ILLNESS    疾病病

TYPICALLY TEMPORARY DEFECT of the BODY OR MIND of HUMANS OR of the BODY of ANIMALS.
DISEASESICKNESSDISEASEAILMENTCOMPLAINTDISORDERMALADYAFFLICTIONINDISPOSITIONILL HEALTHPOOR HEALTHINFIRMITYINFECTIONVIRUSINFORMAL BUG
Old Chinese Criteria
1. From Warring States onwards the most current general word for illness was bìng 病, but in earlier times the word referred even more generally to troubles and difficulties of many kinds. This archaic usage did continue into later usage. When used specifically, bìng 病 refers to a lasting long-term medical condition. Interestingly, mental/emotional conditions tend to be bìng 病, perhaps because they are taken to be lasting and not acute. 2. Jí 疾 is the oldest general word for illness, from OBI times onwards, and often this word continues to be used in this generalised way. But sometimes the word comes to refer more specifically to an acute short-term medical condition, adjectivally in jí bìng 疾病, and especially a change in medical condition, that can be very serious but is not normally construed as chronic. (Seasonal epidemiological conditions are also jí 疾.) 3. Yàng 恙 is largely restricted to the common idiomatic formula wú yàng 無恙 "be in good health" and sometimes yǒu yàng 有恙 "have medical problems". 4. Lì 癘 often refers to pest and the like, and comes to refer to any very serious disease. For specific meanings see also ILLNESSES.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 HUMAN BODY 1. 疾，出現較早，指急病和外傷，引申指傳染病、輕病、傷殘之病、廢疾；上古是疾病的通稱。 病，產生於春秋末年，本義是困苦，引申多指內病、重病、慢性病，漢以後成為疾病的總稱。 痾，鬼神所降的災禍，引申為疾病，有神秘色彩，專稱不可知、奇異的病。 恙，神鬼降災而使人遭受的包括疾病的各種凶咎，多用於問候語；引申為疾病義，多指小病小災。 2. 疢，因抑鬱憂傷而致的熱病。 疹，主要為七情抑鬱所生體內之病，範圍廣於疢。 瘵，本指 ?? 羸瘦弱一類的疾病；南宋時又指一種肺病。 瘼，本為憂苦義，引申指結核病。 3. 痼，久難治愈的疾病，多作形容詞。 疚，生了多時的慢性病。 癈，不能任事的痼疾。
Modern Chinese Criteria
疾病 病症 病魔 病痛 毛病 疾患 癥候 二豎 病 疾 癥 恙 痾 採薪之憂 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • LAME　ILLNESS of being NOT ABLE to MOVE one's LEGS OR ARMS.  (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • MAD　ILLNESS of the MIND. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • DUMB　LACK of ABILITY to HEAR. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • ILLNESSES　CATEGORY of ILLNESS. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • ULCER　ILLNESS in the form of an OPEN WOUND CAUSED by INFLAMMATION. [MEDICINE] (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • TUMOUR　An ILLNESS in the form of a SWELLING NOT CAUSED BY INFLAMMATION. [MEDICINE] (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • PEST　INTENSE ILLNESS which TENDS to SPREAD.For this section compare throughout ZHANG GANG 1997. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • SKIN DISEASE　ILLNESS of the SKIN. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • CONTAGIOUS　CAUSING OTHERS TO BEGIN TO HAVE the SAME ILLNESS. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • EPILEPSY　 (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • DIARRHEA　 (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • MALARIA　 (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • HEALTHYSTRONG IN-S0-FAR as one LACK ILLNESS OR PAIN.
See also
  • HUNCHBACKA HUMAN who HAS the DEFECT of an INTENSELY CURVED BACK.
  • INJUREDAMAGE a HUMAN OR ANIMAL so as to CAUSE TO HAVE INJURY.
  • DRUGSUBSTANCE USED FOR CURING OR PREVENTING DISEASES.
  • DEAFLACK the ABILITY to HEAR.
Hypernym
  • DEFECT　BAD FEATURE in something GOOD OR LACK of a DESIRED GOOD FEATURE. (anc: 4/0, child: 2)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 4.84

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    ILLNESS

    aeger is the general term for any mental or physical state of ill health.

    aegrotus indicates physical bad health in humans.

    morbidus indicates physical bad health primarily in animals.

    morbus views sickness as an external factor or phenomenon.

    valetudo as a (typically subjective) state of health of a person.

    invaletudo refers to a slight indisposition.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 84

  • 雙、兩釋异 Shuang, liang shiyi 杭州大學學報 Hangzhou daxue xuebao ( Hong Huazhi 1996) p.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p. 24

    AEGROTATIO

    PODAGRA

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 68

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. II.239

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 887

  • Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du francais contemporain, vol. I ( Mel'cuk I) p. 121

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 279/331

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.290

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 4.1184

    KRANKHEIT

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 80

  • Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 405

  • "三國志"同義詞及其歷史演變 ( WANG TONGWEI 2010) p. 187-222

  • 古漢語同義詞辨析舉例 Gu Hanyu tong yi ci bianxi julie 辭書研究 Ci shu yanjiu ( Wang Youbu 1983) p.

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 136

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 753

    痁，痎

    1.

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 753

    疾，病

    1. WL 二字同義. WL rightly rejects the traditional opinion that bi4ng 病 is more serious than ji2 疾 by pointing out that ji2 疾 can certainly be mortal. In fact, the main difference is that bi4ng 病 primarily refers to a lasting medical condition, whereas ji2 疾 refers to an acute medical condition.

    Now it is quite true that there are instances where the two words seem to be used interchangeably, as in

    HF 22.21:01; jishi 435; jiaozhu 243f; shiping 757

    張譴相韓， Zha1ng Qia3n was prime minister in Ha2n.

    病將死。 He was ill and was about to die.

    公乘無正懷三十金 Go1ngche2ng Wu2zhe4ng took along thirty cash

    而問其疾。 and paid him a visit on account of his current state of sickness.

  • 中醫百病名源考 Zhongyi baibing mingyuan kao ( ZHANG GANG 1997) p.

  • Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine ( HSU 2010) p. 392

    病

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    aeger 'ill, sick' [adj. o/a] (P1.+)

    Derivatives: aegrOtus 'sick, diseased' (P1.+), aegrotare (P1.+) 'to be sick'; aegrere

    'to be sick' (Lucr.), aegrescere 'to become sick' (Lucr.+); aegrimonia 'mental

    distress' (P1.+); aegritudo 'illness, grief (PI.+).

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 497

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

    • Words (44 items)

    疾  jí OC: dzid MC: dzit 77 Attributions

    Jí 疾 is the oldest general word for illness and sometimes continues to be used in this generalised way, but the word often came to refer more specifically to an acute short-term medical condition, and especially a change in medical condition, that can be very serious but is not normally construed as chronic.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").
    • Epithet: 惡/BAD The most general word for what is inferior and not commendable, morally, aesthetically or otherwise, is è 惡 (ant. měi 美 "commendable"), but this word is also used to refer more specifically to wickedness. See WICKED [GENERAL]
    • Assoc: 病/ILLNESS From Warring States onwards the most current general word for illness was bìng 病, but in earlier times the word referred even more generally to troubles and difficulties of many kinds. This archaic usage did continue into later usage. When used specifically, bìng 病 refers to a lasting long-term medical condition.
    • Assoc: 疫/PEST Yì 疫 is a colloquial general word for a pest or plage, but this word was not very current in pre-Buddhist times.
    • Assoc: 瘧/ILLNESS

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}eventserious problems, acute troubles
    • nabfigurative"pain in the neck"; unhealthy state (of a country etc)
    • nabnonreferentialabstract: illnessCH
    • nabslightindisposition
    • nabstativeOBI 5: acute sickness; current state of sickness; also: xīn jí 心疾 "indisposition/illness of the heart/mind"; sickness 斯疾 temporary indisposition; falling sick
    • v[adN]N=humthe sick
    • vadNOBI: acutely sick; aching (疾首)
    • vadVof an (unspecified) acute disease; sometimes generally: of a natural disease
    • vicontinuousbe disease-ridden
    • vigradedsuffer acute sickness 疾甚
    • vpostadNN who was sick; a sick NDS
    • vtoNrelationalbe sick in, suffer a disease, have an ailment in
    病  bìng OC: bɢraŋs MC: bɣaŋ 59 Attributions

    From Warring States onwards the most current general word for illness was bìng 病, but in earlier times the word referred even more generally to troubles and difficulties of many kinds. This archaic usage did continue into later usage. When used specifically, bìng 病 refers to a lasting long-term medical condition.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 疾/ILLNESS Jí 疾 is the oldest general word for illness and sometimes continues to be used in this generalised way, but the word often came to refer more specifically to an acute short-term medical condition, and especially a change in medical condition, that can be very serious but is not normally construed as chronic.
    • Assoc: 羸/WEAK Léi 羸 (ant. jiàn 健 "strong and healthy") typically refers to physical weakness in humans. 3. Bào 薄 (ant. zhuàng 壯 "strong and vigorous") can refer to a low or weak intensity of something.

      Syntactic words
    • n[adN]ill person
    • nab.prIllness (personified??)
    • nabstativeserious lasting disease; sometimes generalised: natural disease, sickness
    • vadNgradedsick 甚病之人
    • vadVbecause of a natural illness
    • vibe seriously sick or ill; (of states etc) be disabled [move those examples to fig]
    • vichangefall seriously ill; (of an acute illness:) become a serious irremediable medical state
    • vtoNstativebe sick with respect to; suffer from the disease N
    疾病  jí bìng OC: dzid bɢraŋs MC: dzit bɣaŋ 27 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]nonreferentialthe sick; those who suffer from any disease
    • NPab{N1=N2}stativean acute illness
    • NPsubject=pluralthose who suffer from an acute illness
    • VPisuffer from a serious illness
    恙  yàng OC: k-laŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ 8 Attributions

    Yàng 恙 is restricted to the idiomatic formula wú yàng 無恙 "be in good health" and sometimes yǒu yàng 有恙 "have medical problems".

      Syntactic words
    • nabstativemalady, heaven-sent disease
    風  fēng OC: plum MC: puŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativecold; influenza
    著風  zhuó fēng OC: ɡ-laɡ plum MC: ɖi̯ɐk puŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPisuffer from a cold, have a cold
    疾疢  jí chèn OC: dzid thins MC: dzit ʈhin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativeillness(es) of any kind
    惡  è OC: qaaɡ MC: ʔɑk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstatebad illness
    痁  shān OC: qhljem MC: ɕiɛm 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativeintermittent fever that breaks out once every few days
    癉  dān OC: taan MC: tɑn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativedisease[That is probably a specific illness][CA]
    • vibe ill with boils
    得病  dé bìng OC: tɯɯɡ bɢraŋs MC: tək bɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vieventfall ill
    疾患  jí huàn OC: dzid ɢroons MC: dzit ɦɣan 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbe struck by diseases
    病患  bìng huàn OC: bɢraŋs ɢroons MC: bɣaŋ ɦɣan 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativeillness suffered
    惱病  nǎo bìng OC: nuuʔ bɢraŋs MC: nɑu bɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventdisease
    疵癘  cī lì OC: dze b-rads MC: dziɛ liɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPisuffer any kind of illness
    疾疚  jí jiù OC: dzid klɯs MC: dzit kɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturedisease of any kind
    癃病  lóng bìng OC: ɡ-ruum bɢraŋs MC: luŋ bɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPichangefall seriously ill
    偏  piān 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe hemiplegicLZ
    已病  yǐ bìng OC: k-lɯʔ bɢraŋs MC: jɨ bɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]nonreferentialpersons who are already sick
    疾養  jí yǎng MC: dzit yangX OC: dzid laŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab= 疾癢: pain, itching and similar troublesome body conditions in generalLZ
    患  huàn OC: ɢroons MC: ɦɣan 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsuffer an illness in; be faced with a disease affecting N
    憂  yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativenot too serious illness
    漬  zì OC: sɡleɡs MC: dziɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe ill
    廢疾  fèi jí OC: pods dzid MC: pi̯ɐi dzit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturemortal disease; disease that is about to kill one
    未病  wèi bìng OC: mɯds bɢraŋs MC: mɨi bɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]persons who are not yet sick
    疚  jiù OC: klɯs MC: kɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturechronic illness
    瘥  cuó MC: dza OC: sɡaal 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]to plague people with illnessesLZ
    瘧  nǜe OC: ŋawɡ MC: ŋi̯ɐk 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 疾/ILLNESS Jí 疾 is the oldest general word for illness and sometimes continues to be used in this generalised way, but the word often came to refer more specifically to an acute short-term medical condition, and especially a change in medical condition, that can be very serious but is not normally construed as chronic.

      Syntactic words
    • nabstativefever, ague
    癃  lóng OC: ɡ-ruum MC: luŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativeretention of urine???
    • vadNdecrepit, infirm
    • vichangecome to suffer weakened health
    癘  lì OC: b-rads MC: liɛi 1 Attribution

    Lì 癘 comes to refer to any very serious disease. See also ILLNESSES

    • 中醫百病名源考 Zhongyi baibing mingyuan kao ( ZHANG GANG 1997) p. 30-37

      Syntactic words
    • nabstativesickness; pest
    五疾  wǔ jí MC: nguX dzit OC: ŋaaʔ dzid 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPhumanperson(s) afflicted by one of the five handicapsLZ
    蠱  gǔ OC: kaaʔ MC: kuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureSee ZHANG GANG 1997: 83
    心疾  xīn jí OC: slɯm dzid MC: sim dzit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabprocessheart attack; (mental affliction???)
    居病  jū bìng OC: ka bɢraŋs MC: ki̯ɤ bɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPicontinuousbe ill
    勞  láo OC: raaw MC: lɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeature＝癆 illness
    寒  hán OC: ɡaan MC: ɦɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturecommon cold
    殫  dān OC: taan MC: tɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vichangesuffer a disease
    熱  rè OC: ŋjed MC: ȵiɛt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativefever
    疢  chèn OC: thins MC: ʈhin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativeoccasionally used as a general term for disease. (See ILLNESS, KINDS)
    疴  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativepost-Han: illness
    疹  zhěn OC: kljɯnʔ MC: tɕin 0 Attributions
    • 中醫百病名源考 Zhongyi baibing mingyuan kao ( ZHANG GANG 1997) p. 19-24

      Syntactic words
    痎  jiē OC: krɯɯ MC: kɣɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativeintermittent fever that breaks out every day
    痼  gù OC: kaaɡs MC: kuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativechronic illness which it is impossible to get rid of, persistent chronic disease
    瘨  diān OC: tiin MC: ten 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativeillness; madness