ACCUSE  控告責

To BLAME AND INTEND the PERSON BLAMED to be JUDGED AND CONDEMNED CONFORMING:in accordance with LAW.
CHARGE WITHINDICT FORARRAIGN FORPREFER CHARGES AGAINST FORIMPEACH FOR
Antonym
  • FORGIVEPROMISE someone one ASSUMES to be GUILTY of a CRIME OR MISTAKE which OFFENDS ONE so as to SAY that one WILL NOT HATE THAT PERSON BECAUSE of that CRIME OR MISTAKE.
    • DEFENDANTACCUSED HUMAN DEFENDING HIMSELF IN COURT.
      Hypernym
      • BLAMECRITICISE someone as GUILTY of a WICKED:reprehensible MISTAKE OR a CRIME.
        • CRITICISESPEAK AND NAME SOMETHING BAD and AVOIDABLE. 
          • SPEAKACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z.
            • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision....
      See also
      • CRITICISESPEAK AND NAME SOMETHING BAD and AVOIDABLE. 
        • LITIGATECOMPETE with OTHERS USING the LAW.
          • SLANDERCRITICISE INTENSELY, LACKING APPROPRIATE REASONS, NOT ADDRESSING the HUMAN BLAMED.
              Old Chinese Criteria
              [ASCENDING/DESCENDING]

              [BENEVOLENT/MALEVOLENT]

              [FALSE/TRUE]

              [INFORMAL/OFFICIAL]

              [INTENSE/WEAK]

              [PUBLIC/PRIVATE]

              1. The most current general word for accusing someone of something with either good or evil intent is zé 責.

              [GENERAL], [NEUTRAL]

              2. Sù 訴 refers to an informal accusation from the party that maintains it has suffered injustice, and this word became current in Han times.

              [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT]

              3. Zuì 罪 typically refers to a superior or king raising criminal charges against someone under his jurisdiction, but occasionally the word is used in an extended way to refer to strong criticism offered by anyone with authority.

              [DESCENDING], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]

              4. Hé 劾 refers to formal impeachment and the starting of formal criminal proceedings against a culprit, and the accuser in this case tends to be a person of some social standing, normally of high bureaucratic status; in Han times hé 劾 refers to the passing judgment after such a formal procedure.

              [DESCENDING], [INTENSE], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]

              5. Qiǎn 譴 refers to formal more or less serious accusations against officials raised by anyone, including ordinary persons.

              [ASCENDING], [INTENSE], [OFFICIAL]

              6. Wū 誣 is occasionally used for making false formal accusations against some person, and the word may even refer to false self-incrimination.

              [FALSE], [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT]

              7. Zèn 譖 refers generally to slanderous attacks, and sometimes - imperceptibly - the word can refer to something more like slanderous accusations. But the distinctions always seems to remain unclear. See SLANDER.

              [FALSE], [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT]

              8. Kòng 控 occasionally refers to a formal complaint directed against the authorities.

              [ASCENDING], [OFFICIAL]

              9. Ga4o 告 commonly refers to the making of public complaints and accusations.

              Modern Chinese Criteria
              控告 is the current modern word for making accusations.

              指控 is a perhaps slightly literary term for making accusations.

              告狀 is a formal legal term referring to the opening of a law-suit against someone, and the word is used verbally with the preposition 向.

              告發

              譴責 refers to accusations in the form of a denunciation without direct legal implications.

              聲討 refers to public denunciation involving serious accusations.

              申討 refers to public denunciation involving serious accusations.

              攻訐

              控

              告

              first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis 18.11.2003. CH/

              Old Chinese Contrasts
              1. The words in this group differ in the degree to which they imply formal legal proceedings (hé 劾 ) or simply consist in the attribution of criminal responsibility (zèn 譖, zé 責, zuì 罪 ).

              2. The words differ in the seriousness of the charges implied, some words implying that the charge is comparatively serious (qiǎn 譴, hé 劾, zé 責 ), others being applied indiscriminately to more or less serious charges (zuì 罪, sù 訴, kòng 控 ).

              3. The words differ in the justice of the charges brought, some implying that the charge is definitely just (zé 責, tán 彈 ), others being indifferent to the justice of the charge (zuì 罪, kòng 控, sù 訴 ), and others still definitely implying that the charges are false (wū 誣, zèn 譖, chǎn 諂 ).

              4. The words differ as to whether the charge is brought against a person who must be present (zé 責 ), against a person who may or may not be present (zuì 罪, sù 訴, kòng 控, wū 誣 ), or against a person who is definitely absent (zèn 譖 ).

              5. The words differ as to whether the person making the accusation normally has higher status than the accused (zhé 謫, zuì 罪 ), or whether 厎 he words are indifferent to the status of the accused versus the accuser.

              GOVERNMENT AND LAW 36. 訴訟。

              訴，將自己所受的不平之事告訴司法部門，最早出現於漢代。

              訟，對仲裁人告訴并爭辯彼此的是非曲直。

              告，主動告訴他人的犯罪言行，春秋戰國時已見。

              發，將他人隱蔽的犯罪言行告訴有關部門。

              • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 21.31

              • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 208

                I303. Ex Serv., ad ill. I Aen.: Talibus incusat, qui tamen amplius quam noster.

                ]

                303. Inter Incusare et accusare. Incusamus potiores, accusamus pares. Item incusamus verbo, accusamus crimine et facto.

              • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

                ACCUSE

                arguere is the general word for any imputation of guilt, supposed or actual, in courts of justice or not.

                incusare and culpare refer to a criminal complaint made outside a court of justice.

                criminari is to accuse someone of crimes in a calumnius hostile spirit.

                insimulare is to accuse someone slanderously without just cause.

                deferre is to bring someone to court for something.

                accusare is to impeach someone for a crime in a criminal court.

                LW

                indico, indicare, indicavi, indicatus V 1 1 [XXXAX]

                point out, show, indicate, expose, betray, reveal; inform against, accuse;

                accerso, accersere, accersivi, accersitus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

                send for, summon; indict/accuse; fetch, import; invite; invoke; bring on oneself

                arguo, arguere, argui, argutus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

                prove, argue, allege; disclose; accuse, complain of, charge, blame, convict;

                alligo, alligare, alligavi, alligatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

                bind/fetter (to); bandage; hinder, impede, detain; accuse; implicate/involve in;

                adligo, adligare, adligavi, adligatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

                bind/fetter (to); bandage; hinder, impede, detain; accuse; implicate/involve in;

                defero, deferre, detuli, delatus V 3 2 [XXXAO]

                ||bring/lodge information (about), report; indict, accuse, denounce; defer (to);

                *

                ACCUSATION

                LW

                crimen, criminis N 3 2 N [XLXAO]

                indictment/charge/accusation; blame/reproach/slander; verdict/judgment (L+S);

                accusatio, accusationis N 3 1 F [XLXBO]

                accusation, inditement; act/occasion of accusation; rebuke, reproof;

                criminatio, criminationis N 3 1 F [XLXCO]

                accusation, complaint, charge, indictment; making of an accusation;

                delatio, delationis N 3 1 F [XLXCO]

                accusation/denunciation; laying charge; indicting; informing; offering an oath;

                reatus, reatus N 4 1 M [XLXCO]

                accusation, charge; state/condition of being accused; dress of accused (L+S);

                categoria, categoriae N 1 1 F [DLXES]

                accusation; predicament; category/class of predicables (logic);

                *

              • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 2

              • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

                ACCUSATIO, ACCUSATOR

              • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p.

              • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 10

              • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.318.282

                ACCUSATEUR.DENONCIATEUR.DELATEUR

              • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 45

              • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 45

              • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.179ABC

              • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 145B

              Words

              罪  zuì OC: sbuulʔ MC: dzuo̝i 24 AttributionsWD

              Zuì 罪 typically refers to a superior or king raising criminal charges against someone under his jurisdiction, but occasionally the word is used in an extended way to refer to strong criticism offered by anyone with authority. [DESCENDING], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]

                Word relations
              • Contrast: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE
              • Assoc: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE
              • Oppos: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").

                Syntactic words
              • nabactcriminal accusation
              • v[adN]N=objthe person accused
              • vt+prep+N(blame), accuse, charge with a crime
              • vt[oN]raise accusations against people
              • vtoNlevel criminal charges against, hold criminally guilty/responsible; charge with a crime, take legal action against 下吏 "turn over to the prosecutor", 定罪; threaten legal action against;
              • vtoNpassivebe accused of a crime, be charged with crimes
              訴  sù OC: sqlaaɡs MC: suo̝
              愬  sù OC: sqlaaɡs MC: suo̝ 15 AttributionsWD

              Sù 訴 refers to an informal accusation from the party that maintains it has suffered injustice. [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT]

                Word relations
              • Assoc: 告/COMPLAIN Gào 告 refers to an inferior complaining to a superior.

                Syntactic words
              • nabactcomplaint, accusation
              • vt+prep+Nraise accusations in the presence of
              • vtoNmake a complaint against someone concerning an injustice one has suffered from that person
              • vtoNobject=courtmake accusations before
              • vttoN1.+prep+N2accuse or malign (someone N1) in front of (someone else N2) 訴公於晉侯 "accuse the Duke in front of the Lord of Jìn"
              劾  hé OC: ɡɯɯɡ MC: ɦək 7 AttributionsWD

              Hé 劾 refers to formal impeachment and the starting of formal criminal proceedings against a culprit, and the accuser in this case tends to be a person of some social standing, normally of high bureaucratic status; in Han times hé 劾 refers to the passing judgment after such a formal procedure. [DESCENDING], [INTENSE], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]

                Syntactic words
              • nabactimpeachment
              • vt(oN)bring charges against a contextually determinate person
              • vt[oN]impeach; raise charges; state charges
              • vtoNimpeach, raise charges against, start criminal proceedings against, impeach
              • vtoNpassivebe impeached; be charged
              • vtoSimpeach with...; raise charges that...
              坐  zuò MC: dzwaH OC: sɡoolsCH 7 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNmiddle voicebe held responsible for the crime of (a person); be held guilty (of a crime)
              • vtoNpassivebe accused in court, be triedCH
              譴  qiǎn OC: khens MC: khiɛn
              遣  qiàn OC: khens MC: khiɛn 6 AttributionsWD

              Qiǎn 譴 refers to formal more or less serious accusations against officials raised by anyone, including ordinary persons. [ASCENDING], [INTENSE], [OFFICIAL]

                Word relations
              • Assoc: 告/COMPLAIN Gào 告 refers to an inferior complaining to a superior.

                Syntactic words
              • nabactofficial legal reproof
              • vt(oN)reprimand formally a contextually determinate person
              • vtoNreprimand (inferior), formally accuse of misdeeds; make accusations about (a person)
              • vtoNpassivebe accused
              譖  zèn OC: skrɯms MC: ʈʂim 4 AttributionsWD

              Zèn 譖 refers generally to slanderous attacks, and sometimes - imperceptibly - the word can refer to something more like slanderous accusations. But the distinctions always seems to remain unclear. See SLANDER. [FALSE], [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT]

                Syntactic words
              • vtoNaccuse falsely behind someone's back
              責  zé OC: skreeɡ MC: ʈʂɣɛk 3 AttributionsWD

              The most current general word for accusing someone of something with either good or evil intent is zé 責. [GENERAL], [NEUTRAL]

                Syntactic words
              • vtoNhold responsible; take to task; take (someone) to task
              • vtt(oN.)+V[0]accuse the contextually determinate N of V-ing
              • vtt(oN1.)+N2omaccuse a contextually determinate person N1 of (a transgression N2)
              望  wàng OC: maŋs MC: mi̯ɐŋ
              望  (wáng) OC: maŋ MC: mi̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vt[oN]make accusations 責望
              • vtoNblame, accuse, bring public charges against
              發  fā OC: pod MC: pi̯ɐt 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNdisclose (incriminating) facts
              誣  wū OC: ma MC: mi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

              Wū 誣 is occasionally used for making false formal accusations against some person, and the word may even refer to false self-incrimination. [FALSE], [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT]

                Syntactic words
              • vtoNraise false accusations against someone which could lead to legal action
              請罪  qǐng zuì OC: tsheŋʔ sbuulʔ MC: tshiɛŋ dzuo̝i 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPt+prep+Naccuse; demand explanation for misdeeds
              控  kòng OC: khooŋs MC: khuŋ 1 AttributionWD

              Kòng 控 occasionally refers to a formal complaint directed against the authorities. [ASCENDING], [OFFICIAL]

                Word relations
              • Assoc: 告/COMPLAIN Gào 告 refers to an inferior complaining to a superior.

                Syntactic words
              • vt[oN]make accusations against others
              • vtoNraise a legal accusation and complaints against (typically a higher authority)
              • vtoNpassivehave legal accusations raised against one
              誅  zhū OC: to MC: ʈi̯o 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNpassivebe accused, be inculpated; be incriminated
              告愬  gào sù OC: kuuɡs sqlaaɡs MC: kɑu suo̝ 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPtoNaccuse and seek redress from
              告訴  gào sù OC: kuuɡs sqlaaɡs MC: kɑu suo̝ 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPt[oN]make accusations 告訴不絕 "keep making accusations" (Hanshu)
              • VPtoNobject=courtlaunch an accusation at N
              • VPttoN1.+prep+N2accuse N1 before N2
              控告  kòng gào OC: khooŋs kuuɡs MC: khuŋ kɑu 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPtoNaccuse
              有辭  yǒu cí OC: ɢʷɯʔ zɯ MC: ɦɨu zɨ 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • VP[adN]N=humthe accused (non-referential)
              適  zhé MC: -- OC: --CH 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtt(oN1.) N2read zhé: accuse the contextually determinate N of N2CH
              申訴  shēn sù MC: syin suH OC: lʰin sqlaaɡsDS 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPt prep Nraise an accusation to NDS
              告  gào OC: kuuɡs MC: kɑu 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNlodge a formal complaint against> accuse
              彈  tán OC: daan MC: dɑn 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNaccuse (Hanshu) 據法彈咸等 "raise accusations against Chén Xián and the others"
              詞  cí OC: sɢlɯ MC: zɨ 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • naccusation; legal deposition against someone
              備責  bèi zé OC: brɯɡs skreeɡ MC: bi ʈʂɣɛk 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPtoNaccuse of crimes; declare criminally responsible
              罪死  zuì sǐ OC: sbuulʔ pliʔ MC: dzuo̝i si 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPt(oN)accuse the contextually determinate N of a capital crime
              訴告  sù gào OC: sqlaaɡs kuuɡs MC: suo̝ kɑu 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPiactmake accusations, protest
              • VPtoNobject=courtmake accusations, protest to
              訴罪  sù zuì OC: sqlaaɡs sbuulʔ MC: suo̝ dzuo̝i 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPiactmake accusations
              譴告  qiǎn gào OC: khens kuuɡs MC: khiɛn kɑu 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPtoNpassivebe accused
              辭  cí OC: zɯ MC: zɨ 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • nabtextHan law: written accusation

              Existing SW for

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