HORSE    馬馬

COMMON BIG DOMESTIC ANIMAL WHICH HAS HOOFS AND a MANE, AND is ABLE TO PULL VEHICLES OR PLOUGHS.
EQUINEMOUNTCHARGERCOBNAGPONYFOALYEARLINGCOLTSTALLIONGELDINGMAREFILLYBRONCODATED STEPPERARCHAIC STEED
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬. 2. Jì 驥 refers to a fast steed. 3. Jùn 駿 refers to a stallion of outstanding talents. 4. Qí 騏 refers to a fine horse of any kind. 5. Nú 駑 is the standard word for an inferior horse, a stag. 6. Tái 駘 is a rarer word for an inferior kind of horse which it is dangerous to use. NB: There is a rich variety of terms for all manner of horses in Ěryǎ 爾雅, but this terminology is not widely employed in the literature.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ANIMALS 7. 駿，良馬總稱。 騏，身有青黑色花紋的良馬。 驥，千里馬通稱。 驁，一種千里馬。偶爾用來指代千里馬。 騮，棗紅色黑鬃毛的良馬。又名紫騮、驊騮，常用於詩歌中。 驍，武猛的良馬，多作形容詞。
Modern Chinese Criteria
馬 馬匹 公馬 兒馬 牡馬 母馬 騍馬 牝馬 草馬 駙 幫套 騑 驂 駿馬 好馬 良馬 駿足 高足 驁 駿 驥 駔 騏驥 驊騮 千里馬 千里駒 高頭大馬 駑馬 劣馬 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • CARRIAGE HORSE　A HORSE USED to PULL a CARRIAGE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • COLT　YOUNG HORSE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • MARE　FEMALE HORSE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • STALLION　MALE HORSE REARED FOR CAUSING OTHER HORSES TO BECOME PREGNANT. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
See also
  • BRIDLETOOL PRODUCED USING ROPES, USED to DRIVE:steer HORSES.
  • REINSROPES USED TO STEER HORSES.
  • WHIPSTICK which has ROPES OR LEATHER RIBBONS ON THE TOP, USED FOR STRIKING HUMANS OR ANIMALS.
  • HORSE BELTBELT USED on HORSES.
Hypernym
  • DOMESTIC ANIMAL　ANIMAL REARED IN OR NEAR HOMES. (anc: 6/0, child: 7)
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • CREATURE　LIVING THING. (anc: 4/0, child: 3)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 3.41

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    HORSE

    equus is the general term for a horse.

    caballus refers to any horse used for ordinary work.

    mannus refers to a pony or small horse kept for entertainment.

    canterius refers to a gelding.

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 230ff

    Pferd:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 786ff

    Pferd:

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1483

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.608

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    PFERD

  • Democritus Ridens ( WEBER 1857) p. 6.334

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 90B

    • Words (57 items)

    馬  mǎ OC: mraaʔ MC: mɣɛ 36 Attributions

    The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬.

      Word relations
    • Object: 放/RELEASE Fàng 放 (ant. liǎn 斂 "exert a moderating influence on") refers to a removal of constraints on animals or persons, causing these to follow their natural instincts.
    • Object: 服/TAME Fú 服 "submit" (ant. jiàng 強 "headstrong") is sometimes used referring to animals becoming or being tame.
    • Object: 牽 / 牽/PULL Qiān 牽 refers to pulling and leading something in a desired direction.
    • Epithet: 肥/FAT The current general word for sleekness or obesity is féi 肥 (ant. qū 臞 "emaciated", jí 瘠 "thin") , and it must be noted that the term has positive connotations in ancient China.
    • Epithet: 良/EXCELLENT The standard current general word for anything or anyone who naturally meets certain generally accepted high standards of excellence is liáng 良 (ant. liè 劣 "inferior").
    • Epithet: 走/QUICK
    • Epithet: 戎/WARFARE Róng 戎 refers to military service or military action.
    • Epithet: 馯/WILD
    • Contrast: 牛/BOVINE The current general word for bovines of any kind is niú 牛.
    • Contrast: 人/HUMAN The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human.
    • Assoc: 牛/BOVINE The current general word for bovines of any kind is niú 牛.
    • Assoc: 犬/DOG The current general literary word for a dog is quǎn 犬.
    • Assoc: 狗/DOG Gǒu 狗is a colloquial word for a dog (according to some early commentators a small dog, and it is plausible that the colloquial word may have referred to the small dog in particular).
    • Assoc: 子女/GIRL Zǐ nǚ 子女 refers to post-puberty girls often used as gifts or as bribes.

      Syntactic words
    • nadNhorse- 馬屎; for horses 馬食
    • nadVreference=objectlike a horse
    • nchorse (said to resemble a deer, which goes to show that the horse was more like a pony)
    • npost-Vhorse characterised by the feature VDS
    乘  shèng OC: ɢjɯŋs MC: ʑɨŋ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • DELETEclassifierteam of four (horses)
    • ncolloquialteam of four horses for a carriage 屈產之乘
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nclassifierteam (of horses for a carriage)
    驥  jì OC: krɯls MC: ki 8 Attributions

    Jì 驥 refers to a fast steed.

      Syntactic words
    • nproper name of a fine horse; fine horse
    • nadVanalogylike a fine steed
    騏驥  qí jì OC: ɡɯ krɯls MC: gɨ ki 8 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPproper nameexcellent horse
    駑  nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 2 Attributions

    Nú 駑 is the standard word for an inferior horse, a stag.

      Syntactic words
    • ninferior horse
    • nadNof inferior equine quality
    騏  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 2 Attributions

    Qí 騏 refers to a fine horse of any kind.

      Syntactic words
    • nblack-mottled grey horse
    走馬  zǒu mǎ MC: tsuwX maeX OC: tsooʔ mraaʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPgood, swift horseLZ
    駿馬  jùn mǎ MC: tswinH maeX OC: skluns mraaʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPexcellent horseCH
    驥騄  jì lù OC: krɯls b-roɡ MC: ki li̯ok 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nnnonreferentialoutstanding horse
    • NP(post-N)their mighty steedsCH
    右服  yòu fú MC: hjuwX bjuwk OC: ɢʷɯʔ bɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPleading horse on the right in a four-horse teamCH
    駓  pī OC: phrɯ MC: phi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nyellow and white horse
    駘  tái OC: lɯɯ MC: dəi 1 Attribution

    Tái 駘 is a rarer word for an inferior kind of horse which it is dangerous to use.

      Syntactic words
    • nuseless horse, hag
    駙  fù OC: bos MC: bi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nextra horse
    駱  luò OC: ɡ-raaɡ MC: lɑk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nwhite horse with black mane
    騂  xīng OC: seŋ MC: siɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nred horse
    騅  zhuī OC: kljul MC: tɕi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npiebald horse; horse of mixed grey and white colour
    騋  lái OC: rɯɯ MC: ləi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nhorse of seven chǐ stature
    騠  tí OC: ɡ-lee MC: dei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n(fine) horse
    騮  liú OC: b-ru MC: lɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nreddish brown horse with black tail
    龍  lóng OC: b-roŋ MC: li̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • ndragon-style horse (sometimes written with horse radical)
    • nadNdragon-like (horse)
    千里  qiān lǐ OC: snʰiin ɡ-rɯʔ MC: tshen lɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN1(.adN2)}nonreferentiala fine horse that can travel a thousand lǐ a day
    駑駘  nú tái OC: naa lɯɯ MC: nuo̝ dəi 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • NPbroken hag
    駟馬  sì mǎ MC: sijH maeX OC: plids mraaʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralquartet of horses pulling a carriageCH
    驂騑  cān fēi OC: tshuum pɯl MC: tshəm pɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralhorses
    驊騮  huá liú MC: hwae ljuw OC: ɢʷraal b-ru 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPproper namethe thoroughbred horse HualiuCH
    百里  bǎi lǐ OC: praaɡ ɡ-rɯʔ MC: pɣɛk lɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN1(.adN2)}excellent horse
    鞍馬  ān mǎ OC: qaan mraaʔ MC: ʔɑn mɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralhorses with their equipments
    戎馬  róng mǎ OC: njuŋ mraaʔ MC: ȵuŋ mɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralcavalry
    遽  jù OC: ɡlas MC: gi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nZUO, HF: post horse
    馵  zhù OC: tjoɡs MC: tɕi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nhorse with white left hind leg
    駃  jué OC: kʷeed MC: ket 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nhorse ??????
    駔  zǎng OC: skaaŋʔ MC: tsɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nstrong and powerful horse
    駜  bì OC: biɡ MC: bit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfat and robust horse ???
    駣  táo OC: ɡ-laaw MC: dɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfour year old horse
    駰  yīn OC: qin MC: ʔin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nhorse of mixed grey and white colour; piebald horse
    駻  hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npanicking horse
    駽  xuān OC: qhʷleen MC: hen 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ngrey horse
    駿  jùn OC: skluns MC: tsʷin 0 Attributions

    Jùn 駿 refers to a stallion of outstanding talents.

      Syntactic words
    • nfine horse
    騔  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfast horse
    騝  jiān OC: kan MC: ki̯ɐn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nhorse with yellow mane ??
    騧  guā OC: krool MC: kɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nyellow horse with black mouth
    騵  yuán OC: ŋɡon MC: ŋi̯ɐn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nblack horse with white belly (SHI)
    騽  xí OC: sɢlɯb MC: zip 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nhorse with hairy legs
    驁  ào OC: ŋoows MC: ŋɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nproper name for a fine horse; fine horse
    驄  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ndappled horse
    驈  yù OC: ɢʷlid MC: jʷit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nblack horse with white rump (SHI)
    驊  huá OC: ɢʷraal MC: ɦɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nexcellent horse (ZHUANG)
    驍  xiāo OC: keew MC: keu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfine horse
    驒  tuó OC: daal MC: dɑ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ndark and black horse with white spots (SHI)
    驔  diàn OC: ɡ-lɯɯmʔ MC: dem 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nhorse with hairy legs
    驕  jiāo OC: krew MC: kiɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • na high horse (6 feet tall)
    驛  yì OC: laɡ MC: jiɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nHANSHU: post horse
    驪  lí OC: b-rel MC: liɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nblack horse
    驫  biāo OC: pew MC: piɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npluralflock of horses
    啓  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nhorse with white forefoot
    服  fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • none of the inner horses in a "quadrige" of four horses pulling
    戰馬  zhàn mǎ OC: tjans mraaʔ MC: tɕiɛn mɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPhorse used in warfare