BENEVOLENCE    仁慈仁

VIRTUE in the form of an ENDURING LOVE for OTHERS AND a DESIRE to HELP OTHERS.
CHARITYKINDNESSKINDHEARTEDNESSBIGHEARTEDNESSGOODNESSGOODWILLCHARITYALTRUISMHUMANITARIANISMCOMPASSIONPHILANTHROPYGENEROSITYMAGNANIMITYMUNIFICENCEUNSELFISHNESSOPENHANDEDNESSBENEFICENCE
Old Chinese Criteria
[ABSOLUTE/GRADED] [[CURRENT/RARE]] [ELEVATED/FAMILIAR] [ETHICAL/FACTUAL] [EMOTIONAL/UNEMOTIONAL] [HIGH-DEGREE/LOW-DEGREE] [PRACTICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL] 1. Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE] 2. Cí 慈 (ant. rěn 忍 "callous, unfeeling") is primarily the intimate emotional concern of mothers/parents for their children, and by extension such concern of a fatherly ruler for his people. (See LOVE) [EMOTIONAL], [PRACTICAL] 3. Xiào 孝 refers to caring love for one's parents and one's ancestors. SEE LOVE. 4. Huì 惠 "kind generosity" (ant. sè 嗇 "stinginess") is kind-heartedness in generous action of various kinds and displayed towards inferiors. See GENEROUS [PRACTICAL] 5. Shàn 善 "goodness in action" (ant. è 惡 "wicked") belongs more properly into the group GOOD, but the word does come to refer to altruistic moral concern for others and thus relates to the present group. [ETHICAL], [GRADED], [MARGINAL]; [[RARE]] 6. Mín 旻 refers in a ritual elevated manner to the beneficence and compassion of Heaven and of the sky (in CC). [ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [HIGH-DEGREE]; [[RARE]]
Modern Chinese Criteria
仁慈 仁愛 慈善 慈祥 慈悲 慈 仁 臉軟 手軟 心慈面軟 慈眉善目 大發慈悲 大慈大悲 菩薩心腸 菩薩低眉 佛口佛心 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • GENTLE　BENEVOLENT AND INTENSELY NOT VIOLENT. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • CRUELVIOLENT AND WICKED so as to DELIGHT in INJURING OR DAMAGING OTHERS.
See also
  • GENEROUSHABITUALLY GIVE of one's WEALTH to THOSE WHO NEED it.
  • TENDERINTIMATE so as to SHOW LOVE USING MUTUAL TOUCHING.
Hypernym
  • VIRTUE　EXCELLENCE of CHARACTER IN a PERSON. (anc: 5/0, child: 8)
  • EXCELLENT　FEATURE BECAUSE of which SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS OR SHOULD BE PREFERRED to OTHERS (anc: 4/0, child: 11)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 30

    BENIGNITAS, BONITAS

    71. Inter Benignitatem et bonitatem. Stoici ita definiunt [ Al., distinguunt]: quod benignitas sit virtus ad benefaciendum exposita, lenis, blanda, dulcis alloquio, ad omnium bonorum familiaritatem invitans, bonitas autem bene quidem facere et praestare quod poscitur parata est; non tamen novit suavis esse consortio, et sua cunctos invitare dulcedine

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    BENEVOLENCE

    studium is the attachment and feeling of dependence of the lower towards the higher.

    favor is the, typically temporary, love and favour of the higher towards the lower.

    benevolentia is, typically temorary, love and good-will towards one of equal rank.

    amor is, subjectively, love deeply rooted in the soul, bordering on passion.

    gratia is, objectively, the favour in which one person stands with another.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 63

    GUETE, FREUNDLICHKEIT;

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 100

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 3.1063-1128

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    CHARITAS

    HUMANITAS

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 3.976

  • Grundbegriffe der altchinesischen Philosophie ( UNGER 2000) p. 39

    jen

  • Keywords. A Vocabulary of Culture and Society ( WILLIAMS 1976) p.

    HUMANITY

  • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 326

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.198.78

    BENIN.DOUX.HUMAIN

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 63A

    • Words (15 items)

    仁  rén OC: njin MC: ȵin 188 Attributions

    Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE]

      Word relations
    • Ant: 吝/STINGY The negative quality of stinginess is lìn 吝 (ant. POST-BUDDHIST kāng kǎi 慷慨 "generous (with friends)", and in pre-Buddhist times the less exact huì 惠 "generous (to inferiors)").
    • Ant: 忍/CRUEL The current general word for psychological cruelty is rěn 忍 (ant. cí 慈 "show kind loving concern"), and the current general word for cruelty in action is cán 殘 (ant. rén 仁 "kind-heartedness").
    • Ant: 鄙/VULGAR Bǐ 鄙 (ant. chóng 崇 "elevated") refers to rusticity and lack cultural polish typical of a person from outlying regions, a country bumpkin.
    • Ant: 巧/CRAFTY Qiǎo 巧 (ant. zhuó 拙 "inept") is very common and emphasises the element of skill involved.
    • Ant: 惠/BENEVOLENCE Huì 惠 "kind generosity" (ant. sè 嗇 "stinginess") is kind-heartedness in generous action of various kinds and displayed towards inferiors. See GENEROUS. [PRACTICAL]
    • Ant: 眾/PEOPLE Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.
    • Ant: 猛/VIOLENT The current general word for violence in action and in disposition is měng 猛 (ant. nuò 懦 "weakish, pusillanimous") which refers quite generally to a disposition for incisive action and violent reaction without strong positive or negative overtones.
    • Object: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
    • Epithet: 人/HUMAN The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human.
    • Contrast: 聖/WISE Shèng 聖 (ant. yōng 庸 "mediocre") refers to supreme sagehood and perfection of character.
    • Contrast: 藝/ARTS The most general word for the polite arts in ancient China is yì 藝. [GENERAL]
    • Contrast: 義/JUSTICE
    • Assoc: 智 / 知/WISE The current general word for wisdom is zhì 智 (ant. yú 愚 "devoid of wisdom") and this may refer to any superior intellectual ability beyond the realm of memorisation or mundane knowledge, the quality which enables one to móu 謀 give good advice..
    • Assoc: 義/JUSTICE
    • Assoc: 賢/EXCELLENT
    • Assoc: 聖/WISE Shèng 聖 (ant. yōng 庸 "mediocre") refers to supreme sagehood and perfection of character.
    • Assoc: 慈/LOVE Cí 慈 (ant. rěn 忍 "callous, unfeeling") is primarily the intimate emotional concern of mothers/parents for their children, and by extension such concern of a fatherly ruler for his people. [EMOTIONAL], [PRACTICAL]
    • Synon: 不忍/SYMPATHY

      Syntactic words
    • nab.adVwith respect to perfect benevolence/kind-heartedness, in the domain of kind-heartednessLZ
    • nabactmoral perfection, perfect kindliness; perfect benevolence
    • nabconceptmoral perfection; perfect kind-heartedness (as an abstract ethical value)
    • nabgradedpsychological: degree of benevolence/kind-heartednessCH
    • nabmetaphysicalperfect benevolence/kind-heartedness (as an agent)
    • nabmethodperfect benevolence; perfect kind-heartedness (as a method)
    • nabmoralthe psychological attitude of benevolence/kindliness, the psychological principle of kind-heartedness
    • nab{PRED}is a case of perfect benevolence; is perfect kind-heartednessCH
    • v[adN]N=nonhuwhat is benevolent, what relates to kind-heartedness, good thingsLZ
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthe (perfectly) kind-hearted
    • v[adN]pluralkind-hearted/magnanimous persons
    • v[adN]subjecta perfectly kind-hearted person; those who are show kind empathy;  a magnanimous person
    • vadNN=humanhumane, kind; magnanimous; benevolent (person)
    • vadNN=nonhureferring to perfectly humane behaviour, characterised by humane behaviour
    • vadVout of the perfect goodness of one's heart
    • vibe perfectly kind-hearted in disposition, be perfeclty humane in disposition
    • vimake a show of Goodness/benevolenceCH
    • vi0there is perfect benevolence/goodness; perfect human-heartedness prevails
    • viactshow perfect benevolence in action; to act with accordance to kind-heartedness; show perfectly kind-hearted behaviour
    • vigradedbe more kind-hearted; be comparatively kind-hearted
    • viinchoativebecome kind-hearted; become magnanimous
    • visubject=action(of behaviour or actions) be perfectly kind-hearted; be perfeclty benevolent/magnanimous
    • visubject=ladybe human-hearted
    • vt+prep+Nbe kind to
    • vtoNshow perfect kind-heartedness towards, treat with perfect kindness, be kind to
    仁者  rén zhě OC: njin kljaʔ MC: ȵin tɕɣɛ 74 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactthe enacting of benevolence/human-heartedness
    • NPabconceptthe concept of human-heartedness
    • NPdefinitethose who are human-hearted
    • NPnonreferentialabstractly: "the benevolent person; the human-hearted person" at any time and in any place
    • NPpost-Ndefinitebe the most human-hearted
    • NP{PRED}be a human-hearted person
    仁人  rén rén OC: njin njin MC: ȵin ȵin 74 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefinitethe kind-hearted men; my kind-hearted men; our kind-hearted men
    • NPindefinitea human-hearted person; any kind-hearted person
    • NPnonreferentiala man of human-heartedness
    • NPpost-Nsuperlativethe most benevolent person in N
    • NP{PRED}be a case of human-heartedness
    不忍人  bù rěn rén OC: pɯʔ njinʔ njin MC: pi̯ut ȵin ȵin 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNabcharacterised by compassion and empathyCH
    • VPigradedbe so benevolent as not to be able to suffer cruelty to others
    旻  mín OC: mrɯn MC: min 6 Attributions

    Mín 旻refers in a ritual elevated manner to the beneficence and compassion of Heaven and of the sky (in CC). [ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [HIGH-DEGREE]; [[RARE]]

      Syntactic words
    • vadNkindly 旻天 "compassionate Heaven"
    慈仁  cí rén OC: dzɯ njin MC: dzɨ ȵin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{N1&N2}psychwarm-hearted kind-heartedness
    • VPiactbe caring and kind-hearted
    仁厚  rén hòu OC: njin ɡooʔ MC: ȵin ɦu 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactgenerous benevolence
    • NPabsubject=ladybenevolence
    厚  hòu MC: huwX OC: ɡooʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturegenerous benevolenceLZ
    善  shàn OC: ɡjenʔ MC: dʑiɛn 2 Attributions

    Shàn 善 "goodness as a disposition or in action" (ant. è 惡 "wicked") belongs more properly into the group GOOD, but the word does come to refer to altruistic moral concern for others and thus relates to the present group. [ETHICAL], [GRADED], [MARGINAL]; [[RARE]]

      Syntactic words
    • nabdispositiondisposition to be good in relation to others
    惠  huì OC: ɢʷiids MC: ɦei 2 Attributions

    Huì 惠 "kind generosity" (ant. sè 嗇 "stinginess") is kind-heartedness in generous action of various kinds and displayed towards inferiors. See GENEROUS. [PRACTICAL]

      Word relations
    • Ant: 仁/BENEVOLENCE Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE]
    • Assoc: 義/JUSTICE
    • Assoc: 賢/EXCELLENT

      Syntactic words
    • nabactbenevolent generosity
    • vibe kind
    • vtoNshow generous benevolence towards
    人情  rén qíng OC: njin dzeŋ MC: ȵin dziɛŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}humaneness
    仁  rén MC: nyin OC: njin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nm.abbenevolence construed as a mass of stuff that can be used upCH
    愛人  ài rén MC: 'ojH nyin OC: qɯɯds njin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactbenevolenceCH
    • VPiactshow benevolence, show kind-hearted concern for others (of lower rank than oneself)CH
    敦仁  dūn rén OC: tuun njin MC: tuo̝n ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPisubject=ladyhuman-hearted (of lady)
    寬仁  kuān rén OC: khoon njin MC: khʷɑn ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPisubject=ladygenerous human-heartedness