TLS - 漢學文典

Taxonomy of meanings for 察:　　

察 chá (OC: skhreed MC: tʂʰɯæt) 初八切入廣韻：【監察也諦也知也至也審也案説文云察覆也詧言微親詧也今通用亦姓岀何氏姓苑】
- INVESTIGATE
  - nabactinvestigation; discursive investigation, intellectual investigation
  - vt(oN)investigate the contextually determinate matter
  - vt[oN]conduct an investigation; be investigative; be searching
  - vt+prep+Ninvestigate
  - vtoNlook closely into, pay close attention to and investigate
  - vtoNpassivebe carefully investigated
  - vtoNpsychinvestigate oneself
  - vtoSinvestigate the question whether SCH
  - resultative>
    PROMOTE
  - resultative>
    UNDERSTAND
    - viactinvestigate and understand things
    - vt+prep+Nstativehave a reasoned understanding of
    - vtoNpassivebe clearly understood
    - vtoNstativehave a clear understanding of
    - vtoSunderstand that, have a clear understanding that
    - vt(oN)inchoativecome to understand N properlyCH
    - vi.redactbe investigative and, on that account, well-informedLZ
    - generalising: visually, exactly>
      SEE
      
      vtoNperfectivesee (something) precisely, distinguish subtle details (of something) by eyesight
      
      vtoSsee that S
      - specific>DISTINGUISH
    - feature>
      INTELLIGENT
      
      nabpsychastuteness, cleverness
      
      vadNastute, clever
      
      vibe astute, intellectually sharp, clever; sharp-sighted, incisive (also with nonhuman subjects)
      
      vtoNputativeregard as intelligent
      
      vpostadVastutelyLZ
    - feature of what is understood>
      CLEAR
      
      viclear, easy to knowLZ
      - causative>EXPLAIN
        
        vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to be understood properly
察 qiè (OC: shreed MC: tsʰet) 千結切入廣韻：【説文曰言微親詧也又音察】
- INVESTIGATE
  - nabactinvestigation; discursive investigation, intellectual investigation
  - vt(oN)investigate the contextually determinate matter
  - vt[oN]conduct an investigation; be investigative; be searching
  - vt+prep+Ninvestigate
  - vtoNlook closely into, pay close attention to and investigate
  - vtoNpassivebe carefully investigated
  - vtoNpsychinvestigate oneself
  - vtoSinvestigate the question whether SCH
察ｃｕｉ４《集韻》初芮切，去祭初。
- OBSERVE

chá
SURVEY
- vtoNsurvey and learn all aboutCH

Additional information about 察

說文解字: 【察】，覆也。从宀、祭。〔小徐本作「覆審也。從宀、祭聲。」〕【臣鉉等曰：祭祀必天質明明察也，故从祭。】【初八切】

Criteria

INVESTIGATE

1. The most general words for investigating something are chá 察 "sort out clearly" and shen 審 "investigate carefully".

2. Kǎo 考 and jī 稽 refer to an objective investigation into something on the basis of the best available evidence.

3. Xǐng 省 typically refers to investigation by introspection.

4. Jiū 究 and qióng 窮 emphasise the thoroughness and exhaustiveness of an investigation.

5. Xiáng 詳, xī 悉, and dì 諦 focus on the detailed nature of an investigation without insisting on its exhaustiveness.

6. Yuán 原 refers to a principled investigation into all aspects of a topic, getting to the bottom of a matter.

NB: pàn 判涄 ome to a result in an investigation � does not refer to the investigation itself but only the final act of judgment on the result; dng 定洖 etermine (the truth of a matter) is a resultative verb. Duàn 斷烒 each a conclusion on an investigation � is close to pàn 判.
SEE

1. The clearly dominant word is jiàn 見 (ant. méng 矇 "unable to see") which refers to any act of successful visual perception.

2. Míng 明 (ant. máng 盲 "unable to see at all") refers to clarity of general vision and is predominantly used in transferred senses.

3. Dǔ 睹 refers to clear perception at a given time.

4. Chá 察 refers to discriminating analytic perception.
UNDERSTAND

1. The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea").

2. Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

3. Tōng 通 (ant. hūn 昏 "be confused about") refers to comprehensive and thorough familiarity with a subject.

4. Yù 喻 / 諭 (ant. àn 闇 "be in the dark about") typically refers to clarity achieved on the basis of an effort of articulation.

5. Chá 察 and shěn 審 (ant. mí 迷 "be all lost when it comes to") refer to incisive clarity of understanding coupled with great awareness of the details of a matter.

6. Jīng 精 (mào 眊 / 耄 "be completely stupid with respect to") refers to a subtle and thorough understanding of something.

7. Shí 識 refers to familiarity with something concrete, but the word also refers to simple awareness, especially when negated.

8. Biàn 辨 / 辯 (ant. huò 惑 "be al confused about") refers to discriminating and highly articulate specialised, often professional knowledge about something.

9. Jué 覺 and the rarer wù 悟 are inchoative and refer to the coming to understand something.

10. Wēn 溫 refers to the resulting close familiarity after long acquaintance with a subject.

11. Wén 聞 (ant. wèi zhī wén 未之聞 "have never heard/learnt about any such thing") is sometimes used as a resultative verb meaning "come to understand something because one has been informed of it". But this usage is limited to the idiom wén dào 聞道 "hear about the Way".

12. Xī 悉 and jìn 盡 refer to presumed completeness in knowledge.
BEAUTIFUL

[ABSOLUTE/GRADED]

[ACOUSTIC/VISUAL]

[ARTIFICIAL/NATURAL]

[[COMMON/RARE]]

[ELEVATED/VULGAR]

[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

[HUMAN/NON-HUMAN]

[POETIC/PROSAIC]

1. The general word is měi 美 "handsome and admirable" (ant. è 惡 "ugly") which refers to anything concrete or abstract which is attractive or handsome in a dignified way, and the word often retains its primary culinary sense of "tasty".

[GENERAL], [GRADED]; [[COMMON]]

2. Lì 麗 (ant. sù 素 "unaodorned") is often restricted to physical objects, prototypically to clothes, and emphasises their balanced symmetric beauty, occasionally also - by analogy - the well-aligned symmetric beauty of mountains.

[ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]

3. Wén 文 (ant. zhì 質 "merely material") emphasises cultivated external as well as internal elegance as well as traditionalism.

[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]

4. Yǎ 雅 (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") emphasises primarily external elevated elegance.

[ACOUSTIC!], [ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED+], [NON-HUMAN]

5. Hǎo 好 "comely, handsome" (ant. chǒu 醜 "ugly") refers indiscriminately to men and women, but the word is sometimes more general and even abstract in application and refers to attractive words or attractive moral qualities.

[HUMAN!], [NATURAL], [VISUAL]

6. Xiù 秀 "of vigorous and imposing beauty" focusses on flourishing and flamboyant beauty in analogy with that of flowers.

[ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [NON-HUMAN], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]

7. Huá 華 "of striking and colourful beauty" (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") focusses on flourishing and flamboyant superficial or only apparent beauty, on the analogy analogy with that of flowers.

[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], NON-HUMAN], [SUPERFICIAL], [VISUAL]

8. Zhuàng 壯 "stately" (ant. ruò 弱 "weak and unsightly") is virile beauty associated with strength and vigour. See STRONG

[NATURAL], [MARGINAL], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]

9. Jiā 佳 "of outstanding beauty" (NB: liè 劣 "unremarkable" is the ant. of jiā 佳 "outstanding", and not in the meaning of "outstandingly beautiful") emphasises comparative beauty compared to others in the same group.

[GRADED], [ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [POETIC]

10. Dū 都 "urbane and exquisitely beautiful" (ant. bì 鄙 "rustic and inelegant") is a highly poetic word that can only be used in elevated prose.

[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]

11. Yán 妍 "attractive and exquisite (of humans as well as human products)" (ant. chì 蚩 "unattractive") refers to elaborate beauty. See SEXY.

[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [HUMAN], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]

12. Xiū 脩 / 修 "refined moral beauty" refers to moral as well as physical beauty, thus coming close the Greek kalokagathia, but never approaching the latter in importance as a cultural keyword.

<div>[ELEVATED], [ARTIFICIAL]; [[RARE]]</div><div> </div><div>吳蓬，東方審美詞彙集萃，上海文藝出版社，2002 lists the following rough definitions of a variety of terms of aesthetic appreciation by the artist and scholar Wu Peng. Many of these terms express conventional appreciative flattery only. This list does provide one not particularly well-known artist's subjective readings of some basic terms of traditional Chinese aesthetic approbation.</div><div>勃：富有生机之突起。 苍：浓的，毛的，老练的。 沉：沉着不浮，有重量感。 冲：调成和淡之意向。 饬：整顿。 粗：大而不笨者。 淳：清，往往易薄，然而淳是清中滋润之厚。 醇：与淳略同，这醇是提炼后的滋润之厚。 绰：与"约"字合用，即舒而不纵之意。 澹：平静而有幽淡之趣。 淡：与浓艳相对。 宕：放荡不拘。 跌：往往与"宕"字合用，即是起伏明显之状。 端：方正而不出偏，有稳实感。 敦：很实在的，结实的厚。 繁：众而密，有生气。 方：与平正同义。 丰：饱满而充足。 风：审美中之"风"指的是一种气韵格调。 飞：大幅度的流动。 刚：属于阳性的，有正力的，与柔软相对。</div><div>高：俯视一切的、超然得不一般。 工：规矩，不潦草。 孤：自我独立。 古：旧气，更有历史的抗怀千载之迹象。 骨：内在的架子。 犷：是跟"雄悍"接近，在粗中发展开来。 瑰：不单调的美。 乖：不和顺。 憨：近于拙朴而敦实。 酣：厚润四溢。 豪：激动向上之貌，有气魄。 宏：大而有气度。 厚：有沉积的饱和。 华：明亮而艳丽。 环：长久圆融之境。 荒：与"枯简"接近，不修饰。 豁：与开朗接近，然比开朗明显。 恢：宽广有余。 浑：团然一气之象，有朦胧感。 简：经过一番整修的减少。 娇：美得可爱。 警：审美中用此警字，往往指敏锐、颖达。 </div><div>劲：能察觉的力。 精：很到位。 隽：精致而具内涵之美。 娟：秀而婉丽。 崛：高起而突出。 俊：人材杰曲之美。 峻：山高而陡。在书画中是浓而锋利之用笔。 空：有灵气之空白。 枯：干而毛，生的萎缩，然亦是力的显露。 宽：大度而畅朗。 旷：广阔而空灵。 辣：是枯毛爽直的老笔触。 朗：明亮而豁然。 琅：圆而光润。 伦：是同类之意，带有文明意念。 冷：跟"淡"与"静”接近，与浓烈相对。 炼：精到而有功力。 淋：与"漓”往往合用，是无拘束的洒落。 流：明显的动感。 迈：阔而放的超势。 莽：宽广而繁密的，朴直奔放的。 袤：与"古"字合用，即悠长久远之趣。 茂：有生气的繁密。 媚：柔美之趣。 宓：安而静。 明：清晰有亮度。 凝：浓重而不流动。 懦：毫无火气之柔软。 平：一般的，接近于稳。 朴：原始状态，形象较准。 嫖：与"姚"字合用，即动疾之状，而有气势。 奇：不一般。 气：生发的，迎面直扑而来的感觉。 清：是混的相对。其间透出一股朗气。 峭：山之直而险，在书画中是露锋的侧锋用笔，有明显露 尖状态。文章中之峭，是意气直逼。 遒：婉转有致，内力强劲。 虬：与遒类似，但动感较强，弯曲而有力度。 意：诚实谨慎。 儒：代表文人之书卷气。 洒：散落无拘束。 赡：富有与丰实。若与"疏”、"逸”组合即成"澹”或"安"之义。</div><div>骚：审美中之骚字，可引伸为风骚至风流感。 韶：美丽有光泽。 涩：在不爽快的进程中，流露出内力之美。 深：不是浮面的。 神：精与气合。高端的。 生：不成熟，但比成熟有味。 肆：任意放纵。 松：松是灵活自然，是一切技巧之本要。 瘦：与粗笨相对，在审美中的"瘦"，是指细长而精练。 疏：一种稀少秀朗之美。 肃：有立即静穆下来之势。 率：与潦草随便有别，爽快而直接。 邃：深远而悠久。 阅：通达之意。 给：与"宕"合用，是安详舒放之趣。 天:很自然，一片天箱之"天"。 恬：安静而坦然。 挺：直而有生气。 婉：柔和而曲折。 温：是一种暖调与缓和的综合。</div><div>巍：往往与"峨"合用，是高大厚实之趣。 洗：与"炼”合用，即是"精炼"之意，凡物之洁出于洗。 犀：与"利"字合用，即坚利。 熙：光明，和乐。 细：指细而不纤。 娴：文静而雅致。 闲：一种高雅的自由。 萧：疏少有致。 潇：散朗而润泽。 馨：很醇厚的香气。 篁："篁古”是悠远辽阔之意。 雄：强大，有力度，有霸气。 秀：灵巧的，有生气的，美好的显露。 虚：表象空，但并非真空。 雅：文气而不俗。 妍：鲜美而柔性。 严：认真，不马虎。 淹：一种浸沉与精深明达之境。 野：超脱、不规范。 冶：经过一番精致修饰。 逸：悠闲的起伏。</div><div>意：精神倾向。 莹：透明而幽亮。 雍：往往与“容"字合用，有和顺之貌。 幽：静而深。 腴：肥润而饱和。 郁：厚积而有生气。 纤：与"迥"字合用，即弯环回绕之趣。 遹：与"瑰"字合用，即纤迥美丽之趣。 渊：往往与"懿"合用，是深润而悠美之趣。 圆：接近于饱满润滑。 蕴：与"藉"合用，即内涵丰富。 韵：一种余味不尽之趣。 恣：放纵的，无拘束的。 滋：湿润感。 自：出于本性的流露。 质：本体的，实在的。 纵：放逸无拘之状。 拙：接近朴，形不准。 庄：端正之貌。 卓：与“荤"合用，是突出明显之状。 </div><div> </div>
LOOK UP

1. The most current general word for looking up is zhān 瞻, but this word typically connotes respect or admiration. See also ADMIRE

2. Áng 昂 (ant. fǔ 俯 "look down") refers to holding one's head high and pushing out one's chest so as to face upwards in an imposing gesture of authority.

3. Yǎng 仰 (ant. fǔ 俯 "look down") refers to throwing one's head back, but it does not specifically focus on the act of looking in that position.

4. Wàng 望 refers to looking upwards or forward into the distance.

仰視,　仰見,　仰望,　仰觀,　仰察
INTELLIGENT

1. The most general word for the native ability to understand or to do things is zhī 知 "knowing", but a problem with this word is that it ranges freely and often imperceptibly in meaning from spiritual wisdom to technical competence.

2. Míng 明 (ant. àn 闇 "obfuscated in one's mind"), taking its analogy from sharpness of vision, typically refers to clarity of insight at all levels.

3. Cōng 聰 (ant. kuì 聵 "hard of understanding"), taking its analogy from sharpness of hearing, typically refers to well-informed sharpness of judgment.

4. Shān 顫 is a very rare word referring to the acute sense of smell, and thus to narine intelligence.

5. Chá 察 refers to discriminating investigative intelligence.

6. Ruì 睿 perspicacious in reflection.

SHU, HONGFAN: 視曰明，聽曰聰，思曰睿。

Word relations

Epithet: (INVESTIGATE)熟/DILIGENT
Epithet: (INVESTIGATE)察/INTELLIGENT Chá 察 refers to discriminating investigative intelligence.
Epithet: (INVESTIGATE)明/INTELLIGENT Míng 明 (ant. àn 闇 "obfuscated in one's mind"), taking its analogy from sharpness of vision, typically refers to clarity of insight at all levels.
Contrast: (INVESTIGATE)原/INVESTIGATE Yuán 原 refers to a principled investigation into all aspects of a topic, getting to the bottom of a matter.
Contrast: (INVESTIGATE)考 / 考/INVESTIGATE Kǎo 考 and jī 稽 refer to an objective investigation into something on the basis of the best available evidence.
Contrast: (INVESTIGATE)案/INVESTIGATE
Contrast: (INVESTIGATE)視/INVESTIGATE
Contrast: (INTELLIGENT)審/INVESTIGATE The most general words for investigating something are chá 察 "sort out clearly" and shen 審 "investigate carefully".
Contrast: (INVESTIGATE)省/INVESTIGATE Xǐng 省 typically refers to investigation by introspection.
Contrast: (INVESTIGATE)觀/INVESTIGATE
Contrast: (INVESTIGATE)觀/ASSESS
Assoc: (INVESTIGATE)圖/PLAN Tú 圖 suggests that the person who plans has the formal authority to take a decision.
Assoc: (INTELLIGENT)覽/INVESTIGATE
Synon: (INVESTIGATE)存/INVESTIGATE
Synon: (SEE)見/SEE The clearly dominant word is jiàn 見 (ant. méng 矇 "unable to see") which refers to any act of successful visual perception.
Synon: (UNDERSTAND)明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.