SUMMIT  山頂頂

TOP of MOUNTAIN.
MOUNTAIN) TOPPEAKCRESTCROWNAPEXTIPCAPHILLTOP
Antonym
  • BOTTOMPART of an ARTEFACT or THING that is MOST LOW.
    Hypernym
    • TOPMOST HIGH PLACE in something.
      • PLACEPART of SPACE that THINGS BE-IN:are-in.
        • PARTOBJECT which COMBINES with OTHER OBJECTS to BECOME ONE LARGER WHOLE OBJECT.
          • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
    Old Chinese Criteria
    1. The most current general word for the topmost part of anything is probably dǐng 頂 (ant. lù 麓 "foot of mountain", * dāng 當 "bottom").

    2. Diān 顛 / 巔 (ant. xià 下 "foot (of mountain") refers most often to mountain tops, but as the graphic etymology of the original character might lead one to expect, the word can also refer to the crown of the head.

    3. Lóng 隆 (ant. bēi 卑 refers to the highest point of anything but adds the connotation of general venerability.

    4. Jí 極 and zhì 至 "ultimate point" are very abstract words referring, occasionally, to the highest point of concrete objects.

    5. Liáng 梁 refers to the ridge at the top of a mountain range.

    6. Fēng 峰 is a very rare word in pre-Buddhist Chinese and refers to the top of a high mountain.

    Modern Chinese Criteria
    山頂

    山頭

    山椒

    巔

    峰

    峰頂

    頂峰

    高峰

    主峰

    險峰

    峰巒

    rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

    • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 12.33

    • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

      SUMMIT

      culmen refers to thesummit of a roof, the uppermost rooftop as a complete structure.

      fastigium is the very line at the top of the roof. Dachfirst.

      TOP

      summus refers to the uppermost, with a mere local reference.

      supremus is a poetical and solemn expression which indicates elevation also in a figurative sense.

    • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 14

    • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 243

    Attributions by syntactic funtion

    • n : 8
    • nab : 7
    • NPab : 1

    Attributions by text

    • 韓非子 : 7
    • 荀子 : 2
    • 論衡 : 2
    • 臨濟錄 : 2
    • 陸機集十一卷 : 1
    • 阮籍集四卷 : 1
    • 祖堂集 : 1

    Words

    極  jí OC: ɡɯɡ MC: gɨk 6 AttributionsWD

    Jí 極 and zhì 至 "ultimate point" are very abstract words referring, occasionally, to the highest point of concrete objects.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfigurativeextremity, ultimate point; the apex, acme
    顛  diān OC: tiin MC: ten
    巔  diān OC: tiin MC: ten 4 AttributionsWD

    Diān 顛/巔 (ant. xià 下 "foot (of mountain") refers most often to mountain tops, but as the graphic etymology of the original character might lead one to expect, the word can also refer to the crown of the head.

      Syntactic words
    • nmountain top
    • nabfigurativeliterary: the climax, the most important point (which must culminate at the end of a phrase)CH
    隆  lóng OC: ɡ-rum MC: luŋ 2 AttributionsWD

    Lóng 隆 (ant. bēi 卑 refers to the highest point of anything but adds the connotation of general venerability.

      Syntactic words
    • nhigh point; become extremely exalted; also abstract: extreme point (in the cold period)
    頂  dǐng OC: teeŋʔ MC: teŋ 2 AttributionsWD

    The most current general word for the topmost part of anything is probably dǐng 頂 (ant. lù 麓 "foot of mountain", * dāng 當 "bottom").

      Syntactic words
    • ntop, highest point
    峰  fēng OC: phoŋ MC: phi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD

    Fēng 峰 is a very rare word in pre-Buddhist Chinese and refers to the top of a high mountain.

      Syntactic words
    • nexceedingly rare in pre-Buddhist texts: SHUOWEN summit
    頂峰  dǐng fēng OC: teeŋʔ phoŋ MC: teŋ phi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfigurativesummit > the 'highpoint' of an action > involvement in an action
    梟  xiāo OC: keew MC: keu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nsummit of a mountain GUAN: 其山之梟
    梁  liáng OC: k-raŋ MC: li̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD

    Liáng 梁 refers to the ridge at the top of a mountain range.

      Syntactic words
    • nridge along top of mountain range

    Existing SW for

    Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:

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