APPEARANCE  外貌貌

CLEAR:visible BUT SUBJECTIVELY PERCEIVED FEATURES.
Hypernym
  • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
See also
  • OUTSIDEThe SPACE which does NOT BE-IN something.
    Hyponym
    • COLOUR　APPEARANCE of SURFACES which REFLECT OR ISSUE LIGHT, PERCEIVED USING the EYES.
      • BLACK　INTENSELY DARK COLOUR of THINGS LACKING LIGHT.
      • DARK　COLOUR LACKING BRIGHTNESS.
      • RED　The COLOUR of CHERRIES ETC.. []
      • WHITE　COLOUR RESEMBLING COLOUR of FRESH SNOW....
      • YELLOW　COLOUR RESEMBLING the COLOUR of LEMON PEEL.
      • GREEN　COLOUR TYPICALLY RESEMBLING that of LEAVES IN SPRING.
      • BLUE　COLOUR of the SKY AND the DEEP SEA.
      • GREY　
    • SHAPE　APPEARANCE of the PLACE something is in, as PERCEIVED by the EYES, DISREGARDING the SUBJECTIVITY of the APPEARANCE.
      • CURVED　SHAPE that is NOT STRAIGHT....
      • BODY　SHAPE of an ANIMAL OR HUMAN OR of THINGS.
      • CIRCLE　PERFECTLY ROUND FLAT SHAPE.
      • PATTERN　COMPLEX ORDERLY SHAPE of something....
      • SHADOW　SHAPE of SHADE.
      • SQUARE　SHAPE that HAS FOUR STRAIGHT SIDES AND the SAME ANGLES in ALL CORNERS.
      • BATTLE ARRAY　SHAPE PRODUCED by ARMIES PREPARING for BATTLE.
      • LAYER　SUBSTANCE of FLAT SHAPE which is ABOVE OR BELOW ANOTHER RESEMBLING SUBSTANCE of FLAT SHAPE.
      • CONCAVE　SHAPE RESEMLING the INSIDE of HALF a SPHERE.
      • LINE　SHAPE WHICH HAS LENGTH BUT LACKS OR HAS INTENSELY LITTLE BREADTH....
      • GEOMETRIC SHAPE　ABSTRACT SHAPE in MATHEMATICS.
      • SURFACE　[MATHEMATICS]...
      • CUBE　SHAPE which has ONLY SQUARE SIDES.
    • STYLE　APPEARANCE PREFERRED by an ARTIST in what s/he PRODUCES.
      • ODOUR　The APPEARANCE of something which one CAN SMELL.
        • FRAGRANT　EXCELLENT ODOUR.
        • STINK　ODOUR which HUMANS TEND to HATE.
      • FLAVOUR　APPEARANCE PERCEIVED BY TASTING.
        • BITTER　BASIC BAD FLAVOUR CONTRARY of SWEET.
        • SOUR　FLAVOUR LIKE that of VINEGAR. []
        • SWEET　FLAVOUR RESEMBLING that of SUGAR.
      • RAINBOW　APPEARANCE OF ROW of COLOURS IN the SKY which APPEARS WHEN there is RAIN DURING SUNSHINE.
        Old Chinese Criteria
        [[CURRENT/RARE]]

        [DELIBERATE/INVOLUNTARY]

        [DYNAMIC/STATIC]

        [OUTLINE/SURFACE]

        [SIGNIFICANT/SUPERFICIAL]

        1. Mào 貌 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") emphasises the merely external as less than indicative of what is inside, and this is the most general word.

        [GENERAL], [STATIC], [SUPERFICIAL]

        2. Sè 色 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") is external appearance, particular facial expression, expressive of or productive of feeling. Thus hǎo sè 好色 is the kind of appearance which, being attractive, causes men to feel attracted. Hào sè 好色 "love beautiful women" involves a different meaning of the word: "female beauty; sex".

        [SIGNIFICANT+], [VOLUNTARY!]

        3. Zhuàng 狀 "external shape" and xíng 形 "physical form" (ant. zhì 質 "real inner substance") emphasise three-dimensional appearance as such. See SHAPE

        [INVOLUNTARY], [STATIC], [SUPERFICIAL]

        4. Zī 姿 is rare and emphasises the dynamic gestural aspect of one's external appearance.

        [DYNAMIC], [DELIBERATE]; [[RARE]]

        5. Tài 態 views external appearance as a typically deliberate manifestation of an attitude or stance.

        [DELIBERATE], [DYNAMIC], [SIGNIFICANT]

        6. Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE.

        [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE]

        7. Wài 外 (ant. nèi 內 "inner reality") refers colourlessly and neutrally to outer apperance as opposed to inner reality.

        [OUTLINE], [STATIC]

        8. Xiàng 相 refers to the outward appearance of something as profoundly indicative of inward qualities (as in physiognomy).

        [INVOLUNTARY], [SIGNIFICANT], [STATIC]

        Modern Chinese Criteria
        外貌

        容貌

        相貌

        面貌

        品貌

        貌

        容

        相

        面相

        長相

        形相

        面容

        姿容

        容顏

        眉眼

        眉目

        面目

        模樣

        樣子

        形容

        儀容

        臉子

        眉宇 (lit)

        芝宇 (lit)

        眉睫

        first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH/

        Old Chinese Contrasts
        The KEY IDEA underlying the concept of APPEARANCE is the thought that things can fail to be objectively what they seem to be subjectively.

        • () p. 89

        • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 15.54

        • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 106

          APPARENCE

          Useful brief analysis.

        • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 373

          ERSCHEINUNG

        • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 464

          APPARENTIA

        • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 167

        • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 69

        • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.452

        • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.411

        • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.724

          ERSCHEINUNG

        • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 7.462

          PHAENOMEN

        • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p. 1.229

        • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 5.365

        • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.176.136.

          EXTERIEUR.DEHORS.APPARENCE

        Words

        容  róng OC: k-loŋ MC: ji̯oŋ 48 AttributionsWD

        Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE]

          Word relations
        • Assoc: 動/MOVE The current general word for movement of any kind, psychological as well as physical, is dòng 動 (ant. jìng 靜 "remain still").
        • Assoc: 服/GARMENT Fú 服 refers to robes or formal dress. See COURT DRESS. The word refers to the specialized dress worn for various opportunities; mainly then to the formal court and ritual dress. The term refers not only to the cloth itself, but also to the various adornments belonging to it: [HUANG 1995: 713 - 714, 716 - 717]
        • Assoc: 色/APPEARANCE Sè 色 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") is external appearance, particular facial expression, expressive of or productive of feeling. Thus hǎo sè 好色 is the kind of appearance which, being attractive, causes men to feel attracted. Hào sè 好色 "love beautiful women" involves a different meaning of the word: "female beauty; sex". [SIGNIFICANT+], [VOLUNTARY!]
        • Assoc: 形/SHAPE The most current general word describing the physical shape of something is xíng 形.
        • Synon: 貌/APPEARANCE Mào 貌 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") emphasises the merely external as less than indicative of what is inside, and this is the most general word. [GENERAL], [STATIC], [SUPERFICIAL]
        • Oppos: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").

          Syntactic words
        • nabactcharacteristic appearance; physiognomy (also of things generally) bodily comportment, physical expression; especially as expressive of inner mood or personality
        • nabactproper dignified appearance, appropriate form, ritually correct form
        • nabfigurativecharacteristics, description of one's appearance
        相  xiàng OC: sqaŋs MC: si̯ɐŋ 27 AttributionsWD

        Xiàng 相 refers to the outward appearance of something as profoundly indicative of inward qualities (as in physiognomy). [INVOLUNTARY], [SIGNIFICANT], [STATIC]

          Word relations
        • Oppos: 性/BASIC NATURE The current and quite dominant word for the stable inherent and prototypically innate features of something is xìng 性 (ant. wéi 為 "what belongs to human action", and wěi 偽"artificial").

          Syntactic words
        • nabbuddhistBUDDH: characteristic; mark; distinguishing feature; sometimes trans. skr. lakṣana
        • nabfeatureexternal image, appearance 善相"appearance of excellence"
        • n{PRED}have the physiognomy of
        狀  zhuàng OC: sɡraŋs MC: ɖʐi̯ɐŋ 15 AttributionsWD

        Zhuàng 狀 "external shape" and xíng 形 "physical form" (ant. zhì 質 "real inner substance") emphasise three-dimensional appearance as such. See SHAPE INVOLUNTARY, STATC, SUPERFICIAL

          Syntactic words
        • nabfeatureexternal appearance, form
        • nadSapparentlyCH
        容貌  róng mào OC: k-loŋ mreews MC: ji̯oŋ mɣɛu 15 AttributionsWD

          Syntactic words
        • NPab(.post-N)featurethe contextually determinate N's appearanceCH
        • NPab{N1=N2}featurecomportment and appearance
        色  sè OC: sqrɯɡ MC: ʂɨk 12 AttributionsWD

        Sè 色 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") is external appearance, particular facial expression, expressive of or productive of feeling. Thus hǎo sè 好色 is the kind of appearance which, being attractive, causes men to feel attracted. Hào sè 好色 "love beautiful women" involves a different meaning of the word: "female beauty; sex". [SIGNIFICANT+], [VOLUNTARY!]

          Word relations
        • Assoc: 容/APPEARANCE Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE]
        • Oppos: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
        • Oppos: 納 / 內/INSIDE

          Syntactic words
        • nabfeatureexpressive appearance, air; facial expression
        貌  mào OC: mreews MC: mɣɛu 12 AttributionsWD

        Mào 貌 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") emphasises the merely external as less than indicative of what is inside, and this is the most general word. [GENERAL], [STATIC], [SUPERFICIAL]

          Word relations
        • Ant: 情/FEELING Qíng 情 refers specifically to one's real inner state, and one's basic essential feelings, one's essential emotional repertoire, and we have no more "love is a 情" in classical Chinese than "love is a 心".
        • Ant: 質/SUBSTANCE The general term for substance as opposed to form or appearance is zhì 質, and this troubling term desperately need systematic investigation.
        • Synon: 容/APPEARANCE Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE]

          Syntactic words
        • nabstativecharacteristic external appearance; characteristic outer aspects
        無相  wú xiàng OC: ma sqaŋs MC: mi̯o si̯ɐŋ 10 AttributionsWD
        • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 11: 29a

          大寶積經 5：

          一切諸法本性皆空，一切諸法自性無性。若空無性，彼則一相，所為無相。以無相故，彼得清淨。若空無性，彼即不可以相表示。

          All nature of all dharmas are originally empty, the self-nature of all dharmas is No-nature. If they are empty and without nature, therefore they are WITHOUT MARK/CHARACTERISTIC. Since they are WITHOUT MARK/CHARACTERISTIC, they attain purity. If they are emtpy and without nature, they cannot be expressed through means of a MARK/CHARACTERISTIC.

          Syntactic words
        • NPab.adNbuddhistBUDDH: formless, without mark; without distinguishing features
        • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: No-mark, No-characteristic, Formlessness (the true feature of all dharmas; see shíxiàng 實相); skr. animitta
        • VPibuddhistBUDDH: be without distinguishing feature, be formless, be No-mark (see also shíxiàng 實相)
        法相  fǎ xiàng OC: pab sqaŋs MC: pi̯ɐp si̯ɐŋ 6 AttributionsWD

          Syntactic words
        • NPabfeatureBUDDH: features of dharmas; mere appearances
        像  xiàng OC: sɢlaŋʔ MC: zi̯ɐŋ 5 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • nshape, image (physical representation of something)
        態  tài OC: nʰɯɯs MC: thəi 4 AttributionsWD

        Tài 態 views external appearance as a typically deliberate manifestation of an attitude or stance. [DELIBERATE], [DYNAMIC], [SIGNIFICANT]

          Syntactic words
        • nabfeatureappearance, manifestation
        姿  zī OC: sti MC: tsi 3 AttributionsWD

        Zī 姿 is rare and emphasises the dynamic gestural aspect of one's external appearance. [DYNAMIC], [VOLUNTARY]; [RARE]

          Syntactic words
        • nabfeaturelooks, appearance; posture; manner
        形色  xíng sè OC: ɡeeŋ sqrɯɡ MC: ɦeŋ ʂɨk 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPphysical appearance
        三十二相  sān shí èr xiàng OC: saam ɡjub njis sqaŋs MC: sɑm dʑip ȵi si̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD
        • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 507

        • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p. 60

          "Level feet; thousand spoke wheel sign on feet, long slender fingers, pliant hands and feet; toes and fingers finely webbed, full-sized heels; arched insteps; thighs like a royal stag; hands reaching below the knees; well-retracted male organ; height and stretch of arms equal; every hair-root dark coloured; body hair graceful and curly; golden-hued body; a 10 foot-halo around him; soft smooth skin; the qi1 chu4 七處, i.e. two soles, two palms, two shoulders, and crown well rounded, below the armpits well-filled; lion-shaped body; erect, full shoulders; forty teeth; teeth white even and close; the four canine teeth pure white; lion jawed; saliva improving the taste of all food; tongue long and broad; voice deep and resonant; eyes deep blue; eyelashes like a royal bull; a white uurNnaa or curl between the eyebrows emitting light, an uSsNniSsa or fleshy protuberance on the crown." (The sources of Soothill's interpretation are: Sa1n-za1ng fa3 shu4 三藏法數, jua4n 48; Da4-zhi4-fu4 lu4n 大智度論, jua4n 4; NIRVANA, jua4n 28; MIDDLE AGAMA and the Sa1n-shi2-e4r xia1ng ji1ng 三十二相經. Different lists appear in Wu2-lia4ng yi4 ji1ng 無量意經 and A1-ha2n-ji1ng 阿含經, jua4n 11)

          Syntactic words
        • NPabBUDDH: the thirty-two major physical characterstics of a Buddha; skr. dvātriṃśadvaralakṣaṇa
        • NPadNbuddhistBUDDH: equipped with the thirty-two major physical characterstics of a Buddha
        外  wài OC: ŋoods MC: ŋɑi 2 AttributionsWD

        Wài 外 (ant. nèi 內 "inner reality") refers colourlessly and neutrally to outer apperance as opposed to inner reality. [OUTLINE], [STATIC]

          Syntactic words
        • nabfeatureouter appearance
        • nabpositivefine appearanceLZ
        四相  sì xiàng OC: plids sqaŋs MC: si si̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabmetaphysicalBUDDH: the four marks or features of all existing phenomena: 生 birth/arising 住 conintuation/abiding 異 change 滅 extinction/cessation See DDB: http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?56.xml+id('b56db-76f8')
        形狀  xíng zhuàng OC: ɡeeŋ sɡraŋs MC: ɦeŋ ɖʐi̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabappearance
        樣  yàng OC: k-laŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD

        yàng

          Syntactic words
        • nabfeatureTANG, Dù Fǔ: appearance, shape
        相形  xiāng xíng OC: sqaŋ ɡeeŋ MC: si̯ɐŋ ɦeŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabfigurativemark; characterstic; feature
        相狀  xiàng zhuàng OC: sqaŋs sɡraŋs MC: si̯ɐŋ ɖʐi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPfeatureappearance, external image (Northern Wei ?)
        梵音相  fàn yīn xiàng OC: bloms qrɯm sqaŋs MC: bi̯ɐm ʔim si̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
        • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 4634c

          Syntactic words
        • NPabBUDDH: one of the thirty-two physical characteristics (see 三十二相) of a Buddha: the sound of the voice of the Buddha, being described as pure and resembling the sound of heavenly drums; whoever hears it feels joy and gains profit; SANSKRIT brahma-svara; PALI brahmassara
        聲  shēng OC: qjeŋ MC: ɕiɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • nabmetaphysicalpublic appearace
        觀  guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • nabmetaphysicalwhat may be observed: appearance MO
        • nabpositiveattractive appearanceLZ
        外貌  wài mào MC: ngwajH -- OC: ŋoods mreewsCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPab.adVin appearanceCH
        儀狀  yí zhuàng MC: ngje -- OC: ŋral sɡraŋsCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabappearanceCH
        肖象  xiào xiàng MC: -- zjangX OC: smews sɢlaŋʔCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPab=肖像 false appearances, misleading appearancesCH
        陽  yáng OC: k-laŋ MC: ji̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • nabfeatureZHUANG: external appearance

        Existing SW for

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