COURAGE    勇敢勇

VIRTUE OR ATTITUDE of DARING to ACT:carry-out DANGEROUS BUT NECESSARY ACTS.
BRAVERYCOURAGEOUSNESSPLUCKPLUCKINESSVALOURFEARLESSNESSINTREPIDITYNERVEDARINGAUDACITYBOLDNESSGRITTRUE GRITHARDIHOODHEROISMGALLANTRYGUTSSPUNKMOXIECOJONESBALLSCOURAGEOUSVALIANTVALOROUSINTREPIDHEROICLIONHEARTEDBOLDFEARLESSGALLANTDARINGPLUCKYAUDACIOUSUNFLINCHINGUNSHRINKINGUNAFRAIDDAUNTLESSDOUGHTYMETTLESOMESTOUTHEARTEDSPIRITEDGAMEGUTSYSPUNKY
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo 2. Hàn 悍 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is foolhardiness and recklessness under conditions of danger or risk. Cf. Latin ferocia 3. Gǎn 敢 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is the ability of an individual to take considered reasonable risks where appropriate or where required by ritual propriety. 4. Guǒ 果 and duàn 斷 (ant. xū1 需 "hestant") is general resoluteness as an attitude towards the conduct of one's affairs. Cf. Latin audacia 5. Zhì 志 "morale, fighting spirit" and the rarer wǔ 武 is the courageous warlike attitude of a whole group. Cf. Latin acrimonia, animus 6. Qì 氣 "morale, fighting spirit" is typically the morale of an individual but can also occasionally be used of groups. Cf. Latin spiritus
Modern Chinese Criteria
勇敢 勇 英勇 驍勇 驃勇 神勇 大勇 勇猛 勇武 英武 英雄 孤膽 大膽 斗膽 膽大 剽悍 強悍 無畏 一身是膽 膽大如斗 膽大包天 群威群膽 英勇絕倫 奮不顧身 赴湯蹈火 出生入死 捨生忘死 視死如歸 萬死不辭 生死置之度外 臨危不懼 無所畏懼 了無懼色 履險如夷 身先士卒 前赴後繼 前僕後繼 萬夫莫當 吃了豹子膽 如入無人之境 初生之犢不怕虎 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • COWARDLYFEARFUL WHEN COURAGE is NEEDED.
See also
  • DAREACT OR INTEND to ACT:do something which REQUIRES COURAGE.
Hypernym
  • VIRTUE　EXCELLENCE of CHARACTER IN a PERSON. (anc: 5/0, child: 8)
  • EXCELLENT　FEATURE BECAUSE of which SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS OR SHOULD BE PREFERRED to OTHERS (anc: 4/0, child: 11)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
Other Hypernyms
  • ATTITUDE　RELATION between a HUMAN who FEELS and PERCEIVED OBJECTS involving a TENDENDY to REACT. (anc: 5/0, child: 3)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.52

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 469

    AUDERE ultra Scire et posse velle tentare. Seu est actionum viribus aut scientiae improportionatam tentare.

    Conc. 1. Objectum difficile, magnum, aut ignotum, vetitum. 2. Vires exiguae aut scientia et veniae spes. 3. Voluntas tamen superandi.

    AUDACIA est ad res susceptu periculosas animositas.

    Conc. 1. Excessus Voluntatis. 2. Defectus scientiae seu judicij. 3. Virium intensio summa.

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 65

    TEMERARIUS, AUDAX

    59. Ex Agraetii mente, temeritas sine consilio, audacia post consilium. C. Fronto hinc forte emendandus: Audax non timet, temerarius non providet; nam male [col. 17D] alioqui, audax non providet, temerarius non timet.

    ]

    59. Inter Audacem et temerarium. Audax non timet, temerarius non aestimat periculum.

    125

    TEMERITAS, AUDACIA

    Temeritas sine consilio dicitur, audacia post consilium.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    COURAGE

    ferocia refers to the kind of natural and even wild courage that may be ascribed to animals as well as humans.

    fortitudo denotes a passive moral courage and resilience in defense.

    virtus can refer to energetic and impressive active courageinvolving crucially the courage of one's own convictions, displayed in impressive action.

    audacia refers neutrally to contempt of danger.

    audentia refers to the laudable spirit of courageous enterprise.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 37

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 323

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p. 36

    ALACRITAS

    AUDACIA

    TEMERITAS

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 167

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1939

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.894

    TAPFERKEIT

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 108

  • Kleine Schriften Deutsche Ostasienstudien ( UNGER 2009) p. 225-239

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.331:220

    COURAGE.BRAVOURE

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.7:6

    EFFRONTE.AUDACIEUX.HARDI

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.162.121

    COEUR.COURAGE.VALEUR.BRAVOURE.INTREPIDITE

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.413.373

    HARDIESSE.AUDACE.EFFRONTERIE

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 70

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.252

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 91

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 47B

    • Words (32 items)

    勇  yǒng OC: k-loŋʔ MC: ji̯oŋ 77 Attributions

    The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo

      Word relations
    • Inconsist: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
    • Inconsist: 怒/ANGER Nù 怒 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be delighted") is the general word for anger, and the word tends to imply overt manifestation of feelings of anger, typically in terms of altered breathing patterns. (cf. nù 怒 "to puff oneself up") [OVERT], [PERSONAL]
    • Ant: 屈/HUMBLE
    • Ant: 怯/COWARDLY
    • Ant: 慈/LOVE Cí 慈 (ant. rěn 忍 "callous, unfeeling") is primarily the intimate emotional concern of mothers/parents for their children, and by extension such concern of a fatherly ruler for his people. [EMOTIONAL], [PRACTICAL]
    • Assoc: 力/STRONG The typically nominal or adverbial lì 力 commonly refers to a permanent property of strength..
    • Assoc: 悍/COURAGE Hàn 悍 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is foolhardiness and recklessness under conditions of danger or risk. Cf. Latin ferocia
    • Relat: 亂/CHAOS The very dominant word in this group is luàn 亂 (ant. zhì 治 "state of good government, state of good order") which refers to all kinds of reprehensible lack of order.

      Syntactic words
    • nab(post-N)the exemplary courage of the contextually determinate NCH
    • nab.post-Ngraded(degree of) valourCH
    • nabactbravery, foolhardy boldness
    • nabdispositionvalour; boldness; the principles of valour
    • v[adN1.]adN2belonging to a brave personDS
    • v[adN]nonreferentialparagon of courage; the brave
    • v[adN]pluralthe brave (of such and such a place) HF
    • vadNcourageous; bold 勇士
    • viactshow courage in action
    • viinchoativebecome courageous
    • vipsychbe courageous; be bold; be brave
    • vtoNputativeregard as particularly courageous
    敢  gǎn OC: klaamʔ MC: kɑm 21 Attributions

    Gǎn 敢 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is the ability of an individual to take considered reasonable risks where appropriate in civil life or where required by ritual propriety.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 果/COURAGE Guǒ 果 and duàn 斷 (ant. xū1 需 "hestant") is general resoluteness as an attitude towards the conduct of one's affairs. Cf. Latin audacia

      Syntactic words
    • nabdispositioncivil courage, determination and conviction
    • nabpsychcourage
    • vt(oV[0])dare to do the contextually determinate act VCH
    • vt+V[0]have the courage to V
    悍  hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn 12 Attributions

    Hàn 悍 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is foolhardiness and recklessness under conditions of danger or risk. Cf. Latin ferocia

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 勇/COURAGE The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo
    • Assoc: 猛/VIOLENT The current general word for violence in action and in disposition is měng 猛 (ant. nuò 懦 "weakish, pusillanimous") which refers quite generally to a disposition for incisive action and violent reaction without strong positive or negative overtones.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychferociousness
    • v[adN]N=humferocious personLZ
    • vadNferocious, obstreporous
    • viferocious, foolhardy; fiercely courageous, habitually violent; obstreporous
    武  wǔ OC: mbaʔ MC: mi̯o 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmartial valour; martial virtuesCH
    • viof troops: be spirited, be militarily efficient; be in accordance with the proper military spirit
    膽  dǎn OC: k-laamʔ MC: tɑm 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabdispositionfighting spirit
    • viXUN: be courageous
    勇者  yǒng zhě OC: k-loŋʔ kljaʔ MC: ji̯oŋ tɕɣɛ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefinitethe courageous ones
    • NPnonreferentialabstractly: the courageous person (at any time and in any place)
    氣  qì OC: khɯds MC: khɨi 4 Attributions

    Qì 氣 "morale, fighting spirit" is typically the morale of an individual but can also occasionally be used of groups. Cf. Latin spiritus

      Syntactic words
    • nabdispositionfighting spirit
    節  jié OC: tsiiɡ MC: tset 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychologicalcourage and integrity; (moral) steadfastness
    豪  háo OC: ɡoow MC: ɦɑu 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNvaliant
    介  jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychdetermination, moral determination, moral straightness
    • vadNdetermined, firm, ready for battle
    果  guǒ OC: kloolʔ MC: kʷɑ 3 Attributions

    Guǒ 果 and duàn 斷 (ant. xū1 需 "hestant") is general resoluteness as an attitude towards the conduct of one's affairs. Cf. Latin audacia

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 敢/COURAGE Gǎn 敢 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is the ability of an individual to take considered reasonable risks where appropriate in civil life or where required by ritual propriety.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactdecisive courage
    • vibe utterly determined to live up to one's aspirations or intentions; be full of determination
    • viactbe excessively determined to go through with one's plans LY 毋果
    毅  yì OC: ŋɡlɯds MC: ŋɨi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychfirmness of conviction
    • viof humans: be psychologically firm and unshakable, tough, resilient
    果敢  guǒ gǎn OC: kloolʔ klaamʔ MC: kʷɑ kɑm 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNcourageous
    • VPibe decisive in action
    愓悍  dàng hàn MC: dangX hanH OC: ɡ-laaŋʔ ɡaans 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPinegativeferocious, typically to the point of crueltyLZ
    勇健  yǒng jiàn OC: k-loŋʔ ɡans MC: ji̯oŋ gi̯ɐn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychcourage and strength
    • VPibe courageous and vigourous
    志  zhì OC: kljɯs MC: tɕɨ 2 Attributions

    Zhì 志 "morale, fighting spirit" and the rarer wǔ 武 is the courageous warlike attitude of a whole group. Cf. Latin acrimonia, animus

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsych(military) morale; determination
    斷  duàn OC: toons MC: tʷɑn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabdispositiondicisiveness, decisive determination CA
    • vadVdecisively
    勇敢  yǒng gǎn OC: k-loŋʔ klaamʔ MC: ji̯oŋ kɑm 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychcourage
    • VPipsychbe courageousLZ
    勇膽  yǒng dǎn OC: k-loŋʔ k-laamʔ MC: ji̯oŋ tɑm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychpsychological dispositions relating to courage
    蕩悍  dàng hàn MC: dangX hanH OC: ɡ-laaŋʔ ɡaans 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPinegative= dang4han4 愓悍, ferocious, typically to the point of crueltyLZ
    健勇  jiàn yǒng MC: gjonH yowngX OC: ɡans k-loŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNstrong and courageousLZ
    大膽  dà dǎn OC: daads k-laamʔ MC: dɑi tɑm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPidenominalbe courageous (compare modern 小氣)
    蹈難  dào nàn MC: dawH nanX OC: ɡ-luus mɢlaans 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactdeeds of courageLZ
    捍  hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabactacts of courage in defense of what is right
    有氣  yǒu qì OC: ɢʷɯʔ khɯds MC: ɦɨu khɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPihave courage> be courageous
    勇氣  yǒng qì OC: k-loŋʔ khɯds MC: ji̯oŋ khɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabdispositionfighting spirit; the energy that comes from courage
    膽勇  dǎn yǒng OC: k-laamʔ k-loŋʔ MC: tɑm ji̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabdispositioncourage (great or small)
    昧  mèi OC: mɯɯds MC: muo̝i 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nab{ACT}have the blind temerity to
    勇懼  yǒng jù OC: k-loŋʔ ɡʷas MC: ji̯oŋ gi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabdispositionrelative courage
    賁憤  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC:
    憤  fèn OC: bɯnʔ MC: bi̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNto brave
    弘毅  hóng yì OC: ɡʷɯɯŋ ŋɡlɯds MC: ɦəŋ ŋɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe morally firm with a broad perspective> be courageous with a large (moral) perspective; show a large perspective in courage
    怯勇  qiè yǒng OC: khab k-loŋʔ MC: khi̯ɐp ji̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturerelative courage