WORLD 世界天下
PLACE UNDER the SKY.[[WELT]]
Old Chinese Criteria
2. Hǎi nèi 海內 refers to what is surrounded by the four seas, i.e. the whole of the land mass of the world.
3. Sì hǎi 四海 "the Four Seas" includes the landmass between these Four Seas. (The names of these Four Seas are not entirely clear. Perhaps the Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western Seas.)
4. Liù hé 六合 refers to everything in all dimensiones east, west, south, north, below, above.
5. Shì 世 sometimes refers to the world as it is now, the world one lives in.
6. Jiǔ zhōu 九州 refers to the nine regions of the world.
Modern Chinese Criteria
世
世上
大地
天下
天底下
下土
全世界
環球
全球
舉世
中外
瀛寰
寰宇
宇內
五洲
海內
海內外
四海之內
五湖四海
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH /
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
1.1 - Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles
(
CASSIN 2004)
p.
1390 - Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
206 - Semantica del Griego Antiguo
(
HERNANDEZ 2000)
p.
42n170 Kerschensteiner, Kosmos
- Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe
(
KOSELLECK 1972-97)
p.
7.433-510 Personification in mediaeval German in Notker von Zwiefalten, Memento mori 18.136Ia du vil ubeler mundus, wie betgriugist tu uns sus! See in particular THIEL 1956
p. 448 Augustine, Sermo 31 has the vocative personification: o munde immunde, in te habitare, et non dolere, impossibile est; in te sperare, et non timere, vanum est; in te tua amare, et non periclitari, impossibile est.
- Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
WORLD
- 論衡同義詞研究
(
LUNHENG TONGYI 2004)
p.
43 - Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
3.704 - Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
12.407 WELT
- "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China"
(
UNGER SACH)
p.
KIU-CHOU
- 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci
(
WU SANXING 2008)
p.
46FF - Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology
(
BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002)
p.
WORLD SYSTEM
- SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
1.344.307 MONDE.UNIVERS
Words
天下 tiān xià OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ MC: then ɦɣɛ 410 AttributionsWD
The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.
- Word relations
- Object: 有/GOVERN
Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler. - Object: 治/GOVERN
The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí. - Epithet: 理/PRINCIPLE
Lǐ 理 refers to inherent structuring patterns of things. - Synon: 宇內/WORLD
- Synon: 海內/WORLD
Hǎi nèi 海內 refers to what is surrounded by the four seas, i.e. the whole of the land mass of the world. - Oppos: 身/PERSON
Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive. - Oppos: 邦/STATE
Bāng 邦 is an area-orientated old word referring to an extended state without emphasising the leading role of a capital in that state, and the word was increasingly replaced by guó 國 even before taboo rules related to the name of Liú Bāng had their impact.
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]cosmological天下之物 the sublunar world; all there is under Heaven; the sublunar world
- NP[adN]global-social普天之下 all under the sun; the whole sublunar world; the sublunar social world (including the regions beyond Chinese domination) cf. oikoumenē,
- NP[adN]sinocentric天下之華夏 all the (civilised, i.e. Han-dominated or Han-accessible) world; the whole (civilised political) world; the Chinese political sceneCH
- NPad.VadNsuperlativethe most V(s) of the Ns in the worldCH
- NPad.VadNsuperlative comparative(one of) the most Vs of the Ns in the worldCH
- NPadNin/of the world
- NPadSIn this world; in the worldCH
- NPadVon earth, in the sublunar world, under the sunCH
- NPcworlds 四天下
世 shì OC: lʰebs MC: ɕiɛi 53 AttributionsWD
Shì 世 sometimes refers to the world as it is now, the world one lives in.
- Word relations
- Epithet: 濁/DIRTY
Zhuó 濁 (ant. qīng 清 "clear and pure") typically refers to physical states of dirtiness, but there are occasional usages like zhuó lì 濁吏 "morally impure official".
- Syntactic words
- n*this mundane world; the world one lives in, this world; Rousseau: le monde; this world versus the other worlds entered by the immortals
- nabmetaphysical(future) world 來世
- nadNBUDDH: worldly (as opposed to the higher realm of religious reality), mundane
- nadNof this mundane worldCH
- nadVin this world; in the world
世間 shì jiān OC: lʰebs kreen MC: ɕiɛi kɣɛn 31 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPBUDDH: the nether world, this mundane world; the secular world
- NPadNof this nether world, of this mundane world
- NPadSin this world
- NPadVplacein this nether world world
- NPpluralworlds 諸世間
天地之間 tiān dì zhī jiān MC: then dijH tsyi kean OC: lʰiin lils kljɯ kreenCH 25 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Synon: 六合之內/EVERYWHERE
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]contentwhat is contained in the space between heaven and earthCH
- NPab.post-V{NUM}plural, countedworlds in the universeCH
- NPplace/space生於天下之間“live in the world" the world as a space (for all things including humans); by implication: everyone in this spaceCH
三界 sān jiè OC: saam kreeds MC: sɑm kɣɛi 19 AttributionsWD
The Triple-world comprises the three worlds of existence (欲界 'world of desire'; 色界 'world of form'; 無色界 'world of formlessness'); skr. trayo dhātavaHh, tri-dhātu; pali tisso dhātuyo [CA]
- An Introduction to Buddhism
(
TAKASAKI 1987)
p.
133-136
- Syntactic words
- NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the Triple-world > comprising the three worlds of existence (欲界 'world of desire'; 色界 'world of form'; 無色界 'world of formlessness'); skr. trayo dhātavaḥ, tri-dhātu; pali tisso dhātuyo
- NPadVBUDDH: in the Triple-world
九州 jiǔ zhōu OC: kuʔ kju MC: kɨu tɕɨu 14 AttributionsWD
Jiǔ zhōu 九州 refers to the nine regions of the world.
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN}the nine regions of the world 揚州,梁州,青州,冀州,雍州,豫州,徐州,兗州,荊州
四海 sì hǎi OC: plids hmlɯɯʔ MC: si həi 13 AttributionsWD
Sì hǎi 四海 "the Four Seas" includes the landmass between these Four Seas. (The names of these Four Seas are not entirely clear. Perhaps the Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western Seas.)
- Syntactic words
- NPadNfrom the Four Seas and what is encircled by them > from all over the world
- NP{vadN}the Four Seas and what is encircled by them
海內 hǎi nèi OC: hmlɯɯʔ nuubs MC: həi nuo̝i 11 AttributionsWD
Hǎi nèi 海內 refers to what is surrounded by the four seas, i.e. the whole of the land mass of the world.
- Word relations
- Ant: 天下/ALL
Tiān xià 天下 is a quantifying noun phrase that refers universally to all mankind. >>NOMINAL; COLLECTIVE - Contrast: 天地/UNIVERSE
The most current word for the whole universe is tiān dì 天地 - Synon: 天下/WORLD
The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē. - Synon: 天下/ALL
Tiān xià 天下 is a quantifying noun phrase that refers universally to all mankind. >>NOMINAL; COLLECTIVE
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]N=placeeverything within the four seas
世界 shì jiè OC: lʰebs kreeds MC: ɕiɛi kɣɛi 10 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPBUDDH: world, (this) world 此世界; world-system
- NPcworld
四極 sì jí OC: plids ɡɯɡ MC: si gɨk 9 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]pluralthe whole world, right down to the most distant places
四海之內 sì hǎi zhī nèi OC: plids hmlɯɯʔ kljɯ nuubs MC: si həi tɕɨ nuo̝i 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPall within the Four Seas
- NP[adN]contentthe people inside between the Four SeasCH
宇內 yǔ nèi OC: ɢʷraʔ nuubs MC: ɦi̯o nuo̝i 5 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Synon: 天下/WORLD
The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.
- Syntactic words
- NP{NadN{PLACE}}the whole world
塵 chén MC: drin OC: dinCH 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmthe dust of this worldCH
八極 bā jí OC: preed ɡɯɡ MC: pɣɛt gɨk 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPprthe eight utmost poles (of the universe)> the whole world
舉世 jǔ shì OC: klaʔ lʰebs MC: ki̯ɤ ɕiɛi 3 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Oppos: 我/EGO
Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
- Syntactic words
- NPthe whole world; everyone in the whole world
塵垢 chén gòu MC: drin kuwX OC: din kooʔCH 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthis world of dustCH
彼 bǐ OC: pralʔ MC: piɛ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nphilosophical: the outside world
- nabmetaphysicalother world
八荒 bā huāng OC: preed hmaaŋ MC: pɣɛt hɑŋ 2 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Synon: 四海/WORLD
Sì hǎi 四海 "the Four Seas" includes the landmass between these Four Seas. (The names of these Four Seas are not entirely clear. Perhaps the Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western Seas.)
- Syntactic words
- NPeverything in all directions, especially including the uncivilised world; far-flung regions
六合 liù hé OC: ɡ-ruɡ ɡloob MC: luk ɦəp 2 AttributionsWD
Liù hé 六合 refers to everything in all dimensiones east, west, south , north, below, above.
- Syntactic words
- NPinhabited world
天地 tiān dì MC: then dijH OC: lʰiin lilsCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe whole worldCH
冥淵 míng yuān OC: meeŋ qʷiin MC: meŋ ʔen 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthis dark world; the darkness of this mundane world
出世 chū shì OC: khljud lʰebs MC: tɕhʷit ɕiɛi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbuddhistBUDDH: world other than this world; other world; world beyond our's
四維 sì wéi OC: plids k-lul MC: si ji 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe four extremes of the compass-circle: northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest, according to HNZ 3.
塵中 chén zhōng OC: din krluŋ MC: ɖin ʈuŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPBUDDH: inmidst dust > the secular world
是邊 shì biān OC: ɡljeʔ peen MC: dʑiɛ pen 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPadVfigurativeBUDDH: ?? on this side > in this world
火客屋 huǒ kè wū OC: qphaalʔ khraaɡ qooɡ MC: hʷɑ khɣɛk ʔuk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPfigurativeBUDDH: the burning room (metaphorical expression for the secular world)
物 wù OC: mɯd MC: mi̯ut 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nabmetaphysicalZHUANG: world of external things and events
一世 yī shì MC: 'jit -- OC: qliɡ lʰebsCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe world of his one lifetimeCH
九土 jiǔ tǔ MC: kjuwX thuX OC: kuʔ kh-laaʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPall the lands of the worldCH
五方 wǔ fāng MC: nguX pjang OC: ŋaaʔ paŋCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPall regions of the worldCH
巨室 jù shì MC: gjoX syit OC: ɡaʔ qhljiɡCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPfigurativeworld (including the realm of the dead and what is beyond Heaven and Earth)CH
下土 xià tǔ MC: haeX thuX OC: ɢraaʔ kh-laaʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Word relations
- Syntactic words
- NPthe world on earth belowCH
人境 rén jìng MC: nyin kjaengX OC: njin kraŋʔDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPhuman world; the realm of mankindDS
天 tiān OC: lʰiin MC: then 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nworld (see 天中)
下域 xià yù OC: ɢraaʔ ɢʷrɯɡ MC: ɦɣɛ ɦɨk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPChristian Chinese: this nether world (of ours)
世紛 shì fēn OC: lʰebs phɯn MC: ɕiɛi phi̯un 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthis mundande world; 18th century French: le monde
人世 rén shì OC: njin lʰebs MC: ȵin ɕiɛi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe world of men, le monde
四表 sì biǎo OC: plids prawʔ MC: si piɛu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe Four Ultimate Points (East, West, North, South)
大地 dà dì OC: daads lils MC: dɑi di 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe earth, the world
寰宇 huán yǔ OC: ɡʷraan ɢʷraʔ MC: ɦɣan ɦi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe world
異域 yì yù OC: p-lɯɡs ɢʷrɯɡ MC: jɨ ɦɨk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabmetaphysicalother world; distinct world; different cosmic region
天上天下 tiān shàng tiān xià OC: lʰiin ɡljaŋs lʰiin ɢraaʔ MC: then dʑi̯ɐŋ then ɦɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[BUDDH] the worlds above and below Heaven
海 hǎi OC: hmlɯɯʔ MC: həi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nnether world 苦海 literally: "sea of bitterness"> this our world of bitterness
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe whole worldCH
Existing SW for
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