REALITY    真實實

EXIST and NOT ONLY BE IMAGINED.
CONCRETETHE REAL WORLDREAL LIFEACTUALITYTRUTHPHYSICAL EXISTENCE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current word referring to reality is shí 實 (ant. xū 虛 "pretended reality"), but the word acquired this meaning rather late (meaning "object" in earlier texts). 2. Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial. 3. Zhēn 真 (ant. jiǎ 假 "faked") refers to the genuine inner state of something, the ultimate truth about it.
Modern Chinese Criteria
事實 實事 實際 現實 史實 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • AT LEAST　REALITY:really AND AS the MOST SMALL OF MANY POSSIBILE SITUATIONS. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • EVENT　REALITY that ARISES in TIME. (anc: 8/0, child: 4)
  • OBJECTIVE　REAL so as to be BASED on REALITY AND NOT on PERSONAL PREFERENCE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • REALLY　REAL AND CONFORMING TO EXPECTATION. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • FACT　REALITY CORRESPONDING to a DECLARATIVE SENTENCE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • IMAGINATIONTHINK so as to HAVE OR PRODUCE a PICTURE in one's MIND of an ABSENT OBJECT OR SITUATION.
Hypernym
  • EXIST　BE-IN the UNIVERSE of SPACE AND TIME. (anc: 6/0, child: 5)
  • BE IN　RELATION between a THING AND what that THING FILLS OR PART:partially FILLS. (anc: 5/0, child: 7)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 475; 1228

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1060

    REALITE

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 755

    MATTER OF FACT

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.15

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 12.829

    WIRKLICHKEIT

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 226

    1. The definition of shi2 寔 in WL 225 is about as half-hearted and insubstantial as can be found in the dictionary.

  • Enzyklopaedie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie ( MITTELSTRASS 1996) p. 4.712

    WIRKLICHKEIT

  • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 5.197

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 516

    • Words (27 items)

    實  shí OC: ɢljiɡ MC: ʑit 64 Attributions

    The current word referring to reality is shí 實 (ant. xū 虛 "pretended reality"), but the word acquired this meaning rather late (meaning "object" in earlier texts).

      Word relations
    • Ant: 名/SEEM Míng 名 "in name and public appearance (only(" (ant. shí 實 "in reality") is the most current and refers to a mere superficial facade created by public behaviour. [DELIBERATE]
    • Ant: 聲/WELL-KNOWN Shēng 聲 refers specifically to notoriety in so far as it is the subject of public discussion.
    • Ant: 非實/LACK
    • Ant: 華/BEAUTIFUL Huá 華"of striking and colourful beauty" (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") focusses on flourishing and flamboyant superficial or only apparent beauty, on the analogy analogy with that of flowers. [ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], NON-HUMAN], [SUPERFICIAL]
    • Contrast: 本/BASIS The basic word is běn 本 "the trunk, the main part" (ant. mò 末 "marginal part") and this word refers to the crucial constituent of something in any sense. [GENERAL], [STATIC]; [[COMMON]]
    • Assoc: 事/SITUATION Shì 事 focusses on the factual sequence of events that create a shì 勢.
    • Assoc: 定/DECIDE Dìng 定 refers to the fixing something not only for oneself but primarily for others. See FIX
    • Synon: 誠/REALITY Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial.
    • Oppos: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").

      Syntactic words
    • nabconcrete reality (versus mere name , renown, or title); real facts of a matter; material conditions
    • nab.adNreality-basedCH
    • nab.adVfrom late Warring States times onwards: in actual fact, in point of fact; in reality; truly, in truth; indeed
    • nab.post-Vthe reality of V-ingLZ
    • nabfeaturefeature of being real, feature of corresponding to the truth 言之實 "the truth contained in words"
    • npro+V.postNit is the subject of V that Vs
    • nsubjectreally existing thing > real object
    • vadNreal
    • vi(0)this is true, that's right, yes
    • vimetaphysicalbe real (and not only appearing to be real)
    果  guǒ OC: kloolʔ MC: kʷɑ 46 Attributions

    Guǒ 果 "in the event" focusses on the fact that something that might not have happened but was expected to happen, did in fact happen.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.adVas a fruit> eventually; in the event, as predicted, as one suspected, really, indeed; as it happened
    • nab.adVindeed; ultimately; in realityCH
    誠  chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 38 Attributions

    Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial.

      Word relations
    • Synon: 實/REALITY The current word referring to reality is shí 實 (ant. xū 虛 "pretended reality"), but the word acquired this meaning rather late (meaning "object" in earlier texts).

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalthe real state of affairs; one's real inner state; one's real convictions
    • vadN{PRED}in truth; really
    • vadVin truth, truly, really
    情  qíng OC: dzeŋ MC: dziɛŋ 30 Attributions

    Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 事/REALITY
    • Assoc: 性/BASIC NATURE The current and quite dominant word for the stable inherent and prototypically innate features of something is xìng 性 (ant. wéi 為 "what belongs to human action", and wěi 偽"artificial").

      Syntactic words
    • nab.adVtruly
    • nabstativereal facts of a matter, real state of affairs; real facts of a case
    • nadNreal, underlying, true
    真  zhēn OC: tjin MC: tɕin 28 Attributions

    Zhēn 真 (ant. jiǎ 假 "faked") refers to the genuine inner state of something, the ultimate truth about it.

      Syntactic words
    • nabthe true situation, the true constellationCH
    • nabmetaphysicalreality; what is genuinely soCH
    • vadN{PRED}(is) truly
    • vadVreally
    固  gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 16 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVinherently, inevitably; inherently anyway
    信  xìn OC: sins MC: sin 12 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadSin truth
    • vadVreally, reliably, dependably
    遂  suì OC: sɢluds MC: zi 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadS1.post-S2and in the event; and as it happenedCH
    • vadVin the event 上遂不納 "the Emperor in the end did not accept it".
    • vadVin practiceCH
    如實  rú shí OC: nja ɢljiɡ MC: ȵi̯ɤ ʑit 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: Reality, Suchness (referring to true features of dharmas; see also rúrú 如如 and zhēnrú 真如)
    • VPadNBUDDH: in accordance with reality> real
    • VPadVin accordance with reality/the facts
    事  shì OC: dzrɯs MC: ɖʐɨ 8 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 情/REALITY Qíng 情 (ant. wěi 偽 "fake") and chéng 誠 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent") are often used interchangeably to refer to the real facts versus what is pretended or what is merely superficial.

      Syntactic words
    • nfact; concrete factsCH
    • nab.post-Nmatters relating to NVK
    • nabhuman, generalisedhuman matters; human affairsCH
    • nabmetaphysicalfact; real state of affairs; Buddhist: concrete phenomenal world as opposed to the world of underlying principles
    也  yě OC: lalʔ MC: jɣɛ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadSintensifying particle: really, indeed; 不知也 "I have no idea";不自非也"did not disavow himself in the least"
    竟  jìng OC: kraŋs MC: kɣaŋ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVin the end, in the event; in point of fact
    其實  qí shí OC: ɡɯ ɢljiɡ MC: gɨ ʑit 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVin fact
    乃  nǎi OC: nɯɯʔ MC: nəi 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padVin fact; really, indeed 無乃 rhetorical question: "isn't this in fact V-ing?
    蓋  gài OC: kaabs MC: kɑi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padN{PRED}in fact; as it happened; as it turned out
    • padN{PRED}in fact, as it turns out, (as they say)CH
    • padVgeneralising: in fact; it turns out 蓋有以也 "there was reason for it, as it turns out"
    允  yǔn OC: k-lunʔ MC: jʷin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVOBI: really, truly, in the event, as things turned out; as expected
    真實  zhēn shí OC: tjin ɢljiɡ MC: tɕin ʑit 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicaltrue reality
    • VPibe real
    卻  què OC: khaɡ MC: khi̯ɐk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padVin actual fact, actually (contrary to expectations)
    審  shěn OC: qhjɯmʔ MC: ɕim 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalwell-foundednes; detailed basis in fact
    • vadVtruly
    有  yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalwhat there is
    • vadVOBI: really, indeed
    情實  qíng shí OC: dzeŋ ɢljiɡ MC: dziɛŋ ʑit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalthe basic real facts of a matter
    亶  dǎn MC: tanX OC: taanʔCH 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padVpoetic, archaic: trulyCH
    究竟  jiū jìng OC: kus kraŋs MC: kɨu kɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVin the final analysis, when all is said and done
    便  biàn OC: bens MC: biɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}:postSreally
    中實  zhōng shí MC: trjuwng zyit OC: krluŋ ɢljiɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVin realityCH
    事實  shì shí OC: dzrɯs ɢljiɡ MC: ɖʐɨ ʑit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfactualfact
    中情  zhōng qíng OC: krluŋ dzeŋ MC: ʈuŋ dziɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalinner essence