SYMPATHY    同情

SOCIAL-EMOTION IN THE FORM OF DESIRE to HELP someone who is SUFFERING what is not JUST, OR who is IN DISTRESS.
COMPASSIONCARINGCONCERNSOLICITUDEEMPATHYCOMMISERATIONPITYCONDOLENCECOMFORTSOLACESUPPORTENCOURAGEMENTCONSIDERATIONKINDNESS
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard word for sympathy and commiseration in psychological attitude as well as in action is xù 恤 / 卹 (ant. rěn 忍 "heartless"). 2. Mǐn 閔／憫 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel and heartless") is a purely psychological word referring to feelings of deep concern and sympathy, often coupled with sadness and a desire to act to improve things. See also SADNESS 3. Jīn 矜 expresses, apparently, a somewhat higher intensity in the purely psychological feelings of sympathy. 4. Āi 哀 refers to passive concern for what one unfortunately can do little about. 5. Lián 憐 refers to sympathy as loving warm concern and a wish to show this loving concern in action.
Modern Chinese Criteria
關心 關懷 同情 憐憫 可憐 憫 憐 惜 哀憐 愛憐 憐恤 矜恤 體恤 矜憫 哀矜 憐惜 惜老憐貧 憐貧惜老 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • LENIENT　SYMPATHETIC so as NOT TO BE SEVERE. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • SOLIDARITY　GENERAL SYMPATHY, SHOWING ITSELF IN ACTION AND FEELINGS, FOR A WHOLE GROUP OF HUMANS OR A PEOPLE. (anc: 14/0, child: 1)
Antonym
  • CRUELVIOLENT AND WICKED so as to DELIGHT in INJURING OR DAMAGING OTHERS.
  • SCHADENFREUDEDELIGHT in the DISASTERS of OTHERS.
  • SEVERESERIOUS AND NOT TENDING to PARDON.
See also
  • SADDISTRESS ARISING from BAD THOUGHTS NOW IN ONE'S MIND which CAUSE one to LACK DELIGHT:joy.NB: The words I have chosen to include in this group pose special problems of contrastive analysis. There is something irretrievably diffuse about their usage, in many cases, and in many others the number of relevant examples in the early literature is so small that it is impossible to get anything like a firm grip on their precise semantics. Under these circumstances I have tried to compensate for lack of neat analysis with more quotation, especially from Chǔcí. Throughout this section I quote my teacher David Hawkes' translations, mindful of the fact that many of these were written in the third year of his study of Chinese...
  • EMPATHYABILITY to IMAGINE INTENSELY BEING a DIFFERENT PERSON one INTERACTS with.
  • LOVEINTENSE AND OFTEN PARTIAL DESIRE to be INTIMATE with a PERSON OR to POSSESS a THING.
Hypernym
  • DESIRE　GOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO ONESELF concerning the FUTURE HAVING, CONTROLLING, or ACTING:doing SOMETHING DEFINED. (anc: 12/0, child: 11)
  • FEELING　NATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND. (anc: 11/0, child: 17)
  • REACT　CHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something. (anc: 10/0, child: 5)
Other Hypernyms
  • SOCIAL EMOTION　FEELING ENACTED IN RELATION TO OTHER HUMANS. (anc: 12/0, child: 6)
  • FEELING　NATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND. (anc: 11/0, child: 17)
  • REACT　CHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something. (anc: 10/0, child: 5)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 317; 327

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.35

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 488©

    COMPASSIO est duorum similium similis passio, excitata alterius in malum prolapsu.

    Reqv. 1. Duo qvaedam Subjecta. 2. Similitudo inter eos naturae aut affectus. 3. Infortunium alteri obveniens, altero conscio.

    Ax. 1. Inter dissimiles compassio aegre producitur.

    2. Inter contraria impossibile est: gaudet potius natura Contrarij sui interitu dolet prosperitatem omne Ens.

    Modus in bonis: Congaudium Gratulatio

    Modus in malis: Tristitia, Sympathia, Misericordia.

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 25

    MISERICORDIA, MISERATIO

    350. Inter Misericordiam et miserationem. Bene velle misericordiae est; bene facere, miserationis. Dicitur enim miseratio, quasi misericordiae actio. Nam misericordia affectus tantum cordis est quo compellimur ut miseris subveniamus. Quapropter misericordia condolere misero novit, etsi non sit unde tribuatur; miseratio autem ex opere comprobatur.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    COMPASSION

    misereri refers to feelings of pity in the heart.

    miserari refers to the expression of feelings of compassion or pity in words.

    miseret me tui refers to a passive feeling of sympathy "I can't help feeling sorry for you".

    misereor tui refers to an active feeling, an emotional act of commiseration or compassion.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 140

  • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 42n170

    Mitleid bei Auschylos und Sophokles

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    COMMISERATIO

    ELEEMOSYNA

    MISERICORDIA

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1429

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.752

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 148

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

  • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 2.121

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.206

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.392

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 48A

    WOHLWOLLEN

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 50A

    • Words (34 items)

    恤  xù OC: sqʷiɡ MC: sʷit
    卹  xù OC: sqʷiɡ MC: sʷit 23 Attributions

    The standard word for sympathy and commiseration in psychological attitude as well as in action is xù 恤/卹 (ant. rěn 忍"heartless").

      Syntactic words
    • nab.tsympathy with; care for; engagement for
    • vtoNactshow caring sympathy for N in action
    • vtoNpsychpity (oneself)
    • vtoNstativefeel and show proper concern for; feel pity for and show compassion through action
    不忍  bù rěn OC: pɯʔ njinʔ MC: pi̯ut ȵin 18 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Synon: 仁/BENEVOLENCE Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE]

      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychsympathy; warm feelings for others; inability to bear other's misfortune
    • VPibe softhearted
    • VPt(oN)feel and show compassion towards; be soft-hearted towards the contextually determinate N
    • VPt+prep+Nbe sympathetic towards; feel sympathy with the sufferings of
    • VPt+V[0]be unable to bear
    • VPt[+V[0]]be unable to bear [committing cruel acts]> be soft-hearted
    • VPtoNto be empathetic (towards somebody suffering); to have compassion (for somebody suffering)
    哀  āi OC: qɯɯl MC: ʔəi 16 Attributions

    Āi 哀 refers to passive concern for what one unfortunately can do little about.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 憐/SYMPATHY Lián 憐 refers to sympathy as loving warm concern and a wish to show this loving concern in action.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychsympathy
    • vt(oN)show compassion for the contextually determinate N
    • vtoNPab{S}have sympathy in connection with the fact that S
    • vtoNstativefeel sympathy and compassion for; feel deep concern for
    慈悲  cí bēi OC: dzɯ prɯl MC: dzɨ pi 15 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychBUDDH: compassion, mercy
    • VPt[oN]be compassionate, be merciful towards others
    閔  mǐn OC: mrɯnʔ MC: min
    憫  mǐn OC: mrɯnʔ MC: min
    愍  mǐn OC: mrinʔ MC: min
    湣  mǐn OC: mrɯnʔ MC: min 12 Attributions

    Mǐn 閔／憫 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel and heartless") is a purely psychological word referring to feelings of deep concern and sympathy, often coupled with sadness and a desire to act to improve things. See also SADNESS

      Syntactic words
    • DELETEdeserve sympathy> be miserable, be pitiful
    • nabpsychcommiseration, feelings of sympathy for those in distress
    • v-V1.adV2pitifully
    • vadNpitiful
    • vt(oN)feel sympathy for the contextually determinate N
    • vt[oN]actfeel sympathy for others
    • vtoNbe compassionate with; feel compassion for
    • vtoNab{S}feel sympathy in the face of the situation that S
    • vtoNgradedbe sympathised with 甚可愍
    • vtoNPab{S}stativefeel pity about the fact that S
    憐  lián OC: riin MC: len 12 Attributions

    Lián 憐 refers to sympathy as loving warm concern and a wish to show this loving concern in action.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 忍/CRUEL The current general word for psychological cruelty is rěn 忍 (ant. cí 慈 "show kind loving concern"), and the current general word for cruelty in action is cán 殘 (ant. rén 仁 "kind-heartedness").
    • Assoc: 哀/SYMPATHY Āi 哀 refers to passive concern for what one unfortunately can do little about.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpity, sympathy, affection
    • vtoNpassivebe pitied
    • vtoNpsychfeel self-pity
    • vtoNstativefeel sympathy and commiserations as well as affection for; show sympathetic care for
    矜  jīn OC: klɯŋ MC: kɨŋ 10 Attributions

    Jīn 矜 expresses, apparently, a somewhat higher intensity in the purely psychological feelings of sympathy.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactcompassionate active concern
    • nabpsychsympathy, compassion
    • vt+prep+Nfeel compassionate for
    • vt[oN]feel compassion
    • vtoNpsychfeel empathy for, sympathise with; feel pity for
    • vtoNstativefeel great sympathy for
    惻隱  cè yǐn OC: skhrɯɡ qɯnʔ MC: ʈʂhɨk ʔɨn 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychsympathy for others
    • VPadNfeeling deep sympathy for
    • VPt[oN]be given to sympathising with others
    哀憐  āi lián OC: qɯɯl riin MC: ʔəi len 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNintensitivefeel intense and constant sympathy for
    • VPtoNpassivebe comiserated with, be sympathised withCH
    哀以  āi yǐ OC: qɯɯl k-lɯʔ MC: ʔəi jɨ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVfull of sympathetic grief, full of saddened sympathy [???SURELY 以 GOES WITH WHAT FOLLOWS!!!CH]
    憐愍  lián mǐn OC: riin mrinʔ MC: len min 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)feel sympathy with a contextually determinate person N
    • VPtoNshow compassion for
    • VPtoNpassivebe sympathised with
    哀矜  āi jīn OC: qɯɯl klɯŋ MC: ʔəi kɨŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)sympathise intensely with a contextually determinate object
    • VPtoNfeel intense sympathy with
    矜  jīn OC: klɯŋ MC: kɨŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsympathy extended to younger generations
    • VPtoNextend one's compassion to
    愍傷  mǐn shāng OC: mrinʔ lʰaŋ MC: min ɕi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPifeel moved to sympathy and commiseration
    慈矜  cí jīn OC: dzɯ klɯŋ MC: dzɨ kɨŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNcharacterised by deep sympathy
    • VPt[oN]show charitable concern; feel sympathy [with others]
    悲  bēi OC: prɯl MC: pi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychcompassion
    • vtoNcontemplate with sad sympathyCH
    悲愍  bēi mǐn OC: prɯl mrinʔ MC: pi min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNshow compassion for
    隱  yǐn OC: qɯnʔ MC: ʔɨn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoSfeel sympathy for the involved on the occasion of S
    慈愍  cí mǐn OC: dzɯ mrinʔ MC: dzɨ min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe compassionate
    • VPtoNshow loving compassion for
    慈憐  cí lián MC: dzi len OC: dzɯ riin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)feel love and deep sympathy for the contextually determinate NDS
    憐憫  lián mǐn OC: riin mrɯnʔ MC: len min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)feel sympathy or compassion for the contextually determinate N
    • VPtoNfeel pity for
    矜傷  jīn shāng OC: klɯŋ lʰaŋ MC: kɨŋ ɕi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPipsychfeel compassion and sadness regarding the misfortune of others> feel compassion
    可憐生  kě lián shēng OC: khlaalʔ riin sraaŋ MC: khɑ len ʂɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe pitiful
    怜  lián MC: len OC: ɡ-riiŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt NPab{S}=憐　took pity on the situation SCH
    惜  xī MC: sjek  OC: sqaɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe sympathised with, be felt sorry forCH
    勤恤  qín xù OC: ɡlɯn sqʷiɡ MC: gɨn sʷit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNtreat with compassion
    可憐  kě lián OC: khlaalʔ riin MC: khɑ len 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiworth to be pitied > be pitiful The compound word kělián appeared in certain Tang texts with the semantically very weak verbal suffixes shēng 生 or xǔ 許 attached to it: kěliánshēng 可憐生; kěliánxǔ 可憐許.
    撫恤  fǔ xù OC: mʰaʔ sqʷiɡ MC: phi̯o sʷit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfeel and care for
    藹然  ǎi rán OC: qaads njen MC: ʔɑi ȵiɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVkindly, warm-heartedly
    哀湣  āi mǐn OC: qɯɯl mrɯnʔ MC: ʔəi min 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)show compassion for the contextually determinate N
    • VPtoNshow compassion for
    懷柔  huái róu OC: ɡruul mlju MC: ɦɣɛi ȵɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNshow empathetic care for
    䘏  xù MC: swit OC: sqʷiɡ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN= 卹, care forLZ
    憂  yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfeel sorry for, feel sympathy with
    矜愍  jīn mǐn OC: klɯŋ mrinʔ MC: kɨŋ min 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNtreat with loving compassion