Taxonomy of meanings for 陵:　　

  • 陵 líng (OC: b-rɯŋ MC: lɨŋ) 力膺切 平 廣韻：【大阜曰陵釋名曰陵崇也體崇髙也又犯也侮也侵也遟也又漢複姓六氏吴延陵季子之後有延陵氏髙士傳有於陵子仲戰國䇿有安陵丑吕氏春秋有鉛陵卓子漢有髙陵顯秦昭王弟髙陵君之後楚有公子食采於鄧陵後以爲氏力膺切十八 】
    • MOUNTAIN
      • nlarge mountain
      • part of>SUMMIT
        • specific, small>TOMB
          • nIn Han times the líng qǐn 陵寢 system developed: 1. High tombs were built. 2. Tomb parks were built. 3. Subterranean palace. 4. Group of other tombs.
        • action relating to>ASCEND
          • vtoNascend; go right up to; scale, climb up
          • and dominate what is below>ANNEX
              • abstract>ARROGATE
                • vtoNoffend against, presumtuously act against
              • object people: dominate>OPPRESS
                • vtoNoppress from a position of ascendancy
                • humiliate>OFFEND
                  • vtoNoffend and insult
                  • vtoNabinfringe uponCH
                • quality>SEVERE
                    • reaction>TREMBLE
                        • causing one to tremble, strong or violent, as of rain etc>INTENSELY

              Additional information about 陵

              說文解字: 【陵】，大 𨸏 也。从 𨸏 、夌聲。 【力膺切】

                Criteria
              • YIELD

                1. The dominant general word referring to yielding politely to others or giving precedence to them is ràng 讓 (ant. líng 陵 "treat without proper respect").

                2. Qiān 謙 (ant. jiāo 驕 "arrogant in attitude" and ào 傲 "impolite and arrogant in action") refers to the general attitude or disposition towards giving precedence to others.

                3. Cí 辭 (ant. shòu 受 "accept") refers to declining politely an offer that has been made to one.

                4. Xiè 謝 (ant. shòu 受 "accept") refers to informally but politely declining something offered to one in private context.

                5. Shàn 禪 refers specifically to declining the high office of an emperor.

                NB: Lǐ 禮 "treat with proper yielding politeness" is marginal in this group.

              • ARROGATE

                [[CURRENT/RARE]]

                [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

                [HABITUAL/OCCASIONAL]

                [HIGH-DEGREE/LOW-DEGREE]

                1. The current general word for arrogation of power is jiàn 僭.

                [OCCASIONAL], [HIGH-DEGREE]

                2. Nǐ 擬 refers to fraudulent and presumptuous assumption of the powers of a ruler.

                [OCCASIONAL]; [RARE]

                3. Shàn 擅 refers to unlicenced wilful assumption of powers of decision which do not belong to one.

                [HABITUAL], [LOW-DEGREE]

                4. Qīn 侵 refers to an often violent infringement of other's rights (and territories, see ATTACK).

                [OCCASIONAL], [HIGH-DEGREE]

                5. Líng 陵 refers to serious encroachment of others' rights or authority.

                [HABITUAL], [SERIOUS]

                6. Yú 踰, and yuè 越 refer to presumptuous or arrogant infringement of others' rights or authority.

                [OCCASIONAL], [LOW-DEGREE]; [RARE]

                7. Zhuān 專 (ant. fēn 分 "distribute properly") refers to the typically illegal monopolisation of power. For examples see MONOLOPOLISE

                [LOW-DEGREE], [HABITUAL], [SPECIALISED]

              • OPPRESS

                1. The most common general word for oppression is probably nŸè 虐 (ant. cí 慈 "show loving care for").

                2. Bào 暴 (ant. fǔ 撫 "care well for") emphasises the aspect of violence.

                3. Líng 陵 (ant. yù 育 "take loving care of", and the rare jí 藉, and chéng 乘 emphasise the abuse of supremacy of social or political position.

              • TOMB

                1. The current general old word for a tomb of any kind with or without planted trees or a mound is mù 墓, and the term comes to refer specifically to the subterranean part of the tomb.

                2. Fén 墳 refers to the visible part of the tomb in the shape of a sizeable tumulus typically planted with trees.

                3. Qiū 丘 "tumulus" is an old way of referring to a tomb with special reference to its appearance above ground, and the suggestion is that it is of considerable size suitable for leading personalities.

                4. Lǒng 壟 refers to a tomb with special reference to its appearance above ground as an imposing tumulus, but the reference is not normally to a ruler's tomb.

                5. Zhǒng 冢 was occasionally used in Warring States times but became more current in Han times, and the word refers to an impressive tomb as a whole, including its subterraneous and its visible parts.

                6. Yíng 塋 refers generally to the piece of land with the tomb on it.

                7. Líng 陵 refers specifically to an imperial tomb compound with high tombs, surrounding parks, and surrounding tombs for close relatives, queen, brothers, and sisters.

                8. Shān 山 can come to refer to an imperial tomb.

                9. Xuè 穴 "cave" is occasionally used to refer to the underground part of a tomb.

                Word relations
              • Ant: (MOUNTAIN)溪 / 谿/VALLEY Xī 谿(later also written 溪) refers to a deep valley, preferably with a stream in it.
              • Object: (OPPRESS)弱/WEAK The current general word for weakness of any physical or abstract kind, and of anything including states, persons, and animals is ruò 弱 (ant. qiáng 強 "strong").
              • Assoc: (MOUNTAIN)丘 / 邱/MOUND Qiū 丘 refers to a small non-rocky earth mound.
              • Assoc: (MOUNTAIN)山/MOUNTAIN The general term for a mountain of any kind, large or small, is shān 山.
              • Assoc: (OPPRESS)犯/ATTACK
              • Oppos: (MOUNTAIN)垤/HEAP Dié 垤 refers specifically to an anthill, and then more generally to any small heap of earth.