TOMB  墳墓墓

PLACE OR BUILDING which SHOWS where one has BURIED a HUMAN.
GRAVEBURIAL CHAMBERSEPULCHERMAUSOLEUMVAULTCRYPTCATACOMBLAST/FINAL RESTING PLACEGRAVEBARROWBURIAL MOUNDHISTORICAL CHARNEL HOUSE
Hypernym
  • BUILDINGBIG ARTEFACT PRODUCED FOR HUMANS OR ANIMALS to DWELL in OR BE-IN, or MOVE ON.
    • ARTEFACTTHING PRODUCED by MAN.
      • THINGCONCRETE OBJECT.
        • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
See also
  • CORPSEBODY of a HUMAN OR ANIMAL who has DIED.
    • COFFINTIMBER BOX USED FOR BURYING.
      Old Chinese Criteria
      1. The current general old word for a tomb of any kind with or without planted trees or a mound is mù 墓, and the term comes to refer specifically to the subterranean part of the tomb.

      2. Fén 墳 refers to the visible part of the tomb in the shape of a sizeable tumulus typically planted with trees.

      3. Qiū 丘 "tumulus" is an old way of referring to a tomb with special reference to its appearance above ground, and the suggestion is that it is of considerable size suitable for leading personalities.

      4. Lǒng 壟 refers to a tomb with special reference to its appearance above ground as an imposing tumulus, but the reference is not normally to a ruler's tomb.

      5. Zhǒng 冢 was occasionally used in Warring States times but became more current in Han times, and the word refers to an impressive tomb as a whole, including its subterraneous and its visible parts.

      6. Yíng 塋 refers generally to the piece of land with the tomb on it.

      7. Líng 陵 refers specifically to an imperial tomb compound with high tombs, surrounding parks, and surrounding tombs for close relatives, queen, brothers, and sisters.

      8. Shān 山 can come to refer to an imperial tomb.

      9. Xuè 穴 "cave" is occasionally used to refer to the underground part of a tomb.

      黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
      HUANG JINGUI 2006

      GEOGRAPHY 58. TOMB TUMULUS

      丘，喻指春秋戰國時函谷關以東的諸侯國君之墓。

      山，喻指秦始皇、漢高祖之墓。

      陵，喻指戰國時期諸侯王之墓，漢代以後成為帝王之墓的通稱。

      ARCHITECTURE 26. 舊石器時代有了墓，春秋戰國時期流行墳。

      墓，指地下的葬室，墳墓總稱。

      墳，墓上的封土。

      壟，墳出現後對封土和墓室的最早合稱。

      丘，山丘狀墳墓；常與他詞同義連用，作墳墓泛稱。

      冢， “ 壟 ” 之後對墳墓的通稱。

      漢代盛行 “ 上冢 ” 墓祭之禮，故西漢中期在墳墓前出現祠堂建築。

      塋，指墓地，即墳墓所在的地域。

      Modern Chinese Criteria
      墳墓

      墳塋

      丘墳

      丘墓

      墟墓

      丘壟

      丘冢

      墓葬

      墳丘

      陵墓

      陵

      丘

      冢

      墳

      墓

      陵寢

      山陵

      寢

      墳頭

      墳山

      rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

      • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 4.79

      • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 215

        Grabhuegel:

      • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 753

        Grab:

      • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 1139

      • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 1147

      • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

        SEPULTURA

      • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 72

      • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.1429

      • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

        NEKROPOLEN

      • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 142

      • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

      • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 114

      • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 73A

      Attributions by syntactic funtion

      • n : 28
      • NP : 11
      • n(post-N) : 4
      • vi : 2
      • npost-N : 1

      Attributions by text

      • 搜神記 : 9
      • 春秋左傳 : 7
      • 禮記 : 6
      • 管子 : 5
      • 淮南子 : 3
      • 史記 : 2
      • 論衡 : 2
      • 戰國策 : 2
      • 孟子 : 1
      • 墨子 : 1
      • 阮籍集四卷 : 1
      • 呂氏春秋 : 1
      • 鹽鐵論 : 1
      • 百喻經 : 1
      • 毛詩 : 1
      • 韓詩外傳 : 1
      • 楚辭 : 1
      • 越絕書 : 1

      Words

      墓  mù OC: maaɡs MC: muo̝ 15 AttributionsWD

      The current general old word for a tomb of any kind with or without planted trees or a mound is mù 墓, and the term comes to refer specifically to the subterranean part of the tomb.

        Syntactic words
      • ngrave; specifically: subterranean part of the tomb (on top of which trees may grow)
      • n(post-N)tomb of a contextually determinate NDS
      • viactmake tombs
      墳墓  fén mù OC: bɯn maaɡs MC: bi̯un muo̝ 8 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPnonreferentialtombs
      • NPreferentialtombs
      冢  zhǒng OC: toŋʔ MC: ʈi̯oŋ
      塚  Click here to add pinyin OC: toŋʔ MC: ʈi̯oŋ 6 AttributionsWD

      Zhǒng 冢 was occasionally used in Warring States times but became more current in Han times, and the word refers to an impressive tomb as a whole, including its subterraneous and its visible parts.

        Syntactic words
      • ntomb with a mound with trees planted on it; tomb mound
      • n(post-N)tomb of the contextually determinate NDS
      • npost-NN's tombDS
      丘冢  qiū zhǒng MC: khjuw trjowngX OC: khɯ toŋʔCH 4 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPpluraltomb moundsCH
      墳  fén OC: bɯn MC: bi̯un 3 AttributionsWD

      Fén 墳 refers to the visible part of the tomb in the shape of a sizeable tumulus typically planted with trees.

        Syntactic words
      • ntumulus tomb, typically planted with trees
      • viactto raise a tomb; to raise a mound
      壟  lǒng OC: b-roŋʔ MC: li̯oŋ 3 AttributionsWD

      Lǒng 壟 refers to a tomb with special reference to its appearance above ground as an imposing tumulus, but the reference is not normally to a ruler's tomb.

        Syntactic words
      • ndialect: mound with trees planted on it
      丘  qiū OC: khɯ MC: khɨu
      邱  qiū OC: khɯ MC: khɨu
      丘邱坵  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 2 AttributionsWD

      Qiū 丘 "tumulus" is an old way of referring to a tomb with special reference to its appearance above ground, and the suggestion is that it is of considerable size suitable for leading personalities.

        Syntactic words
      • ndialect: burial mound, often that of an emperor
      兆  zhào OC: ɡrlewʔ MC: ɖiɛu 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • ntomb site; tomb
      壙  kuàng OC: khʷaaŋs MC: khɑŋ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • nthe cavity dug to receive the dead body
      穴  xué OC: ɢʷliiɡ MC: ɦet 1 AttributionWD

      Xuè 穴 "cave" is occasionally used to refer to the underground part of a tomb.

        Syntactic words
      • ngrave
      陵  líng OC: b-rɯŋ MC: lɨŋ 1 AttributionWD

      Líng 陵 refers specifically to an imperial tomb compound with high tombs, surrounding parks, and surrounding tombs for close relatives, queen, brothers, and sisters.

        Syntactic words
      • nIn Han times the líng qǐn 陵寢 system developed: 1. High tombs were built. 2. Tomb parks were built. 3. Subterranean palace. 4. Group of other tombs.
      丘墓  qiū mù OC: khɯ maaɡs MC: khɨu muo̝ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPpluraltombs
      垗  zhào OC: ɡrlewʔ MC: ɖiɛu 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nSHI, ZUO: tomb area where sacrifices to the deceased were conducted
      塋  yíng OC: ɢʷleŋ MC: jiɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD

      Yíng 塋 refers generally to the piece of land with the tomb on it.

        Syntactic words
      • nLIJI, LSCQ: tomb area
      塿  lǒu OC: ɡ-rooʔ MC: lu 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • ndialect word: small tomb tumulus
      山  shān OC: sreen MC: ʂɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD

      Shān 山 can come to refer to an imperial tomb.

        Syntactic words
      • noccasionally, like qiū 丘, used for the tumulus of an imperial tomb, as in 陵山. In 水經注 the word has come to refer specifically to a Han tomb.
      墳塋  fén yíng OC: bɯn ɢʷleŋ MC: bi̯un jiɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPtomb
      壟墓  lǒng mù OC: b-roŋʔ maaɡs MC: li̯oŋ muo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPnonreferentialtombs

      Existing SW for

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