WORLD  世界天下

PLACE UNDER the SKY.[[WELT]]
EARTHGLOBEPLANETSPHERE
Hypernym
  • PLACEPART of SPACE that THINGS BE-IN:are-in.
    • PARTOBJECT which COMBINES with OTHER OBJECTS to BECOME ONE LARGER WHOLE OBJECT.
      • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to.
  • CHINAMOST LARGE STATE in East Asia. [GEOGRPAHY]
    • CONTINENTINTENSELY LARGE REGION OR PART of the WORLD.
      • NATUREPART of the WORLD that is NOT HUMAN AND NOT ARTEFACT.
        See also
        • UNIVERSEPLACE AND TIME which CONTAINS ALL ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE THINGS.
          Old Chinese Criteria
          1. The current term for the inhabited sublunar world on earth (often particularly that part of it which is populated or at least dominated by the Han/華夏 people) is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven". Compare the Greek oikoumenē.

          2. Hǎi nèi 海內 refers to what is surrounded by the four seas, i.e. the whole of the land mass of the world.

          3. Sì hǎi 四海 "the Four Seas" includes the landmass between these Four Seas. (The names of these Four Seas are not entirely clear. Perhaps the Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western Seas.)

          4. Liù hé 六合 refers to everything in all dimensiones east, west, south, north, below, above.

          5. Shì 世 sometimes refers to the world as it is now, the world one lives in.

          6. Jiǔ zhōu 九州 refers to the nine regions of the world.

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          世界



          世上

          大地

          天下

          天底下

          下土

          全世界

          環球

          全球

          舉世

          中外

          瀛寰

          寰宇

          宇內

          五洲

          海內

          海內外

          四海之內

          五湖四海

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH /

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 1.1

          • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1390

          • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 206

          • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 42n170

            Kerschensteiner, Kosmos

          • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 7.433-510

            Personification in mediaeval German in Notker von Zwiefalten, Memento mori 18.136Ia du vil ubeler mundus, wie betgriugist tu uns sus! See in particular THIEL 1956

            p. 448 Augustine, Sermo 31 has the vocative personification: o munde immunde, in te habitare, et non dolere, impossibile est; in te sperare, et non timere, vanum est; in te tua amare, et non periclitari, impossibile est.

          • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

            WORLD

          • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 43

          • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.704

          • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 12.407

            WELT

          • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

            KIU-CHOU

          • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 46FF

          • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

            WORLD SYSTEM

          • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.344.307

            MONDE.UNIVERS

          Words

          天下  tiān xià OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ MC: then ɦɣɛ 410 AttributionsWD

          The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.

            Word relations
          • Object: 有/GOVERN Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.
          • Object: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.
          • Epithet: 理/PRINCIPLE Lǐ 理 refers to inherent structuring patterns of things.
          • Synon: 宇內/WORLD
          • Synon: 海內/WORLD Hǎi nèi 海內 refers to what is surrounded by the four seas, i.e. the whole of the land mass of the world.
          • Oppos: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
          • Oppos: 邦/STATE Bāng 邦 is an area-orientated old word referring to an extended state without emphasising the leading role of a capital in that state, and the word was increasingly replaced by guó 國 even before taboo rules related to the name of Liú Bāng had their impact.

            Syntactic words
          • NP[adN]cosmological天下之物 the sublunar world; all there is under Heaven; the sublunar world
          • NP[adN]global-social普天之下 all under the sun; the whole sublunar world; the sublunar social world (including the regions beyond Chinese domination) cf. oikoumenē, 
          • NP[adN]sinocentric天下之華夏 all the (civilised, i.e. Han-dominated or Han-accessible) world; the whole (civilised political) world; the Chinese political sceneCH
          • NPad.VadNsuperlativethe most V(s) of the Ns in the worldCH
          • NPad.VadNsuperlative comparative(one of) the most Vs of the Ns in the worldCH
          • NPadNin/of the world
          • NPadSIn this world; in the worldCH
          • NPadVon earth, in the sublunar world, under the sunCH
          • NPcworlds 四天下
            shì OC: lʰebs MC: ɕiɛi 53 AttributionsWD

          Shì 世 sometimes refers to the world as it is now, the world one lives in.

            Word relations
          • Epithet: 濁/DIRTY Zhuó 濁 (ant. qīng 清 "clear and pure") typically refers to physical states of dirtiness, but there are occasional usages like zhuó lì 濁吏 "morally impure official".

            Syntactic words
          • n*this mundane world; the world one lives in, this world; Rousseau: le monde; this world versus the other worlds entered by the immortals
          • nabmetaphysical(future) world 來世
          • nadNBUDDH: worldly (as opposed to the higher realm of religious reality), mundane
          • nadNof this mundane worldCH
          • nadVin this world; in the world
          世間  shì jiān OC: lʰebs kreen MC: ɕiɛi kɣɛn 31 AttributionsWD

            Syntactic words
          • NPBUDDH: the nether world, this mundane world; the secular world
          • NPadNof this nether world, of this mundane world
          • NPadSin this world
          • NPadVplacein this nether world world
          • NPpluralworlds 諸世間
          天地之間  tiān dì zhī jiān MC: then dijH tsyi kean OC: lʰiin lils kljɯ kreenCH 25 AttributionsWD

            Syntactic words
          • NP[adN]contentwhat is contained in the space between heaven and earthCH
          • NPab.post-V{NUM}plural, countedworlds in the universeCH
          • NPplace/space生於天下之間“live in the world" the world as a space (for all things including humans); by implication: everyone in this spaceCH
          三界  sān jiè OC: saam kreeds MC: sɑm kɣɛi 19 AttributionsWD

          The Triple-world comprises the three worlds of existence (欲界 'world of desire'; 色界 'world of form'; 無色界 'world of formlessness'); skr. trayo dhātavaHh, tri-dhātu; pali tisso dhātuyo [CA]

            Syntactic words
          • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the Triple-world > comprising the three worlds of existence (欲界 'world of desire'; 色界 'world of form'; 無色界 'world of formlessness'); skr. trayo dhātavaḥ, tri-dhātu; pali tisso dhātuyo
          • NPadVBUDDH: in the Triple-world
          九州  jiǔ zhōu OC: kuʔ kju MC: kɨu tɕɨu 14 AttributionsWD

          Jiǔ zhōu 九州 refers to the nine regions of the world.

            Syntactic words
          • NP{vadN}the nine regions of the world 揚州,梁州,青州,冀州,雍州,豫州,徐州,兗州,荊州
          四海  sì hǎi OC: plids hmlɯɯʔ MC: si həi 13 AttributionsWD

          Sì hǎi 四海 "the Four Seas" includes the landmass between these Four Seas. (The names of these Four Seas are not entirely clear. Perhaps the Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western Seas.)

            Syntactic words
          • NPadNfrom the Four Seas and what is encircled by them > from all over the world
          • NP{vadN}the Four Seas and what is encircled by them
          海內  hǎi nèi OC: hmlɯɯʔ nuubs MC: həi nuo̝i 11 AttributionsWD

          Hǎi nèi 海內 refers to what is surrounded by the four seas, i.e. the whole of the land mass of the world.

            Word relations
          • Ant: 天下/ALL Tiān xià 天下 is a quantifying noun phrase that refers universally to all mankind. >>NOMINAL; COLLECTIVE
          • Contrast: 天地/UNIVERSE The most current word for the whole universe is tiān dì 天地
          • Synon: 天下/WORLD The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.
          • Synon: 天下/ALL Tiān xià 天下 is a quantifying noun phrase that refers universally to all mankind. >>NOMINAL; COLLECTIVE

            Syntactic words
          • NP[adN]N=placeeverything within the four seas
          世界  shì jiè OC: lʰebs kreeds MC: ɕiɛi kɣɛi 10 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPBUDDH: world, (this) world 此世界; world-system
          • NPcworld
          四極  sì jí OC: plids ɡɯɡ MC: si gɨk 9 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NP[adN]pluralthe whole world, right down to the most distant places
          四海之內  sì hǎi zhī nèi OC: plids hmlɯɯʔ kljɯ nuubs MC: si həi tɕɨ nuo̝i 7 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPall within the Four Seas
          • NP[adN]contentthe people inside between the Four SeasCH
          宇內  yǔ nèi OC: ɢʷraʔ nuubs MC: ɦi̯o nuo̝i 5 AttributionsWD

            Word relations
          • Synon: 天下/WORLD The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.

            Syntactic words
          • NP{NadN{PLACE}}the whole world
            chén MC: drin OC: dinCH 4 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nmthe dust of this worldCH
          八極  bā jí OC: preed ɡɯɡ MC: pɣɛt gɨk 3 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPprthe eight utmost poles (of the universe)> the whole world
          舉世  jǔ shì OC: klaʔ lʰebs MC: ki̯ɤ ɕiɛi 3 AttributionsWD

            Word relations
          • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

            Syntactic words
          • NPthe whole world; everyone in the whole world
          塵垢  chén gòu MC: drin kuwX OC: din kooʔCH 3 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthis world of dustCH
            bǐ OC: pralʔ MC: piɛ 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nphilosophical: the outside world
          • nabmetaphysicalother world
          八荒  bā huāng OC: preed hmaaŋ MC: pɣɛt hɑŋ 2 AttributionsWD

            Word relations
          • Synon: 四海/WORLD Sì hǎi 四海 "the Four Seas" includes the landmass between these Four Seas. (The names of these Four Seas are not entirely clear. Perhaps the Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western Seas.)

            Syntactic words
          • NPeverything in all directions, especially including the uncivilised world; far-flung regions
          六合  liù hé OC: ɡ-ruɡ ɡloob MC: luk ɦəp 2 AttributionsWD

          Liù hé 六合 refers to everything in all dimensiones east, west, south , north, below, above.

            Syntactic words
          • NPinhabited world
          天地  tiān dì MC: then dijH OC: lʰiin lilsCH 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthe whole worldCH
          冥淵  míng yuān OC: meeŋ qʷiin MC: meŋ ʔen 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthis dark world; the darkness of this mundane world
          出世  chū shì OC: khljud lʰebs MC: tɕhʷit ɕiɛi 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPbuddhistBUDDH: world other than this world; other world; world beyond our's
          四維  sì wéi OC: plids k-lul MC: si ji 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthe four extremes of the compass-circle: northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest, according to HNZ 3.
          塵中  chén zhōng OC: din krluŋ MC: ɖin ʈuŋ 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPBUDDH: inmidst dust > the secular world
          是邊  shì biān OC: ɡljeʔ peen MC: dʑiɛ pen 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPadVfigurativeBUDDH: ?? on this side > in this world
          火客屋  huǒ kè wū OC: qphaalʔ khraaɡ qooɡ MC: hʷɑ khɣɛk ʔuk 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPfigurativeBUDDH: the burning room (metaphorical expression for the secular world)
            wù OC: mɯd MC: mi̯ut 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • nabmetaphysicalZHUANG: world of external things and events
          一世  yī shì MC: 'jit -- OC: qliɡ lʰebsCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthe world of his one lifetimeCH
          九土  jiǔ tǔ MC: kjuwX thuX OC: kuʔ kh-laaʔCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPall the lands of the worldCH
          五方  wǔ fāng MC: nguX pjang OC: ŋaaʔ paŋCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPall regions of the worldCH
          巨室  jù shì MC: gjoX syit OC: ɡaʔ qhljiɡCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPfigurativeworld (including the realm of the dead and what is beyond Heaven and Earth)CH
          下土  xià tǔ MC: haeX thuX OC: ɢraaʔ kh-laaʔCH 1 AttributionWD

            Word relations

            Syntactic words
          • NPthe world on earth belowCH
          人境  rén jìng MC: nyin kjaengX OC: njin kraŋʔDS 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPhuman world; the realm of mankindDS
            tiān OC: lʰiin MC: then 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nworld (see 天中)
          下域  xià yù OC: ɢraaʔ ɢʷrɯɡ MC: ɦɣɛ ɦɨk 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPChristian Chinese: this nether world (of ours)
          世紛  shì fēn OC: lʰebs phɯn MC: ɕiɛi phi̯un 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthis mundande world; 18th century French: le monde
          人世  rén shì OC: njin lʰebs MC: ȵin ɕiɛi 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthe world of men, le monde
          四表  sì biǎo OC: plids prawʔ MC: si piɛu 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthe Four Ultimate Points (East, West, North, South)
          大地  dà dì OC: daads lils MC: dɑi di 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthe earth, the world
          寰宇  huán yǔ OC: ɡʷraan ɢʷraʔ MC: ɦɣan ɦi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthe world
          異域  yì yù OC: p-lɯɡs ɢʷrɯɡ MC: jɨ ɦɨk 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabmetaphysicalother world; distinct world; different cosmic region
          天上天下  tiān shàng tiān xià OC: lʰiin ɡljaŋs lʰiin ɢraaʔ MC: then dʑi̯ɐŋ then ɦɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NP[BUDDH] the worlds above and below Heaven
            hǎi OC: hmlɯɯʔ MC: həi 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nnether world 苦海 literally: "sea of bitterness"> this our world of bitterness
            Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPthe whole worldCH

          Existing SW for

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