Taxonomy of meanings for 患:　　

  • 患 huàn (OC: ɢroons MC: ɦʷɯan) 胡慣切 去 廣韻：【病也亦禍也憂也惡也苦也又姓出何氏姓苑胡慣切九 】
    • SUFFER
      • vtoNsuffer; run into the trouble of the N type
      • vtoNPab{S}have the trouble that, suffer from that disastrous fact that
      • vt+V[0]suffer from (oneself) V-ingCH
    • DISASTER
      • nabeventdisaster, misfortune; adversities; resulting trouble (from one's actions) 三患"three kinds of disaster"
      • npost-Nthe disaster constituted by N
      • vttoN1.+prep+N2present (someone N1) as a disaster to (someone N2) 患x於y
      • vtoNcausativebring on a disaster
      • nab.post-V{NUM}troubles
      • v[adN]the afflicted, the distressed
      • vieventbe faced with disaster
      • npost-Nthe disaster caused by NLZ
      • health>ILLNESS
        • vtoNsuffer an illness in; be faced with a disease affecting N
      • life>PROBLEM
        • nabmetaphysicalproblem
        • vtoSrun into the problem that S, be faced with the problem thatCH
        • vt+prep+Ncausativecause problems to NDS
      • general physical>DAMAGE
        • putative prospective>WORRY
          • nab.t:post-Npsychthe serious or upsetting concern constituted by N
          • nabpsychworries; also: =所患 "things to worry about, things one worries about".
          • vibe upset; to worry very much, be very much concerned
          • vt+prep+Nab{ACT}worry about
          • vt+V[0]be upset about V-ing; worry very much about V-ing
          • vtoNbe vexed about; find ominous; be upset by, be greatly worried about, regard as disastrous (mostly a future prospect); be upset about; be distressed by
          • vtoNmiddle voicebe upset by; be worried about 不足患
          • vtoNPab{S}be upset that S; worry very much that S
          • vtoSbe upset that S; worry very much about S, be all worried about S
          • vtoNcausativecause to worry; make worried (the mind etc)
          • vtoSworry that SCH
          • acute>HATE
              • active: strongly dissatisfied>ANGER
                • vtoNpsychbe irritated at, be annoyed at; get annoyed at
                • nabpsychanguishCH

        Additional information about 患

        說文解字: 【患】，憂也。从心、上貫吅，吅亦聲。 【胡丱切】 【𢠶】，古文从關省。 【𢤒】，亦古文患。 〔小徐本作「亦古文，從𦥑、心。」〕

          Criteria
        • WORRY

          1. The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.

          2. Lu �慮 (ant. wàng 忘 "refuse to think about, ignore") refers to active reflection upon what one is worried about.

          3. Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself.

          4. Zào 躁 (ant. dìng 定 "be well-settled and unruffled") refers to the state of being flustered, restless and upset by worries.

          5. Jí 急 (ant. ān 安 "feel comfortable") refers to urgent and particularly acute temporary worries about something present or immediately imminent.

          6. Jí 疾 (ant. níng 寧 "feel at peace") refers to intense and profound worries about something present (and these worries may or may not be lasting).

          7. Huàn 患 (ant. lè 樂 "feel deeply happy with") refers to intense worry or concern about the possible future effects of something or the possibility of events in the future.

          8. Āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "feel perfectly happy with"), when it refers to intense worry rather than grief, connotes despondency and hopelessness and not just worry over possibilities.

          9. Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

          10. Shì 事 (ant. zhì 治 "well-ordered situation") can refer to the kinds of matters or affairs that cause one to be anxious or worried.

        • HATE

          1. The dominant general word referring to intense dislike is wù 惡 (ant. ài 愛 "love") which can relate to all kinds of concrete or abstract objects.

          2. Yuàn 怨 is resentment due to identified concrete causes, and the emotion is typically directed towards superiors or equals.

          3. Zēng 憎 (ant. ài 愛 "love") is a rather mild and lingering form of resentment directed at a person.

          4. Jí 疾 / 嫉 can refer to intense personally focussed resentment.

          5. Jì 忌, jí 嫉, and dù 妒 refer to intense personal resentment typically occasioned by envy for some success in love (jealousy) or in politics.

          6. Hèn 恨 "nourish feelings of hatred" is relatively rare in this meaning in pre-Qin times, and it stresses the emotional aspect of hatred.

          7. Yàn 厭 "come to be fed up with" (ant. hào 好 "be fond of") is a resentment due to overexposure to some condition or to a person's behaviour.

          8. Fán 煩 "be irritated at, be annoyed with" refers to a dissatisfaction due to overexposure to some condition or to a person's behaviour.

          9. Kǔ 苦 "resent bitterly", huàn 患 "REGARD AS DISASTROUS> be upset by", and bìng 病 "feel profoundly offended" focus on resentment of some prevailing condition as insufferable and may be directed at responsible officials but not primarily in a personal way.

          10. Wàng 望 is archaising word typically referrring to resentment against superiors.

        • DISASTER

          1. The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)

          2. Zāi 災 refers to a natural disaster, typically sent down by Heaven.

          3. Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations.

          4. Yāng 殃 always refers to major natural disasters, often construed as causes by human misdemeanour, or by a failure to take preventive action.

          5. Niè 孽 often has heavy metaphysical connotations and refers to disasters as caused by higher powers acting with an intention to harm, but there are some clear cases where the word refers to man-made trouble in MENG.

          6. Nàn 難 refer to man-made disasters of every kind.

          7. Jí 急 is a disastrous or highly precarious situation that has occurred suddenly and requires urgent attention.

          8. Bù yú 不虞 is normally a minor disaster that was utterly unexpected.

          9. Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes.

          10. Hài 害 refers generally to harm, but in OBI the word standardly refers to harm done by supernatural powers or ancestors.

          Word relations
        • Conv: (DISASTER)備/DEFEND Bèi 備 is to make defensive arrangements.
        • Ant: (DISASTER)利/PROFIT Lì 利 (1. ant. yì 義 "considerations of rectitude"(!!); 2. ant. hài 害 "damage and loss suffered") refers to material profit.
        • Object: (DISASTER)困/DISTRESS The most representative current general word for distress is probably kùn 困 (ant. ān 安 "be in a good state"), although the group of words discussed here is selected on singularly problematic grounds.
        • Contrast: (WORRY)憂/WORRY The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.
        • Contrast: (DISASTER)變/DISASTER
        • Assoc: (DISASTER)凶/DISASTER Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes.
        • Assoc: (DISASTER)害/DISASTER Hài 害 refers generally to harm, but in OBI the word standardly refers to harm done by supernatural powers or ancestors.
        • Assoc: (DISASTER)災 / 菑/DISASTER Zāi 災 refers to a natural disaster, typically sent down by Heaven.
        • Assoc: (DISASTER)禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)
        • Synon: (PROBLEM)難/PROBLEM comes to refer to a problem rather than a difficulty when the difficulty involved turns out to be of an intellectual nature.