BAD  壞惡／劣

The FEATURE of being NOT EXCELLENT OR GOOD.
SUBSTANDARDPOORINFERIORSECOND-RATESECOND-CLASSUNSATISFACTORYINADEQUATEUNACCEPTABLENOT UP TO SCRATCHNOT UP TO PARDEFICIENTIMPERFECTDEFECTIVEFAULTYSHODDYAMATEURISHCARELESSNEGLIGENTMISERABLESORRYINCOMPETENTINEPTINEXPERTINEFFECTUALAWFULATROCIOUSAPPALLINGEXECRABLEDEPLORABLETERRIBLEABYSMALGODAWFULCRUMMYROTTENPATHETICUSELESSWOEFULBUMLOUSYNOT UP TO SNUFFWICKEDEVILSINFULIMMORALMORALLY WRONGCORRUPTBASEBLACK-HEARTEDREPROBATEAMORALCRIMINALVILLAINOUSNEFARIOUSINIQUITOUSDISHONESTDISHONORABLEUNSCRUPULOUSUNPRINCIPLEDCROOKEDDIRTYDASTARDLY
Antonym
  • APPROPRIATEEXCELLENT in a DEFINED SITUATION OR FOR a DEFINED NEED.
    • EXCELLENTFEATURE BECAUSE of which SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS OR SHOULD BE PREFERRED to OTHERS
      • GOODEXCELLENT in VIRTUE OR in IMPORTANT SKILL.
        Hypernym
        • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
        Hyponym
        • UGLY　BAD in APPEARANCE when SEEN.
          • HORRIBLE　INTESNELY UGLY AND FRIGHTENING
        • WICKED　MORALLY BAD.
          • CRAFTY　WICKEDLY INTELLIGENT AND TENDENCY:tending to DECEIVE.
          • CRUEL　VIOLENT AND WICKED so as to DELIGHT in INJURING OR DAMAGING OTHERS.
          • DISLOYAL　Be WICKED so as to LACK APPROPRIATE FAITHFULNESS.
          • SELFISH　WICKED so as to STRIVE FOR ONLY one's SELF:own PROFIT.
          • VICE　WICKEDNESS as an ENDURING BAD MORAL FEATURE of a HUMAN....
          • SCOUNDREL　INTENSELY WICKED PERSON
        • REACTIONARY　POLITICALLY BAD so as to TRY to PREVENT PROGRESS in SOCIETY.
          Old Chinese Criteria
          [ABSOLUTE/GRADED]

          [[COMMON/RARE]]

          [ELEVATED/INFORMAL]

          [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

          [HIGH-DEGREE/LOW-DEGREE]

          1. The most general word for what is inferior and not commendable, morally, aesthetically or otherwise, is è 惡 (ant. měi 美 "commendable"), but this word is also used to refer more specifically to wickedness. See WICKED

          [GENERAL]

          2. Xià 下 (ant. shàng 上 "superior") is a colourless general way of referring to something being inferior to something else (which may or may not be specified) in any sense.

          [GRADED]

          3. Liè 劣 (ant. yōu 優 "of higher quality") refers quite generally to inferior quality, but the word is not very frequent in pre-Buddhist Chinese.

          [HIGH-DEGREE]; [[RARE]]

          4. Nú 駑 and the rarer tái 駘 (all ant. jùn 駿 "superior horse") refer specifically to inferior horses, and in a rather pictoresque metaphorical way these terms are sometimes used to refer to men of inferior quality.

          [ELEVATED], [SUBJ=HUMAN]; [[RARE]]

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          壞

          劣

          差

          次

          淺

          破

          糟

          鬼

          賴

          孬

          不好

          不良

          不行

          不妙

          不善

          差勁

          稀鬆

          稀糟

          糟糕

          蹩腳

          塗鴉

          窳劣

          二五眼

          差點兒

          驢鳴狗

          不像話

          不成話

          要不得

          一團糟

          不足取

          一無可取

          一塌糊塗

          看不上眼

          不堪設想

          惡劣

          低劣

          粗劣

          卑劣

          拙劣

          蕪劣

          猥劣

          下劣

          猥陋

          猥鄙

          卑下

          劣

          惡

          歹

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.72

          • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

            WORSE

            deterior refers to something that has degenerated from a superior good state.

            peior refers to something that has been bad but

            has become worse.

          • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

            MALITIA/MALUM

          • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.284

          • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 5.653

            MALUM

          • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 188

          • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.229.188

            CHETIF.MAUVAIS

          • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.274

          • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. B 3/6/57

          Attributions by syntactic funtion

          • NP : 142
          • vadN : 32
          • VPtoN : 30
          • NP{PRED} : 25
          • nab : 18
          • VPi : 15
          • vi : 15
          • VPt+V[0] : 11
          • v[adN] : 9
          • n : 5
          • v[adN1.]post-N2 : 4
          • vtoN : 3
          • VPt+NPab{S} : 3
          • VPadN : 3
          • nab[.post-N] : 2
          • NPadN : 2
          • vt+prep+N : 2
          • vadV : 2
          • NPab : 2
          • nab.post-N : 1
          • vt(o.N1adN2) : 1
          • VP[adNab] : 1
          • v[adV] : 1
          • NPadS : 1
          • VP(adN) : 1
          • VPt(oN) : 1
          • NPab{vt{NEG}+V(.adN)} : 1

          Attributions by text

          • 荀子 : 83
          • 論語 : 37
          • 春秋左傳 : 24
          • 說苑 : 21
          • 禮記 : 21
          • 韓非子 : 20
          • 論衡 : 18
          • 孟子 : 13
          • 莊子 : 13
          • 法言 : 12
          • 呂氏春秋 : 10
          • 管子 : 10
          • 韓詩外傳 : 9
          • 百喻經 : 7
          • 淮南子 : 5
          • 史記 : 4
          • 賢愚經 : 4
          • 毛詩 : 3
          • 陸機集十一卷 : 2
          • 太平經 : 2
          • 戰國策 : 2
          • 成之聞之 : 2
          • 公孫龍子 : 1
          • 老子 : 1
          • 孫子 : 1
          • 尚書 : 1
          • 列子 : 1
          • 春秋穀梁傳 : 1
          • 孝經 : 1
          • 妙法蓮華經 : 1
          • 楚辭 : 1
          • 人物志三卷 : 1
          • 古列女傳 : 1

          Words

          小人  xiǎo rén OC: smewʔ njin MC: siɛu ȵin 173 AttributionsWD

            Word relations
          • Ant: 君子/GOOD Jūn zǐ 君子 (ant. xiǎo rén 小人 "petty man") refers to high moral qualities, especially in men.
          • Ant: 大人/HERO
          • Ant: 賢/GOOD Xián 賢 (ant. 不肖"person of inferior worth and talent") adds to the notion of an intellectual of some education that of special talent, and sometimes also of moral worth. See TALENT.
          • Ant: 聖人/HERO

            Syntactic words
          • NPabconceptthe concept of a petty man; being a petty man
          • NPadNmoralpetty, characteristic of a petty person
          • NPdefinitethe petty people (often quantified: all)
          • NPimmoralmalicious or immoral petty personCH
          • NPindefinitepetty people
          • NPindefinitepetty person
          • NPnonreferentialpetty person, person of deficient moral character
          • NP{PRED}be a despicable petty person
          • VPimoralbe petty
          惡  è OC: qaaɡ MC: ʔɑk 46 AttributionsWD

          The most general word for what is inferior and not commendable, morally, aesthetically or otherwise, is è 惡 (ant. měi 美 "commendable"), but this word is also used to refer more specifically to wickedness. See WICKED [GENERAL]

            Word relations
          • Ant: 善/GOOD The general term for positive appraisal of any kind in Chinese is shàn 善 (ant. è 惡 "bad").
          • Ant: 德/GOOD
          • Ant: 賢/EXCELLENT
          • Ant: 懿/GOOD
          • Ant: 美/EXCELLENT Měi 美 (ant. è 惡 "of bad quality") when it does not have its standard meaning "beauty" indicates striking or admirable high quality of anything concrete or abstract.
          • Ant: 良/EXCELLENT The standard current general word for anything or anyone who naturally meets certain generally accepted high standards of excellence is liáng 良 (ant. liè 劣 "inferior").
          • Ant: 美/GOOD
          • Epithet: 疾/ILLNESS Jí 疾 is the oldest general word for illness and sometimes continues to be used in this generalised way, but the word often came to refer more specifically to an acute short-term medical condition, and especially a change in medical condition, that can be very serious but is not normally construed as chronic.
          • Assoc: 凶/WICKED Xiōng 凶 refers to a baneful wickedness that bodes ill for the future.

            Syntactic words
          • nab.post-Nfeaturebad image; bad points, dishonourable points　三惡
          • nab[.post-N]one's own bad points; one's own bad imageCH
          • nabconceptbadnessCH
          • v[adN1.]post-N2bad points of N2CH
          • v[adN]what is badCH
          • v[adN]nonreferentialwhat is bad; what is undesirable
          • vadNbad; dishonourable; offensive (words); of bad quality (clothes); malignant (of disease); foul (of smells)
          • vadV(eat) badly, nastily, (smell) foul; dishonourably
          • vibe bad; be dishonourable; be offensive (words); be of bad quality (clothes);be malignant (of disease); be foul (of smells)LZ
          • vtoNcausativederived: cast a bad light on N, make N look badCH
          不如  bù rú OC: pɯʔ nja MC: pi̯ut ȵi̯ɤ 46 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPt(oN)be not as good as the contextually determinate N; be lesser than
          • VPt+NPab{S}stativebe inferior to S
          • VPt+V[0]be not as good as V-ing
          • VPtoNstative吾不如老農"I am inferior to an old peasant":be inferior to; be lesser than; be not as good as
          • vt(o.N1adN2)be inferior the contextually determinate N2 of the contextually determinate N1CH
          下  xià OC: ɢraaʔ MC: ɦɣɛ 15 AttributionsWD

          Xià 下 (ant. shàng 上 "superior") is a colourless general way of referring to something being inferior to something else (which may or may not be specified) in any sense. [GRADED]

            Syntactic words
          • v[adN1.]post-N2the worst example
          • v[adN]N=thingwhat is of inferior quality
          • vadNof lower quality, of the lower kind; inferior
          • vadNsocialon an inferior level of culture
          • vibe of inferior quality, be of a lower kind; be inferior; be of inferior moral mettle
          • vtoNstativebe inferior to N
          駑  nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 10 AttributionsWD

          Nú 駑 and the rarer tái 駘 (all ant. jùn 駿 "superior horse") refer specifically to inferior horses, and in a rather pictoresque metaphorical way these terms are sometimes used to refer to men of inferior quality.

            Syntactic words
          • vadNof horses (and sometimes men): weak, of bad quality, not very useful
          • viof horses (and sometimes men): be of inferior quality; not very useful
          次  cì OC: snʰis MC: tshi 8 AttributionsWD

            Syntactic words
          • nsubjectthat which is the next best
          • vibe inferior; be the next best
          不良  bù liáng OC: pɯʔ ɡ-raŋ MC: pi̯ut li̯ɐŋ 6 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VP(adN)litotesthe contextually determinate thing that is not good> bad
          • VPadNlitotesbad
          • VPilitotesbe bad
          劣  liè OC: ɡ-rod MC: liɛt 3 AttributionsWD

          Liè 劣 (ant. yōu 優 "of higher quality") refers quite generally to inferior quality, but the word is not very frequent in pre-Buddhist Chinese. [HIGH-DEGREE]; [[RARE]]

            Word relations
          • Ant: 優/EXCELLENT Yōu 優 (ant. liè 劣 "inferior") and cháng 長 (ant. duǎn 短 "of lesser quality") refers to a distinct advantage in excellence compared with some reference group or some point of reference.
          • Ant: 長/EXCELLENT Yōu 優 (ant. liè 劣 "inferior") and cháng 長 (ant. duǎn 短 "of lesser quality") refers to a distinct advantage in excellence compared with some reference group or some point of reference.

            Syntactic words
          • vadNof lesser quality
          • vibe of minor moral quality
          甚  shèn OC: ɡljums MC: dʑim 3 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • v[adV]be exceedingly (bad)
          • vt+prep+Nbe worse than
          短  duǎn OC: toonʔ MC: tʷɑn 3 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vadNtrvial; deficient, less than interestingCH
          • vigradedbe inferior when relevantly compared with other things
          不恭  bù gōng OC: pɯʔ koŋ MC: pi̯ut ki̯oŋ 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPab{vt{NEG}+V(.adN)}lack of dignity
          • VPibe undignified; show lack of dignity
          弊惡  bì è OC: beds qaaɡ MC: biɛi ʔɑk 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPadNold and wicked > damned
          • VPibe quite bad
          不當  bù dàng MC: pjut tangH OC: pɯʔ taaŋsLZ 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • v[adN]bad point, flawLZ
          • VPibe inappropriate DS
          壞  huài OC: ɡruuls MC: ɦɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vadNdeleterious
          擇  zé OC: ɡrlaaɡ MC: ɖɣɛk 1 AttributionWD

            Word relations
          • Contrast: 淫/UNRESTRAINED Yín 淫 can come to refer to extravagance as a symptom of general indulgence.

            Syntactic words
          • vibe inappropriate, offensive, outrageous
          敗  bài OC: braads MC: bɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vadNfigurativerotten> depraved, good-for-nothing
          邪  xié OC: sɢlja MC: zɣɛ 1 AttributionWD

            Word relations
          • Ant: 精 / 菁/EXCELLENT Jīng 精 (of general application) (ant. cū 粗 "of only rough quality") and ruì 銳(typically applied to military prowess) (ant. dùn 鈍 "of lesser quality") refer to above-average performance without suggestion individual excellence.

            Syntactic words
          • vadNof bad quality, of bad effect on people 邪氣
          不令  bù lìng OC: pɯʔ ɡ-reŋ MC: pi̯ut liɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPadNformal: of the bad sort
          • VPibe uncontrollable, be beyond control; be indulgently insubordinateCH
          不腆  bù tiǎn OC: pɯʔ thɯɯnʔ MC: pi̯ut then 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPadNof bad quality
          不韙  bù wěi OC: pɯʔ ɢulʔ MC: pi̯ut ɦɨi 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VP[adNab]unjust practices; bad deeds
          滋甚  zī shèn OC: tsɯ ɡljumʔ MC: tsɨ dʑim 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPimake things worse
          非  fēi OC: pɯl MC: pɨi 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPibe of the wrong kind; be bad 
          小人者  xiǎo rén zhě OC: smewʔ njin kljaʔ MC: siɛu ȵin tɕɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPmoralthe petty person
          駑散  nú sǎn MC: nu sanX OC: naa sqaanʔLZ 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPibe inept, be good-for-nothingLZ
          病  bìng MC: bjaengH OC: bɢraŋsCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNregard an evil; regard as bad for oneCH
          其下  qí xià MC: gi haeX OC: ɡɯ ɢraaʔDS 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPadSthe worst way is SDS
          不信  bù xìn MC: pjut sinH OC: pɯʔ sinsDS 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPiinchoativebecome unreliable DS
          亞  yà OC: qraaɡs MC: ʔɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vadNinferior; lower (rank); second in rank; junior
          • vibe inferior (SHU)
          欿  kǎn OC: ɡloomʔ MC: ɦəm 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vibe inferior, wanting (MENG) 欿然
          駘  tái OC: lɯɯ MC: dəi 0 AttributionsWD

          Nú 駑 and the rarer tái 駘 (all ant. jùn 駿 "superior horse") refer specifically to inferior horses, and in a rather pictoresque metaphorical way these terms are sometimes used to refer to men of inferior quality. [ELEVATED], [SUBJ=HUMAN]; [[RARE]]

            Syntactic words
          • ninferior creature, inferior horse; sometimes: inferior person (for use in the bureaucracy)
          不恕  bù shù OC: pɯʔ hnjas MC: pi̯ut ɕi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPpostadVmindlessnessly of the concerns of others
          脩  xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPadNuncivilised; French: inculte
          • vttoN1.+N2reflect on N1 with respect to N2
          為下  wéi xià OC: ɢʷal ɢraaʔ MC: ɦiɛ ɦɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPnonreferentialsomeone who is inferior

          Existing SW for

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