Antonym

• PEACEFULDELIGHTFUL BECAUSE ORDERLY AND LACKING CHAOS.

Hypernym

• REACTCHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something.
  • CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2.
    • EVENTREALITY that ARISES in TIME.
      • REALITYEXIST and NOT ONLY BE IMAGINED....

See also

• PERCEIVEBECOME AWARE of BECAUSE one INTERACTS WITH.
• AWAREABLE to VOLUNTARILY:deliberately REACT to. 
• LOVEINTENSE AND OFTEN PARTIAL DESIRE to be INTIMATE with a PERSON OR to POSSESS a THING.
• ATTITUDERELATION between a HUMAN who FEELS and PERCEIVED OBJECTS involving a TENDENDY to REACT.
• SHYENDURING FEAR of POSSIBLE NEAR FUTURE SHAME.

Hyponym

• ANGER　SUDDEN BAD FEELING (AND OFTEN the SHOWING of this FEELING) of HUMAN IN-RELATION-TO CREATURE AND IN-RELATION-TO an ACTION by THAT CREATURE which THAT HUMAN HATES. 
  • HATE　ENDURING ANGER AND DESIRE to HARM.
• CONFUSED　FEELING OR SITUATION of one's MIND being in CHAOS.
• DELIGHT　INTENSELY GOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO something NOW.*The joy of the enjoyer X over something enjoyed Y.
  • ADMIRE　APPRECIATE AND DELIGHT in what one BELIEVES is MORE GOOD IN-RELATION-TO either ONESELF OR IN-RELATION-TO what is COMMON.
  • PEACEFUL　DELIGHTFUL BECAUSE ORDERLY AND LACKING CHAOS....
  • SCHADENFREUDE　DELIGHT in the DISASTERS of OTHERS.
  • HAPPY　COMPLETELY DELIGHTED with one's SELF:own LIFE.
  • AMUSED　DELIGHTING in what TYPICALLY CAUSES one to FEEL SYMPATHY AND TO SMILE.
  • RELIEF　DELIGHT in the DISAPPEARANCE of something which CAUSED BAD FEELINGS in the PAST.
  • ORGASM　EXTREME SEXUAL DELIGHT.
  • HUMOUR　SENSIBILITY for AND DELIGHT in WHAT IS FUNNY.
  • PROUD　DELIGHT in what one BELIEVES to be one's SELF:own EXCELLENCE....
  • PLEASURE　TENUOUS DELIGHT
• DESIRE　GOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO ONESELF concerning the FUTURE HAVING, CONTROLLING, or ACTING:doing SOMETHING DEFINED.
  • SYMPATHY　SOCIAL-EMOTION IN THE FORM OF DESIRE to HELP someone who is SUFFERING what is not JUST, OR who is IN DISTRESS....
  • EAGER　INTENSE DESIRE to ACT FOR A DEFINITE AIM....
  • HOPE　DESIRE that a FUTURE EVENT HAPPENS, OR BASIC DESIRE TO ACT in a certain NOT CERTAINLY POSSIBLE way.
  • LOVE　INTENSE AND OFTEN PARTIAL DESIRE to be INTIMATE with a PERSON OR to POSSESS a THING....
  • INTEND　DESIRE for what one BELIEVES to be a POSSIBLE:FEASIBLE FUTURE ACT by ONESELF....
  • LIKE　DESIRE INTENSELY so as to TEND to CHOOSE....
  • UTINAM　DESIRE what one KNOWS is PAST OR CLEARLY IMPOSSIBLE.
  • MASOCHISM　ENDURING DESIRE to FEEL PAIN CAUSED BY OTHERS, TYPICALLY THOSE ONE LOVES.
  • SADISM　ENDURINGLY CRUEL AND LACKING OTHER DESIRES.
  • LUST　INTENSE DESIRE which is NOT GOOD OR which is FOR NOT GOOD THINGS.
  • INTEREST　DESIRE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT.
• DISSATISFIED　BAD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO something that one BELIEVES is not SUFFICIENTLY GOOD OR BAD.
  • REGRET　DISSATISFIED IN-RELATION-TO one's SELF:own PAST ACTION.BECAUSE one BELIEVES them to have been WICKED.
  • ALIENATION　DISSATISFIED that one's WORK is NOT IMPORTANT IN-RELATION-TO one's PERSONAL ASPIRATIONS.
• DISTRESS　FEELING that one's SELF:own SITUATION IS INTENSELY BAD.
  • ANGUISH　DISTRESS AND LACK of HOPE for IMPROVEment. 
  • TIRED　DISTRESSED BECAUSE of NEAR:recent PAST INTENSIVE EFFORT.
  • PAIN　DISTRESS CAUSED by a BAD SITUATION in one's BODY.
  • SAD　DISTRESS ARISING from BAD THOUGHTS NOW IN ONE'S MIND which CAUSE one to LACK DELIGHT:joy.NB: The words I have chosen to include in this group pose special problems of contrastive analysis. There is something irretrievably diffuse about their usage, in many cases, and in many others the number of relevant examples in the early literature is so small that it is impossible to get anything like a firm grip on their precise semantics. Under these circumstances I have tried to compensate for lack of neat analysis with more quotation, especially from Chǔcí. Throughout this section I quote my teacher David Hawkes' translations, mindful of the fact that many of these were written in the third year of his study of Chinese......
  • WORRY　DISTRESS CAUSED-BY THINKING about something PRESENT OR FUTURE, which is DANGEROUS OR DIFFICULT.
• FEAR　BAD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO what one BELIEVES to be a DANGER which one is TRYING to AVOID.
  • COWARDLY　FEARFUL WHEN COURAGE is NEEDED.
  • SHY　ENDURING FEAR of POSSIBLE NEAR FUTURE SHAME.
  • ANGST　FEAR LACKING an OBJECT.
• SURPRISED　FEEL that something one EXPERIENCES NOW is STRANGE OR DIFFERENT from what is COMMON.Surprise originating from supriser X, acting on surprisee Y, activated because of the surprising feature Z.
  • EVEN　SURPRISINGLY, EVEN-IF one would NOT have GUESSED, ALSO.
  • WONDER　SURPRISE CAUSING a DESIRE FOR EXPLANATION.
• MOOD　GENERAL FEELINGS NOT ABOUT a CERTAIN THING, which OFTEN CHANGE.
  • SPLEEN　MOOD of CONFUSED SADNESS.
  • WHIM　SUDDEN MOOD CAUSING ONE to ACT NATURALLY>spontaneously IN-ACCORDANCE-WITH ONE'S MOMENTARY DESIRES.
• SENTIMENTAL　TEND to DELIGHT in one's SELF:own FEELINGS, AND OFTEN HAVE INTENSIVE FEELING ABOUT something COMMON AND UNDERSTOOD.
• BOREDOM　FEELING OR MOOD of a LACK of DELIGHT in the NOW:present SITUATION which one UNDERSTANDS TOO INTENSELY:well, OFTEN:typically also LACK of DESIRE to ACT.
• DISGUST　INTENSELY BAD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO something NOW PERCEIVED.
• SUBCONSCIOUS　FEELINGS OR BELIEFS one HAS BUT is NOT AWARE that one HAS.
• PASSION　PROFOUND ENDURING AND IMPORTANT FEELING.
• SOCIAL EMOTION　FEELING ENACTED IN RELATION TO OTHER HUMANS.
  • SHAME　SOCIAL EMOTION OF REGRET one's SELF:own FEATURES, ACTS OR ATTITUDES which one BELIEVES to have been BAD.
  • SYMPATHY　SOCIAL-EMOTION IN THE FORM OF DESIRE to HELP someone who is SUFFERING what is not JUST, OR who is IN DISTRESS....
  • ENVY　SOCIAL EMOTION: HATE someone BECAUSE one LACKS something GOOD which that OTHER PERSON HAS.
  • ADMIRE　APPRECIATE AND DELIGHT in what one BELIEVES is MORE GOOD IN-RELATION-TO either ONESELF OR IN-RELATION-TO what is COMMON.
  • DESPISE　FEEL that a THING OR a HUMAN is UNIMPORTANT AND BAD AND DESERVES NO RESPECT
  • GRATEFUL　SOCIAL-EMOTION MAKING ONE WANT TO THANK SOMEONE BECAUSE S/HE BENEFITED ONE.
• INDIFFERENT　COLD FEELING OF LACK OF INTEREST AND SYMPATHY

Old Chinese Criteria

Modern Chinese Criteria

Old Chinese Contrasts

• Systematic Lexicography ( APRESJAN 2000) p. 203-214

• A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.12

• A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.13

• Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 445

• Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 475

  GEFUEHL

• Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 901

  PATHOS

  PASSION

• De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 457

  AFFECTUS animi est ejus a sensu rerum commoti talis vel talis passio. Origo itaqve ejus semper est a sensu, seu externo, seu interno hoc est imaginatione....

  Detailed discussion and analysis.

• The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals ( DARWIN 1998) p.

• 現代漢語分類詞典 Xiandai hanyu fenlei cidian ( DONG DANIAN 1998) p. F70: 375

• Deutsche Synonymik ( EBERHARD 1853) p. 291

• Analysis of Chinese Emotional Words ( HAMA 1986) p.

• Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue francaise. Avec une introduction sur la theorie des synonymes. ( LAFAYE 1884) p. 172

  Lafaye distinguishes between "sensation" and "sentiment".

  1. Objects cause (pleasant or unpleasant) "sensations", and the soul, as a result, is subject to "sentiments".

  2. "Sensations" are often moentary, or at least transitory, "sentiments" are construed as permanent or at least lasting.

  3. "Sensations" are reactions to something concrete, "sentiments" are often caused by abstract considerations.

  4. "Sensations" are primary sense-based, "sentiments" typically involve

  5. "On subit des sensations", "On concoit des sentiments", "on entretient des sensations".

  See also p. 940, where the distinction is between "sensation, sentiment" and "perception".

  1. "Perception" relates to knowledge, and it can be more or less clear, whereas "sensations/sentiments" relates to one's emotional state, and these are primarily pleasant or unpleasant.

  Interestingly, Lafaye does not deal with "passion", which is intensitive.

  See also p. 170:

  "Emoi" is the inner movement of the soul, "emotion" focusses more on the physiological than on the purely affective side.

• Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p. 30

  AFFECTUS

  Current words in Latin are motus, commotio, perturbatio.

• Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 958

• Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.714

  SENTIMENT ET SENSIBILITE

• Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 3.265

  GEFUEHLSBEWEGUNG

• Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 3.82

• Historisches Woerterbuch der Rhetorik ( UEDING 1992ff) p. 1.218

• Emotions across Languages and Cultures ( WIERZBICKA 1999) p. 49-122

  >different nuances for words for FEELING in different languages.

• "Ch'ing" in Chinese Literary Criticism ( WONG 1969) p.

  情

• Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 383

• 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 80

• 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 229ff

• Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine ( HSU 2010) p. 394

• Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 130

• Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 437

• A Dissertation on the Passions ( DAVID HUME 2007) p. 205FF

• The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

  EMOTION

• Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Second Edition ( BROWN 2005) p.

• Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 2.629

• Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 1.16

• Unnatural emotions ( LUTZ 1988) p.

• Les passions ordinaires Collection Chemins de traverse ( LE BRETON 1998) p.

• New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

  EMOTIONS

• Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 44B

  AFFEKT

• Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography ( ROBERTS 1998) p. 411

  HUMOURS