Taxonomy of meanings for 受:　　

  • shòu (OC: djuʔ MC: dʑiu) 殖酉切 上 廣韻：【容納也承也盛也得也繼也殖酉切五 】
  • RECEIVE
    • vadNpassivereceived
    • vt(oN)receive (a contextually determined N)
    • vtoNOBI: receive, get, obtain through the cooperation of others
    • vtoNfigurativereceive (worship etc) (Note the link to the passive constructions with this verb!)
    • vtoNpassivebe received
    • vttoN1.+N2receive N1 from N2 受之父母
    • vttoN1.+N2N1=giverreceive N2 from N1
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2receive N1 from N2
    • vtoNN = giver: receive, get, obtain from NTWH
    • nabreceivingCH
    • vttoN1(.+prep+N2)receive N1 from the contextually determinate N2DS
    • authoritative instructions> OBEY
      • vtoNobediently receive, obeyCH
      • instruction on> STUDY
        • vtoNreceive instruction on 受尚書 "receive instruction on the Documents"
        • vttoN1.+N2receive instruction on N1 from N2 受經於仲尼 "receive instruction on the classics from Confucius"
    • passive experience> ENDURE
      • vtoNLate: bear with, put up with
      • negative> SUFFER
        • vto:Nab[.post-N]continuativesuffer; be at the receiving end of
        • vto:Nab[.post-N]suffer (not quite grammaticalised into the synonym group PASSIVE MARKER)
        • vtoNabsuffer (punishment etc)
        • vtoNexpose oneself to the danger of; accept the negative impact of
        • grammaticalised:> PASSIVE MARKER
          • vtoN.adVN=agentmarking the agent in passive constructions
          • vtoNab(receive>) be on the receiving end of Nab-ing 受公仲侈之怨也(!)
    • positive object received> PROFIT
      • vtoNpassivebe the source of profit received; be profited from
      • transitive, with desirable object> OBTAIN
        • vtoNobtain (fame etc) get (something desirable that is given to one)
        • not refuse what is offered> ACCEPT
          • vt(oN)accept the contextually determinate thing
          • vt(oN)accept ( a contextually determinate object)
          • vtoNaccept (and, in case of an order, obey);
          • vtoNfigurativewelcome, accept positively;
          • vtoNobject=negativeaccept (responsibility/guilt)
          • vtoNpassiveget accepted (of advice)
          • vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2omaccept a contextually determinate thing N1 or behaviour from (a source N2)
          • vttoN1.+N2accept N1 from N2
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2receive N1 from N2
          • vtt[oN1.]+N2accept things from someoneDS
          • vttoN1(.+prep+N2)accept N1 from the contextually determinate N2CH
          • nabactthe act of accepting (what is offered to one)CH
      • physiological> PERCEIVE
        • vtoNperceive
        • nabpsychBudhh: perception
      • emotional> FEEL
        • nabbuddhistBUDDH: sensations; perception (of impressions by the senses), feeling (as reaction to the stimulation of the sense organs) (the second skandha, see wǔyīn 五陰; there are three basic mental reactions to the sense impressions, see sānshòu 三受); SANSKRIT vedanā [[CA]
        • vtoNfeel; experience
      • active:appropriate response> REACT
        • vtoNreact to; react appropriately to
      • =shòu 授:derivation by tone change(sic!)> GIVE
        • vttoN1.+N2hand over (something N2) to (someone N1); confer (something N2) upon (someone N1)
        • vt(oN)make presents, confer something on others
        • vihand something over
        • vttoN1+.vtoN2transfer (something N2) to (someone N1) 授之以政
        • vtt(oN1.)+N2hand over/give the contextually determinate thing N1 to N2
        • vtt(oN1.)-vtoN2give N2 to contextually determinate recipients N1
        • vttoN1.+N2figurativegive (an abstract object/task etc)
        • vttoN1(.+N2)give N1 to the contextually determinate N2
  • dào (OC: tuus MC: tɑu) 都導切 去 廣韻：【姓也出河内 】

    Additional information about 受

    說文解字: 【受】，相付也。从𠬪、舟省聲。 【殖酉切】

      Criteria
    • DISCARD

      1. The standard general words for discarding something is qì 棄 (ant. qǔ 取 "choose to retain") and the somewhat rarer juān 捐.

      2. Qù 去 refers to the distancing oneself from something by rejecting it.

      3. Fèi 廢 and the rarer tì 替 (all ant. zhì 置 "establish"!!!! See also no. 4 below.) refer to discarding something one has made use of or has been involved with for some time.

      4. Shì 釋 (ant. liú 留 "keep in employment") and the rarer jiě 解 refer to rejecting the continued use of something.

      5. Wěi 委 and zhì 置 (ant.* zhí 執 "hold onto" or chí 持 "hold onto") refer to putting things aside. See DISREGARD

      6. Shě 捨 / 舍 (ant. qǔ 取 "pick out and choose") refers to letting go of or rejecting something that one might have chosen to retain or use.

      7. Què 卻 (ant. shòu 受 "accept for employment") typically refers to a rejection or discarding of something as useless.

    • AGREE TO

      [ASCENDING/HORIZONTAL/DESCENDING]

      [EXPLICIT/IMPLICIT]

      [FORMAL/INFORMAL]

      [MENTAL/PRACTICAL]

      [REACTIVE/SPONTANEOUS]

      1. Nuò 諾 (ant. yǐ 已 "be unwilling") expresses a general agreement to do what is asked of one, and this is the most common word which can be used both by superiors and by inferiors when expressing agreement.

      [EXPLICIT], [FORMAL], [REACTIVE]

      2. Wéi 唯 (ant. fǒu 否 "refuse") expresses an unquestioning agreement directed at superiors to do what is asked of one.concerning a major undertaking by means of a mutual promise.

      [ASCENDING], [EXPLICIT], [FORMAL], [REACTIVE]

      3. Qī 期 refers to the entering into a typically non-hierarchical agreement concerning any form of common action by means of a mutual promise.

      [EXPLICIT], [HORIZONTAL], [INFORMAL], [SPONTANEOUS]

      4. Yuē 約 refers to the entering into a voluntary binding agreement of any kind between equals.

      [EXPLICIT], [FORMAL], [HORIZONTAL], [SPONTANEOUS]

      5. Kěn 肯 (ant. jù (ér bù shòu) 拒（而不受 ) "refuse to accede to a request") refers to a willingness to do what one might refuse to do.

      [IMPLICIT], [MENTAL]

      6. Cóng 從 "do as one is told" (ant. cí 辭 "refuse") can refer to an agreement by a superior to do as is being suggested by an inferior rather than the obeying itself. See OBEY

      [IMPLICIT], [PRACTICAL], [REACTIVE]

    • ACCEPT

      [ASCENDING/DESCENDING[

      [ELEVATED/INFORMAL]

      [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

      [IMPOLITE/POLITE]

      1. The general word for accepting something offered to one is shòu 受, but the distinction with the passive "receive" is not made explicit.

      [GENERAL]

      2. Fe4ng 奉 is literally to accept something with both arms, enthusiastically, formally.

      3. Sho1u 收 refers to accepting and keeping something.

      4. Na4 納 refers neutrally to not refusing what one is offered.

      5. Bài 拜 is sometimes used by itself to signify very polite acceptance of an offer.

      [ASCENDING], [POLITE], [ELEVATED], [SPECIFIC]

    • RECEIVE

      1. The current general word is shòu 受 (ant. jù 拒 "refuse to accept"; ant.* yǔ 與 "give"), which can refer to any concrete or abstract form of receiving or being exposed to.

      2. Chéng 承 (ant.* zèng 贈 "present formally") refers to the polite act of receiving something as a gift.

      3. Fèng 奉 and bǐng 稟 (ant.* cì 賜 "present formally to inferiors") refers to the polite act of receiving any concrete or abstract thing (including orders and the like) from a superior.

      4. Měng 蒙 is to be on the receiving end of a process, and the word hardly ever takes concrete objects.

      5. Nà 納 focusses concretely on the receiving something from the outside into some inside.

      6. Shōu 收 refers specifically to receiving what is due to one.

    • SUFFER

      1. The most general word referring to a person's being exposed to something is probably shòu 受 (ant. shī 施 "have an effect on, act upon"), which can take both desirable and non-desirable objects.

      2. Jiàn 見 tends to take verbal complements and tends to refer to a person being exposed to undesirable effects.

      3. Qǔ 取 refers to deliberate exposure to an action or exposure to something by one's own fault.

      4. Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside.

      5. Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to unexpected and unprovoked exposure to outside effects.

      6. Měng 蒙 often refers to deliberate exposure to negative outside dangers or effects, but the word also has a generalised use where it simply corresponds to shòu 受.

      7. Lí 罹 and its loan character lí 離 refer to innocently running into some trouble or encountering some sorrow.

      8. Xiàn 陷 "get trapped in" refers occasionally to a disastrous encounter with what turns out inescapable. See TRAP

    • PASSIVE MARKER

      1. The most current general marker of the passive is jiàn 見 which means literally "be exposed to, face".

      2. Passives in wéi 為 "be the object of" abstractly indicates that the verb it modifies is neutrally passive.

      3. Passives in bèi 被 "suffer" typically refers to the suffering of something undesirable.

      4. Passives in qǔ 取 "bring upon onesel" typically refers to the suffering of something undesirable by one's own fault.

      5. Passives in zāo 遭 "come upon" and yù 遇 "run into" refer to running into what tend to be undesirable situations one is exposed to.

      <div>6. Passives in shòu 受 "receive" refers to an agent being the recipient of some impact from the outside.</div><div><br></div><div>7. For passives in yú 於 see the entry under SUFFER.<br></div><br>NB: Note that the notion of the passive is notoriously hard to define for a language like classical Chinese. What some grammarians view as passive constructions will be construed by others as periphrastic ways of expressing with various transitive verbs what other other languages express with passive forms.

    • YIELD

      1. The dominant general word referring to yielding politely to others or giving precedence to them is ràng 讓 (ant. líng 陵 "treat without proper respect").

      2. Qiān 謙 (ant. jiāo 驕 "arrogant in attitude" and ào 傲 "impolite and arrogant in action") refers to the general attitude or disposition towards giving precedence to others.

      3. Cí 辭 (ant. shòu 受 "accept") refers to declining politely an offer that has been made to one.

      4. Xiè 謝 (ant. shòu 受 "accept") refers to informally but politely declining something offered to one in private context.

      5. Shàn 禪 refers specifically to declining the high office of an emperor.

      NB: Lǐ 禮 "treat with proper yielding politeness" is marginal in this group.

    • REFUSE

      1. The current general word for refusal to do what one is asked to do or invited to do is què 卻 (ant. yǔn 允 "agree gracefully", but only for the case when què 卻 has a subject of high status), verbalised refusal to do what one is invited to do is currently cí 辭 (ant. cóng 從 "follow, do as one is told").

      2. Jù 拒 (ant. chéng 承 "accept (a task)") refers to emphatic refusal, a decision to have nothing to do with something.

      3. Shì 釋 (ant. shòu 受 "accept (a task)") refers to an insistance not to do what one might be expected to undertake.

      4. Fú 弗 (ant. yù 欲 "be willing to") regularly refers to what the agent "will not do" or "refuses to do", as an emphatic negation.

      5. Chì 斥 (ant. fèng 奉 "accept (a task)") is occasionally used to refer to a refusal to accede to a request or demand.

    • DREAM

      1. The current standard word for a dream is mèng 夢.

      2. Xiōng mèng 凶夢 refers to a nightmare.

      ZHOULI 3 占夢：掌其歲時，觀天地之會，辨陰陽之氣。以日月星辰占六夢之吉凶，一曰正夢，二曰噩夢，三曰思夢，四曰寤夢，五曰喜夢，六曰懼夢。季冬，聘王夢，獻吉夢于王，王拜而受之。乃舍萌于四方，以贈惡夢，遂令始難驅疫。

      Word relations
    • Conv: (RECEIVE)授 / 受/GIVE Shòu 授 refers to the physical act of handing something over to a recipient.
    • Conv: (RECEIVE)禪/ABDICATE Shàn 禪 refers specifically to abdicating the high office of an emperor.
    • Conv: (ACCEPT)餽 / 饋/GIVE Kuì 饋 typically refers quite specifically to the conferring of a gift of food.
    • Result: (RECEIVE)遭/ENCOUNTER Zāo 遭 refers to running into something (often something negative).
    • Ant: (RECEIVE)傳/TRANSMIT The current general word for handing down something traditional is chuán 傳.
    • Ant: (ACCEPT)拒/REFUSE Jù 拒 (ant. chéng 承 "accept (a task)") refers to emphatic refusal, a decision to have nothing to do with something.
    • Ant: (ACCEPT)辭/REFUSE The current general word for refusal to do what one is asked to do or invited to do is què 卻 (ant. yǔn 允 "agree gracefully", but only for the case when què 卻 has a subject of high status), verbalised refusal to do what one is invited to do is currently cí 辭 (ant. cóng 從 "follow, do as one is told").
    • Contrast: (RECEIVE)稟/RECEIVE Fèng 奉 and bǐng 稟 (ant.* cì 賜 "present formally to inferiors") refers to the polite act of receiving any concrete or abstract thing (including orders and the like) from a superior.
    • Contrast: (SUFFER)得/ENCOUNTER
    • Assoc: (RECEIVE)稟/RECEIVE Fèng 奉 and bǐng 稟 (ant.* cì 賜 "present formally to inferiors") refers to the polite act of receiving any concrete or abstract thing (including orders and the like) from a superior.
    • Synon: (SUFFER)獲/RECEIVE
    • Synon: (RECEIVE)稟/RECEIVE Fèng 奉 and bǐng 稟 (ant.* cì 賜 "present formally to inferiors") refers to the polite act of receiving any concrete or abstract thing (including orders and the like) from a superior.
    • Oppos: (RECEIVE)稟/GIVE