REALITY  真實實

EXIST and NOT ONLY BE IMAGINED.
CONCRETETHE REAL WORLDREAL LIFEACTUALITYTRUTHPHYSICAL EXISTENCE
Antonym
  • IMAGINATIONTHINK so as to HAVE OR PRODUCE a PICTURE in one's MIND of an ABSENT OBJECT OR SITUATION.
    Hypernym
    • EXISTBE-IN the UNIVERSE of SPACE AND TIME.
      • BE INRELATION between a THING AND what that THING FILLS OR PART:partially FILLS.
        • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER.
          • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE....
    Hyponym
    • AT LEAST　REALITY:really AND AS the MOST SMALL OF MANY POSSIBILE SITUATIONS.
      • EVENT　REALITY that ARISES in TIME.
        • ARISE　The EVENT that something BEGINS to EXIST.
        • CHANGE　EVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2....
        • DISASTER　EVENT that CAUSES HUMANS to BECOME INTENSELY SAD OR to GRIEF:grieve....
        • MIRACLE　EVENT OR ACTION which OFFENDS against NATURE.
      • OBJECTIVE　REAL so as to be BASED on REALITY AND NOT on PERSONAL PREFERENCE.
        • REALLY　REAL AND CONFORMING TO EXPECTATION.
          • FACT　REALITY CORRESPONDING to a DECLARATIVE SENTENCE.
            Old Chinese Criteria
            1. The current word referring to reality is shí 實 (ant. xū 虛 "pretended reality"), but the word acquired this meaning rather late (meaning "object" in earlier texts).

            2. Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial.

            3. Zhēn 真 (ant. jiǎ 假 "faked") refers to the genuine inner state of something, the ultimate truth about it.

            Modern Chinese Criteria
            事實

            實事

            實際

            現實

            史實

            rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

            • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 475; 1228

            • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1060

              REALITE

            • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 755

              MATTER OF FACT

            • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.15

            • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 12.829

              WIRKLICHKEIT

            • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 226

              1. The definition of shi2 寔 in WL 225 is about as half-hearted and insubstantial as can be found in the dictionary.

            • Enzyklopaedie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie ( MITTELSTRASS 1996) p. 4.712

              WIRKLICHKEIT

            • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 5.197

            • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 516

            Attributions by syntactic funtion

            • vadV : 83
            • nab.adV : 67
            • nab : 56
            • vadN{PRED} : 23
            • padV : 12
            • VPadV : 11
            • nab.adV : 7
            • NPadV : 7
            • ppostadS : 5
            • vadS : 4
            • vadN : 4
            • NPab : 4
            • nab.post-N : 3
            • vi : 3
            • vadS1.post-S2 : 2
            • n : 2
            • nab.adN : 1
            • nab.post-V : 1
            • npro+V.postN : 1
            • VPi : 1
            • padV.postN{SUBJ}:postS : 1
            • vi(0) : 1

            Attributions by text

            • 韓非子 : 54
            • 說苑 : 24
            • 荀子 : 24
            • 莊子 : 18
            • 百喻經 : 18
            • 戰國策 : 17
            • 論衡 : 15
            • 孟子 : 13
            • 春秋左傳 : 13
            • 史記 : 12
            • 搜神記 : 10
            • 賢愚經 : 9
            • 淮南子 : 8
            • 祖堂集 : 8
            • 阮籍集四卷 : 6
            • 論語 : 5
            • 六祖壇經 : 4
            • 古列女傳 : 4
            • 墨子 : 3
            • 劉義慶世說新語 : 3
            • 孫子 : 3
            • 妙法蓮華經 : 3
            • 韓詩外傳 : 3
            • 陸機集十一卷 : 2
            • 尚書 : 2
            • 管子 : 2
            • 法集要頌經 : 2
            • 楚辭 : 2
            • 文選 : 1
            • 公孫龍子 : 1
            • 笑林一卷 : 1
            • 類說 : 1
            • 王羲之集二卷 : 1
            • 天中記 : 1
            • 列子 : 1
            • 呂氏春秋 : 1
            • 春秋穀梁傳 : 1
            • 臨濟錄 : 1
            • 法言 : 1
            • 太平經 : 1

            Words

            實  shí OC: ɢljiɡ MC: ʑit 64 AttributionsWD

            The current word referring to reality is shí 實 (ant. xū 虛 "pretended reality"), but the word acquired this meaning rather late (meaning "object" in earlier texts).

              Word relations
            • Ant: 名/SEEM Míng 名 "in name and public appearance (only(" (ant. shí 實 "in reality") is the most current and refers to a mere superficial facade created by public behaviour. [DELIBERATE]
            • Ant: 聲/WELL-KNOWN Shēng 聲 refers specifically to notoriety in so far as it is the subject of public discussion.
            • Ant: 非實/LACK
            • Ant: 華/BEAUTIFUL Huá 華"of striking and colourful beauty" (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") focusses on flourishing and flamboyant superficial or only apparent beauty, on the analogy analogy with that of flowers. [ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], NON-HUMAN], [SUPERFICIAL]
            • Contrast: 本/BASIS The basic word is běn 本 "the trunk, the main part" (ant. mò 末 "marginal part") and this word refers to the crucial constituent of something in any sense. [GENERAL], [STATIC]; [[COMMON]]
            • Assoc: 事/SITUATION Shì 事 focusses on the factual sequence of events that create a shì 勢.
            • Assoc: 定/DECIDE Dìng 定 refers to the fixing something not only for oneself but primarily for others. See FIX
            • Synon: 誠/REALITY Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial.
            • Oppos: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").

              Syntactic words
            • nabconcrete reality (versus mere name , renown, or title); real facts of a matter; material conditions
            • nab.adNreality-basedCH
            • nab.adVfrom late Warring States times onwards: in actual fact, in point of fact; in reality; truly, in truth; indeed
            • nab.post-Vthe reality of V-ingLZ
            • nabfeaturefeature of being real, feature of corresponding to the truth 言之實 "the truth contained in words"
            • npro+V.postNit is the subject of V that Vs
            • nsubjectreally existing thing > real object
            • vadNreal
            • vi(0)this is true, that's right, yes
            • vimetaphysicalbe real (and not only appearing to be real)
            果  guǒ OC: kloolʔ MC: kʷɑ 46 AttributionsWD

            Guǒ 果 "in the event" focusses on the fact that something that might not have happened but was expected to happen, did in fact happen.

              Syntactic words
            • nab.adVas a fruit> eventually; in the event, as predicted, as one suspected, really, indeed; as it happened
            • nab.adVindeed; ultimately; in realityCH
            誠  chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 32 AttributionsWD

            Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial.

              Word relations
            • Synon: 實/REALITY The current word referring to reality is shí 實 (ant. xū 虛 "pretended reality"), but the word acquired this meaning rather late (meaning "object" in earlier texts).

              Syntactic words
            • nabmetaphysicalthe real state of affairs; one's real inner state; one's real convictions
            • vadN{PRED}in truth; really
            • vadVin truth, truly, really
            情  qíng OC: dzeŋ MC: dziɛŋ 30 AttributionsWD

            Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial.

              Word relations
            • Assoc: 事/REALITY
            • Assoc: 性/BASIC NATURE The current and quite dominant word for the stable inherent and prototypically innate features of something is xìng 性 (ant. wéi 為 "what belongs to human action", and wěi 偽"artificial").

              Syntactic words
            • nab.adVtruly
            • nabstativereal facts of a matter, real state of affairs; real facts of a case
            • nadNreal, underlying, true
            真  zhēn OC: tjin MC: tɕin 28 AttributionsWD

            Zhēn 真 (ant. jiǎ 假 "faked") refers to the genuine inner state of something, the ultimate truth about it.

              Syntactic words
            • nabthe true situation, the true constellationCH
            • nabmetaphysicalreality; what is genuinely soCH
            • vadN{PRED}(is) truly
            • vadVreally
            固  gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 16 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadVinherently, inevitably; inherently anyway
            信  xìn OC: sins MC: sin 12 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadSin truth
            • vadVreally, reliably, dependably
            遂  suì OC: sɢluds MC: zi 11 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadS1.post-S2and in the event; and as it happenedCH
            • vadVin the event 上遂不納 "the Emperor in the end did not accept it".
            • vadVin practiceCH
            如實  rú shí OC: nja ɢljiɡ MC: ȵi̯ɤ ʑit 10 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: Reality, Suchness (referring to true features of dharmas; see also rúrú 如如 and zhēnrú 真如)
            • VPadNBUDDH: in accordance with reality> real
            • VPadVin accordance with reality/the facts
            竟  jìng OC: kraŋs MC: kɣaŋ 7 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadVin the end, in the event; in point of fact
            也  yě OC: lalʔ MC: jɣɛ 7 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • ppostadSintensifying particle: really, indeed; 不知也 "I have no idea";不自非也"did not disavow himself in the least"
            其實  qí shí OC: ɡɯ ɢljiɡ MC: gɨ ʑit 6 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPadVin fact
            乃  nǎi OC: nɯɯʔ MC: nəi 5 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • padVin fact; really, indeed 無乃 rhetorical question: "isn't this in fact V-ing?
            事  shì OC: dzrɯs MC: ɖʐɨ 4 AttributionsWD

              Word relations
            • Assoc: 情/REALITY Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial.

              Syntactic words
            • nab.post-Nmatters relating to NVK
            • nabhuman, generalisedhuman matters; human affairsCH
            • nabmetaphysicalfact; real state of affairs; Buddhist: concrete phenomenal world as opposed to the world of underlying principles
            允  yǔn OC: k-lunʔ MC: jʷin 4 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadVOBI: really, truly, in the event, as things turned out; as expected
            蓋  gài OC: kaabs MC: kɑi 4 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • padN{PRED}in fact; as it happened; as it turned out
            • padN{PRED}in fact, as it turns out, (as they say)CH
            • padVgeneralising: in fact; it turns out 蓋有以也 "there was reason for it, as it turns out"
            真實  zhēn shí OC: tjin ɢljiɡ MC: tɕin ʑit 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabmetaphysicaltrue reality
            • VPibe real
            審  shěn OC: qhjɯmʔ MC: ɕim 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • nabmetaphysicalwell-foundednes; detailed basis in fact
            • vadVtruly
            有  yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • nabmetaphysicalwhat there is
            • vadVOBI: really, indeed
            便  biàn OC: bens MC: biɛn 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • padV.postN{SUBJ}:postSreally
            卻  què OC: khaɡ MC: khi̯ɐk 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • padVin actual fact, actually (contrary to expectations)
            事實  shì shí OC: dzrɯs ɢljiɡ MC: ɖʐɨ ʑit 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabfactualfact
            情實  qíng shí OC: dzeŋ ɢljiɡ MC: dziɛŋ ʑit 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabmetaphysicalthe basic real facts of a matter
            究竟  jiū jìng OC: kus kraŋs MC: kɨu kɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPadVin the final analysis, when all is said and done
            中實  zhōng shí MC: trjuwng zyit OC: krluŋ ɢljiɡCH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPadVin realityCH
            中情  zhōng qíng OC: krluŋ dzeŋ MC: ʈuŋ dziɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabmetaphysicalinner essence

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