Taxonomy of meanings for 恭:　　

  • 恭 gōng (OC: koŋ MC: kioŋ) 九容切 平 廣韻：【恭敬也説文本作𢙄肅也又姓晉太子申生號恭君其後氏焉出國語九容切陸以恭蜙縱等入冬韻非也十 】
    • RESPECT
      • nabacthumble respectfulness, humility, humble politeness; polite correctness in behaviour
      • vadNrespectful
      • vadVrespectfully
      • vt[oN]show one's humble respect to others as required by etiquette; be respectful and polite to others
      • vipsychfeel deferential politeness
      • vtoNcausativeensure that (someone) is polite and respectful, ensure that (someone) shows humble politeness
      • vtoNreflexiveensure one's own polite deference
      • vtoNshow obedient respect for
    • (modern)SHIT
      • =拱GREET
        • SURNAMES

          Additional information about 恭

          說文解字:

            Criteria
          • RESPECT

            1. The current general word for typically public respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").

            2. Gōng 恭 (ant. jù 倨 "behave in an informal impolite way") refers specifically to private proper polite and respectful attitudes shown to a deserving person.

            3. Zūn 尊 (ant. bǐ 鄙 "consider as not worthy of any veneration or respect") refers to psychological public or private respect for someone in a very exalted social, cultural, religious and/or political position, and the degree of public respect is much greater that that in jìng 敬 and reaches into the past to ancestors.

            4. Chóng 崇 and zōng 宗 refers to distant and typically religious veneration of a spirit or person very highly regarded. SHI 靡神不宗 "there are no spirits which we have not honoured"

            5. Lǐ 禮 (ant. màn 慢 "treat without proper ritual respect") refers to a proper show of public demonstrative respect for someone on the part of a host or a superior.

            6. Wèi 畏 (ant. xiá 狎 "treat without the proper respect due to someone in high position, treat with improper familiarity") refers to awe-struck respect for a person in authority.

            7. Lóng 隆 typically refers to due diligent respect for abstract values.

            8. Qīn 欽 is an archaic courtly word referring to formal conformity with the rules of polite respect for superiors on public occasions.

            9. Zhī 知 focusses on proper appreciation of a person, accompanied by recognition of that person's worth.

          • ARROGANT

            [ABSOLUTE/GRADED]

            [BEHAVIOUR/DISPOSITION]

            [HABITUAL/OCCASIONAL]

            [IMPERSONAL/PERSONAL]

            1. The most current general word for arrogance of attitude and in behaviour is probably jiāo 驕 (ant.* bēi 卑 "humble in attitude") which refers to an overbearing exaggerated self-confidence and does not essentially involve a negative attitude towards others.

            [DISPOSITION], [GENERAL], [IMPERSONAL]

            2. Ào 傲 (ant. qiān 謙 "unassuming") is primarily an arrogant attitude towards others and a failure to recognise the dignity of others in action. (NB: Only in post-Buddhist times does the word come to designate justified pride.)

            [DISPOSITION], [GRADED], [IMPERSONAL]

            3. Jù 倨 (ant. gōng 恭 "show proper politeness") is primarily an informal physical pose and then by extension nonchalance and a failure to show proper respect for others.

            [BEHAVIOUR], [HABITUAL], [HIGH-DEGREE], [IMPERSONAL]

            4. Màn 慢 (ant. jìng 敬 "show proper respect") refers to arrogance in action as a failure to show proper diligence in polite behaviour towards someone.

            [BEHAVIOUR], [HABITUAL!], [PERSONAL]

            5. Jiàn 僭 may perhaps be construed as arrogance as a result of a failure to recognise boundaries and limits to what is permissible for one, and where another person's responsibilities begin. But the word is marginal in the group. See ARROGATE.

            [BEHAVIOUR], [OCCASIONAL], [PERSONAL]

            Word relations
          • Contrast: (RESPECT)信/FAITHFUL The current general word for trustiness or good faith is xìn 信.
          • Assoc: (RESPECT)下/RESPECT
          • Assoc: (RESPECT)儉/DECENT Jiǎn 儉 (ant. chǐ 侈 "excessiveness") is the important virtue of decent restraint in Confucian moral spirituality and it is something cultivated by a moral effort.
          • Assoc: (RESPECT)敬/RESPECT The current general word for respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").
          • Assoc: (RESPECT)謹/DILIGENT The current word for (typically respectful) meticulous and almost fastidious diligence is jǐn 謹 (ant. màn 慢 "be neglectful").
          • Oppos: (RESPECT)安/COMFORTABLE The standard word for material and psychological comfort is ān 安.