PUNISH  刑罰刑法

RESTRAIN OR DAMAGE a CULPRIT BECAUSE of his/her CRIMES.
DISCIPLINETEACH SOMEONE A LESSONTAN SOMEONE'S HIDEINFORMAL WALLOPCOME DOWN ON (LIKE A TON OF BRICKS
Antonym
  • GENEROUSHABITUALLY GIVE of one's WEALTH to THOSE WHO NEED it.
    • REWARDGIVE someone something BECAUSE that person has ACTED:done something GOOD.
      • ACQUITPUBLICISE, CONFORMING to LAW, AND USING OFFICIAL AUTHORITY, the DECISION that a PERSON ACCUSED of a CRIME is NOT GUILTY of that CRIME.
        • PARDONPUBLICISE, CONFORMING to LAW, AND USING OFFICIAL AUTHORITY, the DECISION that a PERSON is NOT to be PUNISHED for a CRIME of which he is ACCUSED OR GUILTY.
          Hypernym
          • RESTRAINHINDER from being UNRESTRAINED.
            • HINDERSTOP from ACT:doing what someone or something INTENDS to ACT:do.
              • STOPACT so as NOT to CONTINUE NOW:present ACTION.
                • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision....
          See also
          • STRIKEDISPLACE something VIOLENTLY TOWARDS something, OFTEN IN-ORDER-TO DAMAGE IT.
            • PRISONPUBLIC BUILDING IN which CONVICTED GUILTY HUMANS ARE CONDEMNED to DWELL, AND which they are NOT PERMITTED TO LEAVE.
              Hyponym
              • BANISH　PUNISH someone so as to COMMAND HIM/HER to LEAVE the STATE of which he/she is a CITIZEN OR in which he/she LIVES.
                • PENALTY　MONEY to be PAID as PUNISHMENT.
                  • PUNITIVE LABOUR　PUNISHMENT in the form of COMMANDED DIFFICULT WORK.
                    • BRAND　To PUNISH so as to BURN an IMAGE into the SKIN of someone.
                      • RETRIBUTION　DIVINE PUNISHMENT OR REWARD of HUMANS BASED on their EVIL OR GOOD ACTIONS respectively.
                        Old Chinese Criteria
                        1. The general word for punishment is wú xíng 五刑, traditionally in SHU, LYUXING listed as "dà pí 大辟 "decapitation", yuè 刖 "mutilation of foot", yì 劓, gōng 宮 "castration", mò 墨 "branding". The list varied through time and is different in different sources.

                        2. Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.

                        3. Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE

                        4. Yù 獄 can be used to refer to any kind of punitive action taken against criminals.

                        5. Fǎ 法 can occasionally be used, mainly in early texts, to refer not to criminal law but to the application of such laws to criminals.

                        6. Zuò 坐 refers to a condemned person being held responsible for a criminal act and being punished. See CONDEMN

                        7. Tǎo 討 is a moralistic term referring to a momentous act of punishment in the name of justice, and the meaning often vascillates between ATTACK and PUNISH, when the reference is a punitive attack. See ATTACK

                        黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
                        HUANG JINGUI 2006

                        HUMAN BODY 41. 肢體肉刑。

                        墨，用刀刺面，然後將它染黑，

                        從其動作又稱 “ 黥 ” ，漢代起多稱 “ 黥 ” ，

                        後世發展為 “ 刺配 ” 。

                        劓，割鼻子。

                        刖，砍掉腳或腳趾。

                        髕，挖掉膝蓋骨。

                        刵，割掉耳朵。

                        Modern Chinese Criteria
                        處罰

                        處分

                        責罰

                        懲罰

                        懲辦

                        論處

                        罰

                        懲

                        rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

                        • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 21.37

                        • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 146

                          MULTATIO, POENA, SUPPLICIUM

                          359. Inter multationem, poenam, et supplicium. Multatio potest esse, et sine sanguine, in damno pecuniae. Supplicium cum sanguine; poena vero dolor sine sanguine.

                        • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

                          PUNISHMENT

                          punitio is punishment as required by the law.

                          mulcta is compensation for injury done, according to the law.

                          castigatio is chastisement which may serve to improve the individual, especially a rebuke.

                        • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 215

                          Gerichtswesen:

                        • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 235

                          Scharfrichter:

                        • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 806

                          Strafvollzugsszene:

                        • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 256

                        • Reward, Punishment, and Forgiveness: The Thinking and Beliefs of Ancient Israel in the Light of Greek and modern Views ( KRASOVEC 1999) p.

                        • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

                          POENA

                          PUNITIO

                        • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 127

                        • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 56

                        • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.249

                        • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 12

                        • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.1507

                        • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.208

                        • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

                          STRAFARBEIT

                          STRAFEN

                        • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 267f

                        • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 2.611-698

                        • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

                          PUNISHMENT

                        • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

                          DISMEMBER

                        • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.152.114

                          CHATIER.PUNIR

                        • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.170

                        • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

                        • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 146A

                          AHNDEN

                        Words

                        刑  xíng OC: ɡeeŋ MC: ɦeŋ 60 AttributionsWD

                        Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.

                          Word relations
                        • Ant: 德 / 得/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.
                        • Ant: 惠/GENEROUS Probably the most general word for generosity is huì 惠 (ant. sè 嗇 "stingy, ungenerous"), and this refers to any kind of emotional as well as material munificence by a person of superior status.
                        • Ant: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
                        • Object: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
                        • Object: 被/SUFFER Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside.
                        • Epithet: 嚴 / 嚴儼/SEVERE The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").
                        • Epithet: 重/INTENSELY Zhòng 重 freely refers to an impressive intensity beyond expectation of both positive or negative qualities or actions.
                        • Epithet: 峻/SEVERE Jù4n 峻 (ant. píng 平 "even-handed") refers dramatically to the savageness of punishments.
                        • Epithet: 虐/CRUEL Nyè 虐 (ant. fǔ 撫 "take good care of, show proper concern for subordinates or subjects") refers to wanton cruelty in the exercise of political authority.
                        • Contrast: 政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
                        • Contrast: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
                        • Contrast: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE
                        • Contrast: 罰/PENALTY The general word for a fine is fá 罰, and the word refers to fines of any kind.
                        • Assoc: 戮 / 僇/EXECUTE
                        • Assoc: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE

                          Syntactic words
                        • nab.post-V{NUM}actpunishment; kind of punishment GY: 刑五而已 "There are only five kinds of punishments..."
                        • nabactact of punishing; punishment (physical or otherwise)
                        • nabconceptproper punishment
                        • nobjectone condemned to physical punishment
                        • viactcarry out punishments
                        • vtoNmiddle voicereceive corporal punishment, receive physical punishmentCH
                        • vtoNN=actpunish (a crime), typically by mutilation of the culprit
                        • vtoNN=hum(punish by mutilation>) punish harshly, punish physically; mutilate
                        • vtoNpassivebe punished by mutilation; get punished; get oneself punished
                        討  tǎo OC: thuuʔ MC: thɑu 60 AttributionsWD

                        Tǎo 討 is a moralistic term referring to a momentous act of punishment in the name of justice, and the meaning often vascillates between ATTACK and PUNISH, when the reference is a punitive attack. See ATTACK

                          Syntactic words
                        • nabactpunishment
                        • vt(oN)punish the contextually determinate object
                        • vt[oN]punish
                        • vtoNobject=crimepunish 討罪
                        • vtoNobject=culpritseek out and punish; punish (for an offence); launch a punitive attack on
                        • vtoNPab{S}punish the fact that S
                        • vtoNpassivebe punished, have a punitive expedition carried out against one
                        • vtoNreflexive.自punish (oneself)
                        罰  fá OC: bod MC: bi̯ɐt 56 AttributionsWD

                        Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE

                          Word relations
                        • Ant: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
                        • Epithet: 重/INTENSELY Zhòng 重 freely refers to an impressive intensity beyond expectation of both positive or negative qualities or actions.
                        • Contrast: 報/REVENGE The standard word for revenge is bào 報 (ant.* shè 赦 "let off").
                        • Contrast: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
                        • Contrast: 罪/ACCUSE Zuì 罪 typically refers to a superior or king raising criminal charges against someone under his jurisdiction, but occasionally the word is used in an extended way to refer to strong criticism offered by anyone with authority. [DESCENDING], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]
                        • Assoc: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
                        • Assoc: 罪/ACCUSE Zuì 罪 typically refers to a superior or king raising criminal charges against someone under his jurisdiction, but occasionally the word is used in an extended way to refer to strong criticism offered by anyone with authority. [DESCENDING], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]
                        • Assoc: 誅/PUNISH
                        • Assoc: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
                        • Relat: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
                        • Oppos: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").

                          Syntactic words
                        • nabactarchaic: punitive action; later, more narrowly: punishment through fines;  
                        • vt(oN)punish/fine the contextually determinate human NCH
                        • vt[oN]mete out punishments or fines, take punitive action with people
                        • vtoNcondemn to the payment of a fine or some other form of mild punishment; generally: to punish
                        • vtoNpassiveget punishedCH
                        • vtoNreflexive.自punish (oneself)
                        • vtoStake punitive action against (a state of affairs described in S)
                        誅  zhū OC: to MC: ʈi̯o 44 AttributionsWD

                          Word relations
                        • Ant: 赦/PARDON Shè 赦 (ant. zuì 罪 "hold criminally responsible") refers specifically and technically to the legal act of pardoning a convicted culprit.
                        • Ant: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
                        • Epithet: 嚴 / 嚴儼/SEVERE The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").
                        • Contrast: 殺 / 煞/KILL The overwhelmingly dominant term referring to any form of taking the life of anything is shā 殺.
                        • Assoc: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE

                          Syntactic words
                        • nabthe being punishedCH
                        • nabactpunishment; legal criminal proceedings
                        • vt+prep+Ngeneralapply punishments to
                        • vt[oN]mete out severe punishments to people
                        • vt[oN]actmete out punishment
                        • vtoNpunish officially (more or less severely); apply strictures to
                        • vtoNobject=crimepunish
                        • vtoNpassivebe punished
                        刑罰  xíng fá OC: ɡeeŋ bod MC: ɦeŋ bi̯ɐt 16 AttributionsWD

                          Syntactic words
                        • NPab{N1&N2}nonreferentialvarious kinds of penalties and punishments
                        刑戮  xíng lù OC: ɡeeŋ ɡ-ruɡ MC: ɦeŋ luk 12 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • NPabphysical punishment or execution; execution
                        • VPtoNpassivebe punished so as to be put to death> get executed; be punished by mutilation
                        懲  chéng OC: dɯŋ MC: ɖɨŋ 7 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vt(oN)punish the contextually determinate N
                        • vtoNimpose mild punishment, use punitive sanctions; chastise
                        • vtoNmiddle voicebe chastised
                        • vtoNpassiveget punishedLZ
                        法  fǎ OC: pab MC: pi̯ɐp 6 AttributionsWD

                        Fǎ 法 can occasionally be used, mainly in early texts, to refer not to criminal law but to the application of such laws to criminals.

                          Syntactic words
                        • nab.post-Vpunishment characterised by VingDS
                        • nabactSHU, GUAN: refers generally to the application of criminal law to criminals
                        • vtoNapply the law to: punishCH
                        治  chí OC: rlɯ MC: ɖɨ 4 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vt(oN)deal with the contextually determinate N according to lawDS
                        • vtoNdeal with according to the law (and punish)
                        • vtoNpassivebe properly sentenced and punished; be legally dealt with in connection with a crime committed
                        誅罰  zhū fá OC: to bod MC: ʈi̯o bi̯ɐt 4 AttributionsWD

                          Syntactic words
                        • NPabactpunishment or fine of any kind
                        • NPabactbeing punished
                        • VPiactcarry out punishments of any sort
                        尸  shī OC: qhlji MC: ɕi 3 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vttoN1.+prep+N2dispose of the corpse (of someone N1) in (a place N2); display the corpses (of someone N1) in (a place N2)曹人尸諸城上
                        辜磔  gū zhé OC: kaa krlaaɡ MC: kuo̝ ʈɣɛk 3 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • nquartering
                        • VPt(oN)carve up in public
                        • VPtoNpassiveget publicly executed
                        獄  yù OC: ŋoɡ MC: ŋi̯ok 2 AttributionsWD

                        Yù 獄 can be used to refer to any kind of punitive action taken against criminals.

                          Syntactic words
                        • nabactimprisonment; punitive measures such as imprisonment; punitive procedure; punishment
                        五刑  wǔ xíng OC: ŋaaʔ ɡeeŋ MC: ŋuo̝ ɦeŋ 2 AttributionsWD

                        The general word for punishment is wú xíng 五刑 , traditionally in SHU, LYUXING listed as "dà bì 大辟 "decapitation", yuè 刖 "mutilation of foot", yì 劓, gōng 宮 "castration", mò 墨 "branding". The list varied through time and is different in different sources.

                          Syntactic words
                        • NPabthe five mutilating kinds of punishmentLZ
                        刑辟  xíng bì OC: ɡeeŋ peɡ MC: ɦeŋ piɛk 2 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • NPabactpunishments
                        鞭笞  biān chī OC: pen rlʰɯ MC: piɛn ʈhɨ 2 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • VPtoNflog (intensely?, in any way?)
                        • VPtoNfigurativechastise
                        浮  fú 2 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNfine to drink a cup of alcohol (at a feast); to sconceCH
                        髕腳  bìn jiǎo MC: bjijX kjak OC: binʔ kaɡCH 2 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • VPtoNpassivehave one's feet and kneecaps cut offCH
                        梟  xiāo OC: keew MC: keu 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNhave (someone) executed and his body exposed to public view
                        箠  chuí OC: tjolʔ MC: tɕiɛ 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNto whip; flog; also: to punish/castigate (a state)
                        辜  gū OC: kaa MC: kuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNexecute publicly and leave the body in the open as a public disgrace; drastic punishment
                        阱  jǐng OC: sɡeŋʔ MC: dziɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNpassiveby extension, occasionally: be thrown into a pit
                        刀杖  dāo zhàng OC: k-laaw daŋʔ MC: tɑu ɖi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • NPabpassivepunishment suffered
                        戮辱  lù rǔ OC: ɡ-ruɡ njoɡ MC: luk ȵi̯ok 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • NPabacthumiliation through harsh public punishment
                        • VPtoNpassiveget humiliated through harsh public punishment
                        有討  yǒu tǎo OC: ɢʷɯʔ thuuʔ MC: ɦɨu thɑu 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • VPt+prep+Nconativetry to attack??? ???
                        箠笞  chuí chī OC: tjolʔ rlʰɯ MC: tɕiɛ ʈhɨ 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • VPtoNfigurativecastigate
                        糾逖  jiū tì OC: kiw theeɡ MC: kɨu thek 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • VPtoNchastise
                        加刑  jiā xíng MC: kae heng OC: kraal ɡeeŋCH 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • VPt prep NpunishCH
                        典刑  diǎn xíng MC: tenX heng OC: tɯɯnʔ ɡeeŋCH 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • nabpluralpunishmentsCH
                        金  jīn MC: kim OC: krɯmCH 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • nabpunishment by imposition of a fineCH
                        罰懲  fá chéng MC: bjot -- OC: bod dɯŋCH 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • NPabpluralpunishmentsCH
                        戮  lù MC: ljuwk OC: ɡ-ruɡLZ 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNpunish (physically)LZ
                        刑罰  xíng fá MC: heng bjot OC: ɡeeŋ bodCH 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • NPabphysical punishments and finesCH
                        炮炙  páo zhè MC: baew tsyaeH OC: bruu --DS 1 AttributionWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vt[adN]those who were grilled on charcoal as a sort of perverted punishmentDS
                        坐  zuò OC: sɡools MC: dzʷɑ 0 AttributionsWD

                        Zuò 坐 refers to a condemned person being held responsible for a criminal act and being punished. See CONDEMN

                          Syntactic words
                        完  wán OC: ɡoon MC: ɦʷɑn 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNpunish lightly by shaving someone's hair off so as to mark him off for menial punitive service
                        廢  fèi OC: pods MC: pi̯ɐi 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNtake away the right to serve in political functions
                        拲  gǒng OC: koŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • nmanacles (ZHOULI)
                        • vtoNput wooden handcuffs on a prisoner as punishment
                        拶  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 AttributionsWD

                        zǎn

                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNpunish by squeezing the fingers
                        枷  jiā OC: kraal MC: kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNapply the wooden collar, cangue
                        箈  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 AttributionsWD

                        chí?

                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNcane with short canes
                        耐  nài OC: nɯɯs MC: nəi 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNshave off beard and hair at the temples as punishment, a milder form of kūn 髡
                        讞  yàn OC: ŋranʔ MC: ŋiɛn 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNdecide a court case is general and does not imply punishment
                        銬  kào OC: khuus MC: khɑu 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNput in manacles is very late and has replaced
                        髡  kūn OC: khluun MC: khuo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • npunishment in the form of being shaved bald and beardless like a eunuch (as a milder replacement for castration)
                        奪爵  duó jué OC: dood tsewɡ MC: dʷɑt tsi̯ɐk 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNcondemn to removal of rank and privileges
                        籍門  jí mén OC: sɡaɡ mɯɯn MC: dziɛk muo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNstrike the whole clan off the population register forever
                        隸臣  lì chén OC: ɡ-rɯɯds ɡjiŋ MC: lei dʑin 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • vtoNdeprive culprit of house servants
                        髕腳  bìn jiǎo MC: bjijX kjak OC: binʔ kaɡCH 0 AttributionsWD
                          Syntactic words
                        • DELETEpassivehave one's feet cut offCH

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