VIRTUE    道德德

EXCELLENCE of CHARACTER IN a PERSON.
GOODNESSVIRTUOUSNESSRIGHTEOUSNESSMORALITYINTEGRITYDIGNITYRECTITUDEHONORDECENCYRESPECTABILITYNOBILITYWORTHINESSPURITYPRINCIPLESETHICS
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general term for salient features and principles of charismatic moral potency, integrity and generosity is dé 德, when used as a term of ethical evalutation.2. Other general terms for subjectively construed general moral commendation include měi 美 "point of moral distinction" (ant. è 惡 "point of moral decrepitude"), and occasionally gāo 高 "elevated points, elevated spirit" (ant. jiàn 賤 "point of vulgar decrepitude"). NB that shàn 善 "excellent" is not used as a general term of positive moral appreciation in pre-Buddhist texts.3. The most current dé 德 "virtues" recognised in pre-Buddhist China are rén 仁 "kind-heartedness", yì 義 "rectitude", lǐ 禮 "propriety", zhì 智 "wisdom", and xìn 信 "good faith".4. Further important virtues are xiào 孝 "filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌 / 弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions". ( 說苑 : 百行 (xìng) 孝為先 )5. Zhōng yōng 中庸 "the mean in action" may be mentioned as a a central Confucian virtue, jiān ài 兼愛 "unIversal love" as a Mohist virtue, wú wéi 無為 "unobtrusive action" as a non-moralistic Taoist virtue.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 EDUCATION 18. 道，側重於做人所應遵循的道理。 德，人最根本最優秀的內在品質。 操，節操，側重於自我約束的道德品質。 守，對基本道德的維護。 品，人品，一個人的道德操守鑒定。 行，道德的外在表現形式。
Modern Chinese Criteria
道德 德行 德 道 美德 懿德 馨德 賢德 令德 鳳德 內美 美質 蕙質 淑質 潛德 隱德 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • BENEVOLENCE　VIRTUE in the form of an ENDURING LOVE for OTHERS AND a DESIRE to HELP OTHERS. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • COURAGE　VIRTUE OR ATTITUDE of DARING to ACT:carry-out DANGEROUS BUT NECESSARY ACTS. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • RECTITUDE　VIRTUE which consists in an ENDURING DESIRE to ACT CONFORMING to what is APPROPRIATE. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • JUSTICE　VIRTUE of MORAL APPROPRIATENESS, AND CONFORMITY to the LAW. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • FAITHFUL　VIRTUE of NOT LYING AND BEING DILIGENT in EXHAUSTING one's STRENGTH DOING WHAT one has PROMISED. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • MORALITY　VIRTUE of REFLECTING SYSTEMATICALLY on WHAT IS GOOD ACT:act AND a GOOD LIFE. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • HUMILITY　VIRTUE which consists in a NATURAL MORALLY GOOD FEELING that one is HUMBLE IN-RELATION-TO OTHER HUMANS AND IN-RELATION-TO DEITIES. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • RIGHTEOUSNESS　VIRTUE of DESIRING to ACT:do ENDURINGLY what is APPROPRIATE. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • VICEWICKEDNESS as an ENDURING BAD MORAL FEATURE of a HUMAN.
See also
  • ATTITUDERELATION between a HUMAN who FEELS and PERCEIVED OBJECTS involving a TENDENDY to REACT.
Hypernym
  • EXCELLENT　FEATURE BECAUSE of which SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS OR SHOULD BE PREFERRED to OTHERS (anc: 4/0, child: 11)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1369

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 27

    VIRTUS, FORTITUDO

    570. Inter Virtutem et fortitudinem. Virtus in animi vigore et habitu est, cujus pars est fortitudo mentis. Quae ex quatuor virtutibus una est, licet et corporis robur fortitudo vocetur.

    [note [col. 66D]

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    VIRTUE

    virtus is virtue insofar as it manifests itself in becoming and meritorious behaviour.

    innocentia refers to virtue insofar as it shoes itself in blameless, especially disinterested conduct.

    honestas is virtue insofar as it shows itself in virtuous and noble sentiments.

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 790

    Pietaet und Kindesliebe.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    VIRTUS

  • Die Relevanz der grundlegenden Begriffe des traditionellen chinesischen Denkens für die Erforschung der chinesischen Philosophiegeschichte und ihre Bearbeitung am Beispiel der Entwicklung des Begriffs De bis zum 6. Jahrhundert v.u.Z. Archiv fuer Begriffsgeschichte ( OMMERBORN 1998) p.

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.1533

    TUGEND

  • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 285

  • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 337

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p. 1.256

    VIRTUE AND VICE

  • Filial Piety in Chinese Thought and History ( ALAN CHAN 2004) p.

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.379:257

    PROBITE.VERTU.HONNEUR

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 91/2

  • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. no. 13

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 92

  • Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography ( ROBERTS 1998) p. 907

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 61B

    • Words (49 items)

    德  dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 351 Attributions

    The current general term for salient features and principles of charismatic moral integrity and generosity is dé 德, when used as a term of ethical evalutation; but this word has many other philosophically important meanings.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 不肖/INCOMPETENT The most current and general word for incompetence is bù xiào 不肖 (ant. xián 賢 "distinguished talent").
    • Ant: 姦/WICKED Jiān 姦 (ant. liáng 良 "of the good sort, decent") refers to sheer human depravity and moral incompetence with no supernatural or sinister overtones.
    • Ant: 力/POWER
    • Ant: 惡/WICKED The most current and general word for wickedness is probably è 惡 (ant. shàn 善 "good"), but it must be noted that in early texts the word is more current in the meaning of physical ugliness.
    • Epithet: 孔/GREAT Kǒng 孔 is an archaic word referring to immensity, numerousness as well as remarkable intensity of something.
    • Epithet: 玄/OBSCURE The current general word for mysteriousness is xuán 玄.
    • Contrast: 操/ACT
    • Contrast: 禮/RITUAL The current general term for everything relating to the system of ritual propriety is lǐ 禮. However the term can also be used to refer to individual prescribed rituals.
    • Contrast: 節/VIRTUE Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".
    • Contrast: 節/VIRTUE Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".
    • Contrast: 道/WAY Dào 道, when used in its concrete meaning referring to a means of communication tends to refer to a larger line of communication, and the traditional claim is that the term refers to a road where two vehicles can pass each other. Thus the First Emperor called his Autobahns chí dào 馳道 and not chí lù 馳路.
    • Assoc: /
    • Assoc: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
    • Assoc: 道/METHOD Dào 道 is a way of being, of functioning, as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric.
    • Oppos: 功/MERIT The current general word for achievements of any kind is gōng 功.
    • Oppos: 色/SEXY The general noun is sè 色 "female beauty" which seems to be used only in nominal functions.
    • Oppos: 星/STAR The common use word for a star is xīng 星 and this term does not incluce sun and moon.
    • Oppos: 得/PROFIT Dé 得 (ant. shī 失 "lose") refers abstractly to what is achieved as a desired advantage.
    • Oppos: 祿/SALARY The general word for apanages, emoluments or salaries received by any person of high status is lù 祿.
    • Oppos: 服/GARMENT Fú 服 refers to robes or formal dress. See COURT DRESS. The word refers to the specialized dress worn for various opportunities; mainly then to the formal court and ritual dress. The term refers not only to the cloth itself, but also to the various adornments belonging to it: [HUANG 1995: 713 - 714, 716 - 717]

      Syntactic words
    • nab(.adN)N=hum列德而尚賢 "give rank to men of natural potency/Virtue and honour the worthy": person who is completely commited to his/her natural endowments; person who has realised his/her natural potential
    • nab(post-N)inner charismatic power or potency of a contextually determinate (kind of) person; somebody's charismatic virtueDS
    • nab.adN德人 "a person who has realised his natural potential/Virtue": having realised one's natural potential/Virtue, being based on the realisation of one's natural potential/superior virtue
    • nab.adVby virtue of our moral potencyCH
    • nab.adV:+Npro{SUBJ}n=inalianable possessionby his virtueDS
    • nab.post-N王德 "realised charismatic natural potency/Virtue of a king": 1. realised natural potential  (of a ruler or a sage); 2. realised natural potential like that of an NLZ
    • nab.post-N1:adN2an N2 of the natural Virtue of an N1CH
    • nab.post-V至德"perfect Virtue": a V-ing virtueCH
    • nab.post-V{NUM}concept五德“(the) five Virtues": x number of virtues
    • nab[post-N]somebody's moral authority and integrityDS
    • nabactmoral potency; commitment to one's natural endowments; cultivation of moral excellence or potency
    • nabconcept(considerations of) natural moral qualities (good or bad) 惡德 "evil moral qualities"; concept of moral potency or excellence
    • nabconcept.ideal"(perfect) realisation of one's potentialities, Virtue"CH
    • nabfeature, idealsupreme natural potency; supreme moral potency; outstanding magical natural endowments; ideal natural potentialCH
    • nabfinite日漸之德 "daily growing natural potential/Virtue" also 至德 "perfect Virtue"!!!: (greater or lesser) (one's) finite moral and spiritual potency; natural potential of excellence and VirtueCH
    • nabmetaphysicalpotency; natural potential; (potential) power; the natural potential/power that something has by virtue of being in accordance with the Way
    • nabpsych唯有德者能之 "only a person possessed of superior virtue is capable of this": (obtained 得) moral excellence; fully developed moral and spiritual potential; superior Virtue
    • nabpsych, degree民德“degree of moral virtue of the people 风俗道德" social: degree of virtueCH
    • nabsocial state of affairsstate/degree of prevailing moral virtue in societyCH
    • nab{PRED}be a matter of VirtueCH
    • nab{PRED}feature, idealbe (identical with) ideal natural Virtue; be natural excellenceCH
    • vibe characterised by charismatic natural potential, by Virtue, by an inherent moral authority
    • vi0Virtue prevails; natural potency is realisedCH
    • vt(oN)putativeconsider the contextually determinate N as an act of virtue
    • vtoNmake a show to N of being virtuousCH
    孝  xiào OC: qhruus MC: hɣɛu 62 Attributions

    Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 弟/VIRTUE Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".
    • Assoc: 敬/RESPECT The current general word for respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactfilial de, devotion to one's living parents　and dead forbears
    • nabpregnantultimately true filial devotionCH
    • vadNfilial 孝子 “filialson" is ubiquitous
    • vadVin filial devotion, through filial devotion, for reasons of filial devotion
    • vibe characterised by feelings of filial devotion and a disposition to act on these
    • viactbe filial; show filial piety
    • vpostadVwith filial devotion, filiallyLZ
    • vtoNcausativemake filialCH
    禮義  lǐ yì OC: riiʔ ŋrals MC: lei ŋiɛ 51 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabgeneralised abstractritual and moral principles in general; principles of proper conduct in general
    • NPabgeneralised abstractritual and moral principles as psychologically realised in humans
    • VPibe characterised by a sense of ethical pprinciples like ritual propriety and rectitude
    德義  dé yì OC: tɯɯɡ ŋrals MC: tək ŋiɛ 19 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychhigh moral virtue, high moral principles and rectitude; moral integrity and rectitude
    • VPadNpossessed of high virtue 德義之君
    • VPiactact in accordance with high principles of virtue and rectitude
    弟  tì MC: -- OC: -- 17 Attributions

    Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 孝/VIRTUE Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".

      Syntactic words
    • nabactfraternal love, devotion to one's eldest brother
    • nabpsychfraternal love and respect (especially for the eldest brother)CH
    • nadNdevoted to one's eldest brother.
    • v[adN]those devoted to fraternal love
    • viactshow devotion to one's eldest brother; more generally: show proper humility towards seniors in general
    • vt+prep+Nshow brotherly love to
    悌  tì MC: dejX OC: liilʔ 17 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabderivedfraternal-love-style affectionate care for othersCH
    • nabfeaturebrotherly affection, especially respectful affection for eldest brotherCH
    • nabpregnantultimately true brotherly loveCH
    • vadNbrotherly, affectionate-to-brothers (especially affectionate to eldest brother)CH
    • viactshow brotherly affection (typically to one's eldest brother)CH
    • vt[oN]derivedshow brotherly-affection-style care for the local peopleCH
    • vtoNcausativemake brotherly, cause to become brotherlyCH
    • vtoNN=younger brothershow brotherly affection and care for younger brotherCH
    道德  dào dé OC: ɡ-luuʔ tɯɯɡ MC: dɑu tək 15 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab(.post-N)the virtue of the contextually determinate NLZ
    • NPabmetaphysicalthe Way and its (natural) Potency
    孝悌  xiào tì OC: qhruus liils MC: hɣɛu dei
    孝悌  xiào tì OC: qhruus liilʔ MC: hɣɛu dei 14 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{N1&N2}nonreferentialthe virtues of respectful politeness within the family; familial proper respect towards seniors in general
    • VP[adN]humanthose who show proper familial affection towards seniorsLZ
    • VPiactshow proper familial affection towards seniors
    • VPiactshow proper familial affection to seniors
    高  gāo OC: koow MC: kɑu 8 Attributions

    Other general terms for subjectively construed general moral commendation include měi 美"point of moral distinction" (ant. è 惡 "point of moral decrepitude"), and occasionally gāo 高"elevated points, elevated spirit" (ant. jiàn 賤 "point of vulgar decrepitude"). NB that shàn 善 "excellent" is not used as a general term of positive moral appreciation in pre-Buddhist texts.

      Syntactic words
    • nab[.post-N]psychmy high morals; one's high moralsCH
    • nabacthigh morals
    • vadNmorally elevated
    • vibe morally elevated; be high-minded
    德行  dé xíng OC: tɯɯɡ ɢraaŋs MC: tək ɦɣaŋ 7 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPab.cactpractice of virtue
    文  wén OC: mɯn MC: mi̯un 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychcultured etiquette; non-military personal education; 金文: eminent virtue (of ancestors)
    令德  lìng dé OC: ɡ-reŋ tɯɯɡ MC: liɛŋ tək 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturesuperb charismatic virtue
    有道  yǒu dào OC: ɢʷɯʔ ɡ-luuʔ MC: ɦɨu dɑu 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]nonreferentialthe good; the virtuous, those who have obtained the Way
    • VPibe possessed of the Way, have attained to the Way; conform to the WayCH
    • VPi(0)topic place: (in that place) the proper Way prevailsCH
    節  jié OC: tsiiɡ MC: tset 5 Attributions

    Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 德/VIRTUE The current general term for salient features and principles of charismatic moral integrity and generosity is dé 德, when used as a term of ethical evalutation; but this word has many other philosophically important meanings.
    • Contrast: 德/VIRTUE The current general term for salient features and principles of charismatic moral integrity and generosity is dé 德, when used as a term of ethical evalutation; but this word has many other philosophically important meanings.
    • Contrast: /

      Syntactic words
    • nabmoralmodesty, termperance, restraint
    大德  dà dé OC: daads tɯɯɡ MC: dɑi tək 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]nonreferentialperson of great virtue
    • NPadVor great merit/virtue
    • NPsubject=humanyou, person of great merit!
    勇猛  yǒng měng OC: k-loŋʔ mraaŋʔ MC: ji̯oŋ mɣaŋ 4 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 419

      Syntactic words
    • VPadN(BUDDH:) (note that in pre-Buddhist Chinese the compound often had a negative connotation, description of Buddhist practice:) brave and fierce > energetic, with all one's might, powerfully, heroicly (this word has an exremely high frequency in Buddhist translations, describing one of the characterstics of a Bodhisattva); skr. vikrānta (also: yǒngjiàn 勇建, mèngjiàn 猛建)
    • VPadV(BUDDH:) (description of Buddhist practice:) bravely and fiercly > energetically, with all one's might, powerfully, heroicly (this word has an exremely high frequency in Buddhist translations, describing one of the characterstics of a Bodhisattva); skr. vikrānta (also: yǒngjiàn 勇建, mèngjiàn 猛建)
    • VPi(BUDDH:) (description of Buddhist practice:) brave and fierce > energetic, with all one's might, powerfully, heroicly (this word has an exremely high frequency in Buddhist translations, describing one of the characterstics of a Bodhisattva); skr. vikrānta (also: yǒngjiàn 勇建, mèngjiàn 猛建)
    • VPpostadVenergetically
    忠恕  zhōng shù OC: krluŋ hnjas MC: ʈuŋ ɕi̯ɤ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabconceptdevoted effort and considerateness 法言註疏: 忠恕者何？成己，以成物也。 四書集注:　施諸己而不願亦勿施於人，忠恕之事也．
    • NPabpsychdevoted effort and consideratness
    • NPab{PRED}is devoted effort and considerateness
    • VPiactshow devoted effort and impartial considerateness
    美  měi OC: mriʔ MC: mi 4 Attributions

    Other general terms for subjectively construed general moral commendation include měi 美"point of moral distinction" (ant. è 惡 "point of moral decrepitude"), and occasionally gāo 高"elevated points, elevated spirit" (ant. jiàn 賤 "point of vulgar decrepitude"). NB that shàn 善 "excellent" is not used as a general term of positive moral appreciation in pre-Buddhist texts.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 才 / 材/TALENT The standard word for an unusual promising ability to perform important future tasks of any kind is cái 才／材, and the talents referred to by this word do not need to be of a "higher" kind.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureexcellent points, good points (of a person), wonderful features
    身  shēn OC: qhjin MC: ɕin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychpersonal quality; personal qualities; moral status; moral qualifications
    清廉  qīng lián OC: tsheŋ ɡ-rem MC: tshiɛŋ liɛm 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactmoral impeccability
    • VPibe morally pure and impeccable
    廉  lián OC: ɡ-rem MC: liɛm 3 Attributions

    Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".

      Syntactic words
    • nabmoral purityCH
    文德  wén dé OC: mɯn tɯɯɡ MC: mi̯un tək 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabvalueelegant virtue; civil moral culture
    明德  míng dé OC: mraŋ tɯɯɡ MC: mɣaŋ tək 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalbright virtuous power
    儀  yí OC: ŋral MC: ŋiɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nab(post-N)the ritual obligations of the contextually determinate NCH
    • nabmoralproper ritual; proper ritualised moderation
    貞廉  zhēn lián OC: teŋ ɡ-rem MC: ʈiɛŋ liɛm 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe morally pure
    武  wǔ MC: mjuX OC: mbaʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabsocialmilitary prowess; military virtuesCH
    孝子  xiào zǐ OC: qhruus sklɯʔ MC: hɣɛu tsɨ 2 Attributions

    being filial

      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialthe filial son
    • NPstatestate of possessing the virtue of being filial
    五氣  wǔ qì MC: nguX khj+jH OC: ŋaaʔ khɯds 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}virtuesCH
    • NPabtraditionally understood as: 仁，義，禮，智，信CH
    德操  dé cāo MC: tok tshaw OC: tɯɯɡ tshaaw 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPihave a grasp of one's inner moral powerLZ
    大仁  dà dài rén MC: dajH nyin  OC: daads njin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPaboverarching kind-heartedness; unversal kind-heartednessCH
    釋迦  shì jiā OC: lʰaɡ kraal MC: ɕiɛk kɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibuddhistBUDDH: be virtuous, possess ability and virtue
    懿德  yì dé OC: qriɡs tɯɯɡ MC: ʔi tək 1 Attribution
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    • NPabpsychsuperb virtue
    兼愛  jiān ài OC: kleem qɯɯds MC: kem ʔəi 1 Attribution

    Zhōng yōng 中庸 "the mean in action" may be mentioned as a a central Confucian virtue, jiān ài 兼愛 "unIversal love" as a Mohist virtue, wú wéi 無為"unobtrusive action" as a non-moralistic Taoist virtue.

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    • NPabuniversal loving careCH
    中庸  zhōng yōng OC: krluŋ k-loŋ MC: ʈuŋ ji̯oŋ 1 Attribution
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    • NP"the Golden Mean": the practice of the mean
    五常  wǔ cháng OC: ŋaaʔ djaŋ MC: ŋuo̝ dʑi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
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    • NPabmoralFive Constants (i.e. virtues) 漢 董仲舒 《賢良策一》："夫仁、義、禮、智、信五常之道，王者所當修飭也。"
    玉  yù OC: ŋɡoɡ MC: ŋi̯ok 1 Attribution
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    • nabmoral
    尚德  shàng dé OC: djaŋs tɯɯɡ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ tək 0 Attributions
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    • VPiactvenerate virtue> be virtue-loving
    操德  cāo dé MC: tshaw tok OC: tshaaw tɯɯɡ 0 Attributions
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    • VPihave grasp of one's inner moral powerLZ
    無為  wú wéi OC: ma ɢʷal MC: mi̯o ɦiɛ 0 Attributions

    Zhōng yōng 中庸 "the mean in action" may be mentioned as a a central Confucian virtue, jiān ài 兼愛 "unIversal love" as a Mohist virtue, wú wéi 無為"unobtrusive action" as a non-moralistic Taoist virtue.

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    六德  liù dé OC: ɡ-ruɡ tɯɯɡ MC: luk tək 0 Attributions
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    • NPabthe six virtues 聖智也，仁義也，忠信也。
    公正  gōng zhèng OC: klooŋ tjeŋs MC: kuŋ tɕiɛŋ 0 Attributions
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    • VPibe unselfish and morally correct
    仁  rén OC: njin MC: ȵin 0 Attributions

    The most current dé 德 "virtues" recognised in pre-Buddhist China are rén 仁 "kind-heartedness", yì 義 "rectitude", lǐ 禮 "propriety", zhì 智 "wisdom", and xìn 信 "good faith".

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    三德  sān dé OC: saam tɯɯɡ MC: sɑm tək 0 Attributions
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    • NPabpluralSHU, 洪範: straightness, firmness, and suppleness
    勇  yǒng OC: k-loŋʔ MC: ji̯oŋ 0 Attributions

    Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".

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    有德  yǒu dé OC: ɢʷɯʔ tɯɯɡ MC: ɦɨu tək 0 Attributions
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    • NP[adN]those who have virtue> the virtuous
    常  cháng OC: djaŋ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
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    • nabconceptmoral constants, virtues
    忠  zhōng OC: krluŋ MC: ʈuŋ 0 Attributions

    Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".

      Syntactic words
    智  zhì OC: tes MC: ʈiɛ 0 Attributions

    The most current dé 德 "virtues" recognised in pre-Buddhist China are rén 仁 "kind-heartedness", yì 義 "rectitude", lǐ 禮 "propriety", zhì 智 "wisdom", and xìn 信 "good faith".

      Syntactic words
    禮  lǐ OC: riiʔ MC: lei 0 Attributions

    The most current dé 德 "virtues" recognised in pre-Buddhist China are rén 仁 "kind-heartedness", yì 義 "rectitude", lǐ 禮 "propriety", zhì 智 "wisdom", and xìn 信 "good faith".

      Syntactic words