ABUNDANT 茂盛盛
HAVE OR BE INTENSELY MANY, TYPICALLY DESIRED, THINGS.
PLENTIFULCOPIOUSAMPLEPROFUSERICHLAVISHABOUNDINGLIBERALGENEROUSBOUNTIFULLARGEHUGEGREATBUMPEROVERFLOWINGPROLIFICTEEMING
Old Chinese Criteria
ABSTRACT/CONCRETE
ARTIFICIAL/NATURAL
HIGH-DEGREE/LOW-DEGREE
SPECIALISED/UNSPECIFIC
1. The general word for abundance of any kind, man-made or natural, concrete or abstract, is shèng 盛 (ant.*xī 稀 "sparse").
[GENERAL]
2. Fēng 豐 (ant.*qiàn 歉 "poor natural harvest") refers primarily to the natural abundance of some feature or resource, but in elevated archaic discourse the word may also refer to abundance of sacrifice and the like. NB: The rare fēng 丰 was not homophonous in ancient times, and the meaning emphasises beauty as well as abundance.
[NATURAL!]
3. Hòu 厚 (ant. báo 薄 "meagerly supplied with something") primarily refers to man-made or man-caused generous abundance, prototypically in contexts such as hospitality or exchange of presents.
[ARTIFICIAL]
4. Yōu 優 (ant.* liè 劣 "in short supply") refers to special (often commendable) abundance.
[HIGH DEGREE], [ABSTRACT!]
5. Ráng 穰 often refers specifically to abundance of harvest. See HARVEST.
[NATURAL], [SPECIFIC]
5. Pèi rán 沛然 typically refers to the abundance of a flow of things, prototypically rain.
7. Yáng 洋 typically refers specifically to abundance of water over a wide area, but the word is occasionally used in transferred senses to refer to wide-spread abundance. The image of water remains distantly present.
[NATURAL], [SPECIFIC]
8. Wò 渥 (ant. báo 薄 "not very abundant, poorly supplied with liquid or vital energy etc.") typically refers to an abundance of liquids or gases.
[NATURAL], SPECIFIC]
9. Duō 多 is the general word for a large number or a large amount of things. See MANY
Modern Chinese Criteria
豐富 is the current general modern word for quantitative abundance and qualitative variation, viewed as a positive feature. (ZHANG ZHIYI 1981: 72)
豐厚 typically adds the notion that what is abundant is also important or valuable, and the word normally refers to concrete rather than abstract things, although it may occasionally refer to a range of knowledge etc.. (Cf. ZHANG ZHIYI 1981: 72, LIU SHUXIN 1987: 175)
豐盛 typically focusses on abundance of concrete things like foodstuffs and wine. ZHANG ZHIYI 1981: 72
豐 (cl) is mostly quantitative and has a strong literary flavour. (cf. LIU SHUXIN 1987: 175)
豐滿 focusses positively on full-bodied internal richness of bodies or of fruit and the like, and also to their sufficiency for a given purpose. (Cf. LIU SHUXIN 1987: 178)
飽滿 refers to an inner richness of flowers or fruits, and also more abstractly to an abundance of inner energy e.g. of a person or a tale. (Cf. LIU SHUXIN 1987: 178, and 74)
充分 refers to sufficiency in abstract conditions, reasons and the like. (Cf. LIU SHUXIN 1987: 74)
充沛 refers to natural abundance typically of abstract things like energy, in a highly commendatory way. (Cf. LIU SHUXIN 1987: 74)
充足 refers to abundance as sufficiency for a certain purpose. (Cf. LIU SHUXIN 1987: 74)
雄厚 typically refers to abundance of an abstract kind, as in financial resources or power and the like.
豐美 (lit, rare) focusses on attractiveness of what is abundant.
豐沛 (lit) focusses on natural abundance.
富足 refers to abundance of economic means.
富饒 refers to abundance of assets.
豐衍 (lit, rare) refers to plentiful presence of what is attractive.
豐盈 (lit) refers to physical fulsomeness viewed as attractive.
豐碩 refers to abundance of resources.
充裕 refers to ample supply of things like time etc..
充實 refers to sufficiency of necessities.
千倉萬箱 (prov) refers idiomatically to superabundance of goods.
有如山積 (lit) refers to an extraordinary and growing amount of something.
旺盛
豐盛
富
足
first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH
Hyponym
- FAT ABUNDANT in GREASE AND BIG AND HEAVY TYPICALLY BECAUSE of EXCESSIVE EATING. See also GREASE. (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
- SUFFICIENT ABUNDANT so as to PROVIDE what is NEEDED. (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
- SURPLUS MORE ABUNDANT than is NEEDED. (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
Antonym
- TENUOUSUNIMPORTANT BECAUSE LACKING BIGNESS, REALITY, OR HIGH DEGREE.
- WEAKLACK STRENGTH.
- FEWSMALL in QUANTITY.
- EXHAUSTUSE so as to CAUSE NONE to CONTINUE to EXIST.
See also
- FILLCAUSE TO BECOME FULL.
Hypernym
ABUNDARE
necessariorum ultra necessitatem habere.
Ax. Melius est abundare qvam deficere. (quia melius est esse, quam non esse.)
abundare is to be in typically positively appreciated or valued abundant supply. 盛
redundare is to be in often negatively judged or feared superabundance.
affluere is to be in externally caused superabundance of any kind.
GEORGES 1975 REICHLICH
largus is the general word for abundance.
uber refers to rich contents of something.
opimus refers to abundance of booty and the like.
amplus refers to admirable abundance.
locuples refers to extensiveness or abundance in value rather than just in quantity.
LW
uber, uberis (gen.), uberior -or -us, uberrimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBX]
fertile, rich, abundant, abounding, fruitful, plentiful, copious, productive;
copiosus, copiosa -um, copiosior -or -us, copiosissimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBO]
plentiful/copious/abundant; well supplied/equipped, w/ample resources; prolific;
abundans, abundantis (gen.), abundantior -or -us, abundantissimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBO]
abundant; overflowing; abounding, copious, in large measure; overdone; rich;
opimus, opima, opimum ADJ [XXXBX]
rich, fertile; abundant; fat, plump; [opima spolia => spoils from a general];
fecundus, fecunda -um, fecundior -or -us, fecundissimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBO]
fertile, fruitful; productive (of offspring), prolific; abundant; imaginative;
creber, crebra -um, crebrior -or -us, creberrimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBO]
thick/crowded/packed/close set; frequent/repeated, constant; numerous/abundant;
UEBERFLUSS, UEBERFLUSSGESELLSCHAFT
Words (57 items)
厚 hòu OC: ɡoos MC: ɦu 46 Attributions
Hòu 厚 (ant. báo 薄 "meagerly supplied with something") primarily refers to man-made or man-caused generous abundance, prototypically in contexts such as hospitality or exchange of presents. >>ARTIFICIAL
- Word relations
- Ant: 薄/TENUOUS
Báo 薄 (ant. hòu 厚 "substantial") refers to anything thin or slight. - Ant: 薄/TENUOUS
Báo 薄 (ant. hòu 厚 "substantial") refers to anything thin or slight. - Epithet: 利/PROFIT
Lì 利 (1. ant. yì 義 "considerations of rectitude"(!!); 2. ant. hài 害 "damage and loss suffered") refers to material profit. - Epithet: 葬/BURY
The general word for human burial and funeral arrangements is zàng 葬. For the ritual aspects of funeral practice the standard word is sāng 喪. See MOURNING - Epithet: 賞/REWARD
The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish"). - Synon: 大/INTENSELY
Yǐ 已 and dà 大 refer to an extreme degree. See also EXCESSIVE - Synon: 多/ABUNDANT
Duō 多 is the general word for a large number or a large amount of things. See MANY.
- Syntactic words
- nabfeatureabundance; availability of rich assets (of a state); state of wealth
- nsubjectwhat is abundant, thick
- vadNample; lavish; abundant, substantial (profit etc)
- vadVlavishly; abundantly, richly, generously; abundantly supplied; heavily; with abundant booty
- vibe richly supplied, be abundant, lavish; be substantial; be abundant in number; be affluent
- vi+prep+Nbe abundantly supplied with N
- vi+prep+Ncomparativemore abundant than NLZ
- vichangebecome abundant, lavish; become richer in resources
- vpostadVabundantly, in large quantity
- vtoNcausativemake abundant; maximise; cause to be richly supplied, enrich
盛 shèng MC: dzyengH OC: djeŋs 21 Attributions
The general word for abundance of any kind, man-made or natural, is shèng 盛 (ant.*xī 稀 "sparse").
- Word relations
- Contrast: 盛/STRONG
- Assoc: 吉/EXCELLENT
- Assoc: 繁/MANY
Fán 繁 refers to a large number of proliferating things.
- Syntactic words
- nabfeatureabundance
- vadNabundant
- vadVabundantly, richly
- vibe abundant; flourish; prevail
- viinchoativeget to be abundant; become stronger
- vtoNabound in> have an abundance of, have (excessively) many or muchCH
豐 fēng OC: phuŋ MC: phuŋ
酆 fēng OC: phuŋ MC: phuŋ 18 Attributions
Fēng 豐 (ant.*qiàn 歉 "poor natural harvest") refers primarily to the natural abundance of some feature or resource, but in elevated archaic discourse the word may also refer to abundance of sacrifice and the like. The rare fēng 丰 was not homophonous in ancient times, and the meaning emphasises beauty as well as abundance. [NATURAL!]
- Word relations
- Ant: 耗/WEAK
Hào 耗 (ant. kāng 康 "increasingly vigorous and healthy") refers to the process of weakening that results from using up available resources.
- Syntactic words
- vadNsumptuous; abundant (harvest); luxurious (growth of grass)
- vadNfigurativeeffusive, profuse in dictionCH
- vadVsumptuously, aboundantly; richlyCH
- vibe abundant; be strong and resourceful
- vt+Nabound in, have an abundance of
- vtoNcausativemake abundant (the wealth of the people); cause (a state) to be rich; cause (trees etc.) to bear abundant fruit
多 duō OC: k-laal MC: tɑ 13 Attributions
Duō 多 is the general word for a large number or a large amount of things. See MANY.
- Word relations
- Contrast: 足/SUFFICIENT
The current general word for sufficiency is zú 足 (ant. fá 乏 "be short of something"). - Synon: 厚/ABUNDANT
Hòu 厚 (ant. báo 薄 "meagerly supplied with something") primarily refers to man-made or man-caused generous abundance, prototypically in contexts such as hospitality or exchange of presents. >>ARTIFICIAL
- Syntactic words
- vadVabundantly, on a large scale
- vibe abundantCH
- vt+Nhave a great deal of, abound in
- vt0oNmthere is an abundance of (rain etc)
沛然 pèi rán OC: phoobs njen MC: phɑi ȵiɛn 6 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadSabundantly
- VPadVabundantly, intensively
- VPiintensitiveto be abundant like a flow of water
渥 wò OC: qrooɡ MC: ʔɣɔk 5 Attributions
Wò 渥 (ant. báo 薄 "not very abundant, poorly supplied with liquid or vital energy etc.") typically refers to an abundance of liquids or gases.
- Syntactic words
- vibe abundant (of liquids and gaseous substances; often used figuratively)
茂 mào OC: moos MC: mu 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vadNabundant and flourishing
饒 ráo OC: nɢjew MC: ȵiɛu 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vt+Nhave a rich supply of
- vt0+N{SUBJ}there is a rich supply of
優 yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 3 Attributions
Yōu 優 (ant.* liè 劣 "in short supply") refers to special abundance. {HIGH DEGREE], [ABSTRACT!]
- Syntactic words
- vibe in abundant supply; have a surplus, not be exhausted (often used figuratively)
- vt+prep+Nbe more than enough for dealing withCH
博 bó OC: paaɡ MC: pɑk 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vadN1.adN2an N2 of broad N1CH
- vadVon a large scale; widley; elaborately; with broad objectsCH
- vibe abundant and varied
穰 rǎng OC: njaŋʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions
Rǎng 穰 refers, occasionally, to the abundance of a population or to abundance of food supply. [SPECIALISED]
- Word relations
- Ant: 饑/HUNGRY
Jī 饑 (NOT ANCIENTLY HOMOPHONOUS WITH 飢 in ancient Chinese), and the rarer jín 饉 as well as the very rare qiàn 歉 refer to insufficiency of food as a result of bad harvest.
- Syntactic words
- nadN(of harvests) abundant
- vibe flourishing; be abundant
- vi.redbe flourishing; be abundantLZ
腆 tiǎn OC: thɯɯnʔ MC: then 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nabfeaturegreat abundance of resources
- nadNsumptuous, rich, abundant
鬱茂 yù mào OC: qud moos MC: ʔi̯ut mu 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPibe thick and abundant (of growth)
成 chéng MC: dzyeng OC: djeŋ 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vadN= sheng4 盛, abundantLZ
洋 yáng OC: k-laŋ MC: ji̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
Yáng 洋 typically refers specifically to abundance of water over a wide area, but the word is occasionally used in transferred senses. The image of water remains present. [NATURAL], [SPECIALISED]
- Syntactic words
- vi.redfigurativegushing, copious, vast; mellifluous 洋洋
滔 tāo OC: kh-luu MC: thɑu 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- viintensitivebe overabundant
豐茂 fēng mào OC: phuŋ moos MC: phuŋ mu 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe abundant
饒益 ráo yì OC: nɢjew qleɡ MC: ȵiɛu ʔiɛk 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe abundantly endowed; be superabundant
裕 yù OC: k-loɡs MC: ji̯o 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- virare in later literature and archaic: SHUOWEN be abundant, be ample (But note that most attested usages are figurative and psychological involving "generosity".)
- vtoNcausativemake ample, make abundant
汸汸 fāng fāng MC: pjang pjang OC: paŋ paŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPiexpressiveabundant (as if coming in waves)LZ
雜博 zá bó MC: dzop pak OC: sɡuub paaɡ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPiabundant and variedLZ
厚薄 hòu báo MC: huwH bak OC: ɡoos baaɡ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPab{nab1ant.nab2}relative abundance, relative amountLZ
紛藹 fēn ǎi MC: phjun 'ajH OC: phɯn qaads 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPt prep Nbe abundant in quantityCH
優多 yōu duō MC: 'juw ta OC: qu k-laal 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe in abundant supplyLZ
繁熾 fán chì OC: ban khljɯɡs MC: bi̯ɐn tɕhɨ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe abundant, numerous LONG AGAMA, T.1/1: 117c20 花果繁熾。 flowers and fruits were abundant
大熟 dà shóu MC: dajH dzyuwk OC: daads djɯwɡ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe very abundant (of harvest)DS
積滿 jī mǎn OC: skleɡ mboonʔ MC: tsiɛk mʷɑn 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe in abundant supply
- VPtoNfill out> be in abundant supply in
渾渾 hún hún MC: hwon hwon OC: ɡuun ɡuun 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPiexpressiveabundant (as if great amounts of water flew)LZ
繁茂 fán mào MC: bjon muwH OC: ban moos 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vibe abundantly manyCH
湯湯 shāng shāng MC: syang syang OC: lʰaŋ lʰaŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPi.redbe abundant and wast like a streamDS
豐厚 fēng hòu OC: phuŋ ɡooʔ MC: phuŋ ɦu 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe abundant and unstinting
茂盛 mào shèng OC: moos djeŋs MC: mu dʑiɛŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe in abundance, abound
奢 shē 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nabfeaturerhetorical or descriptive poetic abundanceCH
滑澤 huá zé OC: ɡruud ɡrlaaɡ MC: ɦɣɛt ɖɣɛk 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPiintensitivebe rich and abundant
富 fù MC: pjuwH OC: pɯɡs 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vadNderivedrich and abundantCH
樂 lè OC: ɡ-raawɡ MC: lɑk 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vadNpleasingly rich 樂歲
饒多 ráo duō OC: nɢjew k-laal MC: ȵiɛu tɑ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe in abundance
潤澤 rùn zé MC: -- draek OC: njuns ɡrlaaɡ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe richly abundantCH
豐滿 fēng mǎn OC: phuŋ mboonʔ MC: phuŋ mʷɑn 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vibe abundant
溢 yì OC: k-liɡ MC: jit 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vifigurativebe or come to be in overflowing abundance
滋 zī OC: tsɯ MC: tsɨ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nabactacting with abundant generosity
- vibe abundant (SHI) ZHANG HENG, 東京賦：鳥獸阜滋"there was an abundance of birds and beasts".
滔 tāo OC: kh-luu MC: thɑu 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vi.redbe overabundant all over the place
滿 mǎn MC: manX OC: mboonʔ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vibe plentifulCH
澤 zé OC: ɡrlaaɡ MC: ɖɣɛk 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nabfeatureabundance
瀌 biāo MC: pjew OC: prew 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vi.redevokes great amounts of snow (SHI)LZ
灌 guàn OC: koons MC: kʷɑn 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vadNluxuriantly growing
熾 chì OC: khljɯɡs MC: tɕhɨ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vichangeacquire great intensitity (like that of a flame)
- viprocessflourishCH
豐盛 fēng shèng OC: phuŋ djeŋs MC: phuŋ dʑiɛŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPibe in abundance
篤 dǔ OC: tuuɡ MC: tuok 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vtoNcausativeto increase; to make more abundant
薄厚 báo hòu OC: baaɡ ɡooʔ MC: bɑk ɦu 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPab{nab1ant.nab2}featurerelative abundance
足 zú OC: tsoɡ MC: tsi̯ok 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vt+Nabound in
阜 fù OC: buʔ MC: bɨu 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- viabundant ZHANG HENG, 東京賦：鳥獸阜滋"there was an abundance of birds and beasts".
- vtoNcausativecause to be abundant FAYAN: 務在殷民阜財 "the purpose is in giving ample supplies to the people and making their supplies abundant".
餘 yú OC: la MC: ji̯ɤ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nabfeaturesuperabunance 求餘 "seek superabundance"
- viabound; be in abundance; be in superabundant abundant supply
實 shí OC: ɢljiɡ MC: ʑit 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vadNabundant, plentiful
有 yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vadNOBI: being present in abundance
- viOBI: be in abundant supply, be present in abundance. See Takashima 1978 Early China
潤澤 rùn zé MC: -- draek OC: njuns ɡrlaaɡ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPibe richly abundantCH
穠 nóng OC: noŋ MC: ɳi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nadNgrowing in clusters