    • nadNphysical
    • nadVbodywise, in body; with the body
    • nfigurativearticulated structures
    軀  qū OC: kho MC: khi̯o 14 Attributions

    Qū 軀 "physical frame" refers to body as seen from the outside, objectively, not as part of the person, and as constituted by flesh and bones.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Assoc: 形/BODY The general word for the body versus the heart and soul is xíng 形(ant. xīn 心).

      Syntactic words
    • n[post-N]one's (own) body
    • n[post-N]physical frame
    法身  fǎ shēn OC: pab qhjin MC: pi̯ɐp ɕin 11 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPabfigurativeBUDDH: dharma-body; the truth-body of Buddha > the undecaying body of Buddha symbolizing the truth of his teaching; skr. dharmakāya
    形骸  xíng hái OC: ɡeeŋ ɡrɯɯ MC: ɦeŋ ɦɣɛi 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPbody
    • NP(post-N)physical shape including flesh and bones (sometimes considered as a heap or congeries of things constituting the dead body)
    色身  sè shēn OC: sqrɯɡ qhjin MC: ʂɨk ɕin 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]the physcial body; the "rūpa" body; body of form
    躬  gōng OC: kʷɯŋ MC: kuŋ 8 Attributions

    Gōng 躬 is an elevated word which can be used to refer to a person as a whole, but also specifically to the body. See PERSON

      Syntactic words
    • n[post-N]N=selfarchaic?: [one's own] body 鞠躬
    化身  huà shēn OC: hŋʷraals qhjin MC: hɣɛ ɕin 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: "transformation body"; this refers to a Buddha's body transformed into the physical shape of a sentient being as expedient means to teach and liberate them; the transformaton body is equipped with supernatural qualitites in order to assess and adapt to the capacities of sentient beings; SANSKRIT: nirmāna-kāya
    肌膚  jī fū OC: kril pqla MC: ki pi̯o 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]FLESH AND SKIN> body
    報身  bào shēn OC: puuɡs qhjin MC: pɑu ɕin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the retribution/reward body of Buddha; also translated as "bliss-body"; SANSKRIT saṃboga-kāya See DDB: http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?58.xml+id('b5831-8eab')
    筋骨  jīn gǔ OC: kɯn kuud MC: kɨn kuot 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 身/BODY Shēn 身 (which also means "person") specifically refers to the main trunk of the body excluding head, arms and legs.

      Syntactic words
    • NPmsinews and bones> all sorts of inner parts of the body
    骨骸  gǔ hái OC: kuud ɡrɯɯ MC: kuot ɦɣɛi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe bones; body
    五陰  wǔ yīn OC: ŋaaʔ qrɯm MC: ŋuo̝ ʔim 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]buddhistBUDDH: five skandhas (which constitute the phycho-physical exististence) > my physical body, one's existence (as body and mind)
    形軀  xíng qū OC: ɡeeŋ kho MC: ɦeŋ khi̯o 2 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]physical frame, body
    口腹  kǒu fù MC: khuwX pjuwk OC: khooʔ puɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmouth and belly, body parts associated with eatingLZ
    佛身  fó shēn OC: bɯd qhjin MC: bi̯ut ɕin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the Buddha-body; SANSKRIT buddha-kāya
    肢體  zhī tǐ MC: tsye thejX OC: kje rʰiiʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPNP(post-N): one's limbs and bodyCH
    腰領  yāo lǐng OC: qew ɡ-reŋʔ MC: ʔiɛu liɛŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabprocesswaist and neck; body (as something which may be cut at the waist or the neck)
    肉  ròu MC: nyuwk OC: njuɡ 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • nadNbodily, physical (punishments etc)CH
    下部  xià bù OC: ɢraaʔ bɯʔ MC: ɦɣɛ buo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPlower part of the body
    形範  xíng fàn OC: ɡeeŋ bomʔ MC: ɦeŋ bi̯ɐm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]physical frame
    質  zhì OC: tjid MC: tɕit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nphysical frame, physical condition??
    本身  běn shēn OC: pɯɯnʔ qhjin MC: puo̝n ɕin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab[.post-N]one's own dharma body
    形貌  xíng mào OC: ɡeeŋ mreews MC: ɦeŋ mɣɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]physical appearance
    骨  gǔ OC: kuud MC: kuot 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nbuild, overall shape of body
    骸  hái OC: ɡrɯɯ MC: ɦɣɛi 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 身/BODY Shēn 身 (which also means "person") specifically refers to the main trunk of the body excluding head, arms and legs.

      Syntactic words
    • nfigurativeone's physical frame (as a living person)
    骸形  hái xíng OC: ɡrɯɯ ɡeeŋ MC: ɦɣɛi ɦeŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPbody including skeleton
    十身  shí shēn OC: ɡjub qhjin MC: dʑip ɕin 1 Attribution
    • Digital Dictionary of Buddhism ( MULLER) p.

      "The ten bodies of the Buddha; two kinds of ten bodies are presented in the AVATAMSAKA :

      I. The ten bodies of the realm of understanding, associated with Vairocana Buddha. (1) zho4ng-she1ng-shen 眾生身 'sentient being-body' (2) guo2-tu2-she1n 國土身 'land's body' (3) ye4-ba4o-shen 業寶身 'karma-reward body' (4) she1ng-we2n-shen 聲聞身 'sSraavaka-body' (5) du2-jue2-shen 獨覺身 'pratyekabuddha body' (6) pu2-sa4-she1n 菩薩身 'bodhisattva body' (7) ru2-la2i-she1n 如來身 'tathaagata-body'; (8) zhi4-she1n 智身 'wisdom body'; (9) fa3-she1n 法身 'dharma-body'and (10) xu1-ko1ng-she1n 虛空身 'body of absolute space'

      II. The ten bodies of the realm of practice are: (1) pu2-ti2-she1n 菩提身 'the enlightenment body' the manifestation of a buddha-body attaining enlightenment; (2) yua4n-she1n 願身 'vow body, aspiring to be born in TuSsita Heaven' (3) hua4-she1n 化身 'transformation body' (4) zhu4-chi2-she1n 住持身 'retaining body' (5) xia4ng-ha3o-zhua1ng-ya2n-she1n 相好莊嚴身 'body adorned with excellent physical characteristics' (6) shi4-li4-she1n 勢力身 'body of power' (7) ru2-yi4-she1n 如意身 'body manifested at will' (8) fu2-de2-she1n 福德身 'body of merit and virtue' (9) zhi4-she1n 智身 'wisdom body' (10) fa3-she1n 法身 'dharma body' the quintessential buddha-body."

    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 593d

      Syntactic words
    • NP(adN)buddhistBUDDH: the ten bodies of a Buddha; in the AVATAMSAKA there are two sets of body described
    骨法  gǔ fǎ OC: kuud pab MC: kuot pi̯ɐp 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)body structure, bone structure of the body
    形體  xíng tǐ MC: heng thejX OC: ɡeeŋ rʰiiʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPindefinitea physical body; any physical bodyCH
    體貌  tǐ mào MC: thejX -- OC: rʰiiʔ mreews 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPphysical appearanceCH
    骨體  gǔ tǐ MC: kwot thejX OC: kuud rʰiiʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPagentphysical bodyLZ
    躬身  gōng shēn OC: kʷɯŋ qhjin MC: kuŋ ɕin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpost-Nbody
    形器  xíng qì OC: ɡeeŋ khrɯds MC: ɦeŋ khi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]articulated body
    軀體  qū tǐ OC: kho rʰiiʔ MC: khi̯o thei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbody; body and limbs
    皮袋  pí dài OC: bral lɯɯɡs MC: biɛ dəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)leather bag > body (derogatory expression for the human body)
    殼陋子  què lòu zǐ OC: khrooɡ roos sklɯʔ MC: khɣɔk lu tsɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)BUDDH: husk of grain > referring to the physical body as 'shell, home' for the mind/soul (also written 殼漏子)
    肢  zhī OC: kje MC: tɕiɛ 0 Attributions

    Zhī 肢 refers specifically to the limbs and cannot be used to refer to other parts of the body at all. See LIMB

      Syntactic words
    真體  zhēn tǐ OC: tjin rʰiiʔ MC: tɕin thei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    身起  shēn qǐ OC: qhjin khɯʔ MC: ɕin khɨ 0 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 334

      身體

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]Tang: physical body (examples in WANGFANZHI)
    血氣  xuè qì MC: xwet khj+jH OC: qhʷiiɡ khɯds 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNbodilyLZ