TRUE  然否然

EXIST CONFORMing to SPEAK(what is claimed). (BE AS SAID(asserted))[[NB: the subject of this syntactic predicate is the situation identified in the "sentence" of which this syntactic predicate is predicated. "God made Heaven and Earth" is TRUE iff the situation identified in this sentence (the creation of Heaven and Earth by God) EXISTS(i.e. occurred).]BE AS SAID(descrbed/stated)
TRUTHCORRECTACCURATERIGHTVERIFIABLEIN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FACTSWHAT ACTUALLY/REALLY HAPPENEDWELL-DOCUMENTEDTHE CASESOLITERALFACTUALUNELABORATEDUNVARNISHED.VERACITYTRUTHFULNESSVERITYSINCERITYCANDORHONESTYACCURACYCORRECTNESSVALIDITYFACTUALITYAUTHENTICITY
Antonym
  • UNTRUELACKING TRUTH OR CONTRARY to REALITY.
    Hypernym
    • EXISTBE-IN the UNIVERSE of SPACE AND TIME.
      • BE INRELATION between a THING AND what that THING FILLS OR PART:partially FILLS.
        • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER.
          • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE....
    See also
    • EARNESTDILIGENT AND SERIOUS IN-RELATION-TO one's SELF:own BELIEFS AND ASPIRATIONS.
      • GENUINEIMPORTANT AND NOT FAKED.
        Hyponym
        • CERTAIN　TRUE AND NOT being DOUBTED.
          • NECESSITY　CERTAIN AND CAUSING ONE NOT to be ABLE to IMAGINE it being NOT TRUE.
        • TRANSCENDENCE　TRUE IN OR RELATING TO an IMPORTANT SEPARATE WORLD BASICALLY DIFFERENT from the WORLD OF ORDINARY THINGS.
          • UNIVERSAL　TRUE EVERYWHERE IN the WORLD AND IN the UNIVERSE.
            • A PRIORI　STATEMENT THE TRUTH OF WHICH DOES NOT DEPEND ON PERCEPTION OR EXPERIENCE.
              • A POSTERIORI　STATEMENT THE TRUTH OF WHICH KNOWN ONLY BASED ON PERCEPTION OR EXPERIENCE.
                Old Chinese Criteria
                1. The most current word is rán 然 "it is so" (ant. fǒu 否 "be untrue"), and what is said to be so is a yán 言 "statement', and things are claimed to be as stated in that statement.

                2. Kě 可 refers to logical or ethical acceptability.

                3. Xìn 信 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent and not reliable") refers prototypically to reliablity as information.

                4. Shì 是 (ant. fēi 非 "wrong") refers prototypically to what invites assent or approval.

                5. Zhēn 真 (ant. jiǎ 假 "fake") typically refers to what contains nothing faked or unreal and is genuinely true.

                6. Dāng 當 (ant. guò 過 "wrong") refers prototypically to what fits the facts and does not deviate.

                7. Yǒu 有 (ant. wú 無 "there is no such fact")refers abstractly to the occurrence of an event or the truth of an abstract proposition.

                8. Chéng 誠 (ant. wěi 偽 "faked") refers to honest truth. (Note that chéng 誠 normally means "earnest" in early texts and has nothing to do with this meaning.)

                9. Shí 實 "real and true" (ant. xū 虛 "only apparently") refers to something not being a figment of the imagination. See REAL.

                Modern Chinese Criteria
                實在

                委實

                著實

                確實

                的確

                確乎

                真個

                當真

                真正

                真

                確

                委

                洵

                審

                誠

                誠然

                rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

                • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.66

                • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1343

                • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

                  VERITAS

                • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.457

                  EWIGE WAHRHEITEN

                • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.379

                • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1825

                • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 12.48

                  WAHRHEIT

                • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 785

                  真，誠

                  1. WL considers that in the meaning zhe1nche2ng 真誠 these two words are synonymous, and it quotes SHUOWEN on zhe1n 真: 僊人變形而登天也 as evidence of what the primary meaning of zhe1n 真 is. This definition is highly interesting, of course, but not because it describes the basic meaning of the word. Change of form has nothing to do with that basic meaning, and rising to heaven has precious little to do with it either. The time has come to discontinue this practice of mechanical quotation of SHUOWEN for pretended primary meanings of words.

                  2. The special feature of zhe1n 真 comes out when you consider its antonym jia3 假 "fake".

                • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 479

                • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

                  TRUTH

                • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

                • Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Second Edition ( BROWN 2005) p.

                • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 6.398

                • Quiddities. An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary ( QUINE 1987) p. 212

                • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.387.342

                  VRAI.VERITABLE

                • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 53

                • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p.

                • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. no. 16

                • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. B 30

                • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 53

                Words

                然  rán OC: njen MC: ȵiɛn 58 AttributionsWD

                The most current word for propositional truth is rán 然 "it is so" (ant. fǒu 否 "be untrue").

                  Syntactic words
                • nabepistemic: (its) being so, (its) being like thisCH
                • nabfactualprevailing conditions, what prevails; what is so; (something's) being so
                • vi(0)sentence pro-formthe contextually determinate S is true; it is so (mostly, the word in this meaning is used pro-sententially, as a pro-sentence)
                • vi[0]gradedbe the case; be right (of a proposition); sometimes: be conceivable 甚然"this is very much so"
                • visubject=wordsbe true (of words)
                • vt(oN)causativecause something to be so, cause things to be like that; cause someone to do the contextually determinate thing.
                • vtoNputativeconsider to be true
                是  shì OC: ɡljeʔ MC: dʑiɛ 42 AttributionsWD

                Shì 是 (ant. fēi 非 "wrong") refers prototypically to what invites assent or approval.

                  Word relations
                • Ant: 非/UNTRUE Fēi 非 refers to something being untrue and thus to be rejected.
                • Assoc: 真/TRUE Zhēn 真 (ant. jiǎ 假 "fake") typically refers to what contains nothing faked or unreal and is genuinely true.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabconceptconcept of right/this
                • nabfactualwhat is considered as correct, what is true
                • nabmetaphysicalfactual correctness
                • vito be correct
                • vt+prep+Nputativetake a positive attitude towards, consider as true
                • vtoNputativeconsider as correct (see ZHUANG)
                • vtoNputative.reflex.自consider (oneself) as right, consider one's own opinions as true
                信  xìn OC: sins MC: sin 24 AttributionsWD

                Xìn 信 (ant. zhà 詐 "fraudulent and not reliable") refers prototypically to reliablity as information.

                  Word relations
                • Ant: 偽/FAKE Wěi 偽 (ant. zhēn 真) focusses on the artificiality rather than natural or proper provenance of the product.
                • Synon: 保/CERTAIN

                  Syntactic words
                • nabtextwhat is true> truth
                • nadNtrustworthy> reliably true
                • vibe reliably true, be entirely right; be certainly the case
                • vtoNputativeconsider to be true, believe to be trueCH
                真  zhēn OC: tjin MC: tɕin 21 AttributionsWD

                Zhēn 真 (ant. jiǎ 假 "fake") typically refers to what contains nothing faked or unreal and is genuinely true.

                  Word relations
                • Assoc: 是/TRUE Shì 是 (ant. fēi 非 "wrong") refers prototypically to what invites assent or approval.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabmetaphysicalthe truth of a matter; the subtle true point; the true essence; the ultimate truth
                • nabsubj=nonhumanwhat is true
                • vadNtrue 真教
                • vibe true; BUDDH: be ultimately true
                是非  shì fēi OC: ɡljeʔ pɯl MC: dʑiɛ pɨi 19 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabfeaturetruth; right and wrong; notions of right and wrong
                實  shí OC: ɢljiɡ MC: ʑit 12 AttributionsWD

                Shí 實 "real and true" (ant. xū 虛 "only apparently") refers to something not being a figment of the imagination. See REAL.

                  Word relations
                • Oppos: 華/BEAUTIFUL Huá 華"of striking and colourful beauty" (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") focusses on flourishing and flamboyant superficial or only apparent beauty, on the analogy analogy with that of flowers. [ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], NON-HUMAN], [SUPERFICIAL]

                  Syntactic words
                • nabfeaturemoral truthfulness
                • nabmetaphysicaltruth, facts
                • nadNreal, really existing; true
                • vadVtruly, faithfully, honestly
                • vibe full of substance; be true rather than false
                有  yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 11 AttributionsWD

                Yǒu 有 (ant. wú 無 "there is no such fact")refers abstractly to the occurrence of an event or the truth of an abstract proposition.

                  Syntactic words
                • vt0oNthere is such a (state of affairs) 有之，有諸？"is that so?
                • vt0oSthere is such a situation as that described in S
                正  zhèng OC: tjeŋs MC: tɕiɛŋ 9 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nabmetaphysicaltruth
                • nabpsychologicaltrue insightCH
                • vadNtrue, real; essential, to-the-point
                • vadVtruly; genuinelyDS
                • vibe ecactly correct, be perfectly true
                • vt(oN)regard the contextually determinate thing as being the essential thing, the true thing; regard N as being the pointCH
                • vtoNdecide on the veracity of things;DS
                誠  chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 9 AttributionsWD

                Chéng 誠 (ant. wěi 偽 "faked") refers to honest truth. (Note that chéng 誠 normally means "earnest" in early texts and has nothing to do with this meaning.)

                  Syntactic words
                • nabmetaphysicaltruth; the truth
                • nsubjectwhat is true, true statements; genuine true opinion, honest opinion and truth
                • vadNtruthful (of words)
                • vibe truthful
                • vistativebe rightCH
                當  dàng MC: tangH OC: taaŋs 7 AttributionsWD

                Dāng 當 (ant. guò 過 "wrong") refers prototypically to what fits the facts and does not deviate.

                  Word relations
                • Subject: 言/SENTENCE Yán 言 refers to a public statement or a publicised saying.
                • Epithet: 言/PROVERB Yán 言 refers to bon-mots, proverbs and sayings of any kind, including attributed maxims by philosophers and the like.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabmetaphysicaltruth
                • vifit the facts, be true; be correct
                • viof personshave things right, be right
                • vtoNbe true to one's word
                正法  zhèng fǎ OC: tjeŋs pab MC: tɕiɛŋ pi̯ɐp 5 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicalBuddhist truth
                • NPadVby means of the Buddhist truth
                道果  dào guǒ OC: ɡ-luuʔ kloolʔ MC: dɑu kʷɑ 5 AttributionsWD
                • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 5635a

                • 妙法連華經 Miàofǎ liánhuá jīng Saddharmapundarika, Lotus sutra Taishō ( LOTUS) p. 20b

                  漸次修行，皆得道果

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabBUDDH: the fruit of the Way > Buddhist truth, ultimate truth (or: 道 refers to bodhi and 果 to nirvāṇa > enlightenment and nirvāṇa)
                可  kě OC: khlaalʔ MC: khɑ 4 AttributionsWD

                Kě 可 refers to logical or ethical acceptability.

                  Syntactic words
                • visubject=wordsbe acceptable, justified and true
                寔  shí OC: ɡljɯɡ MC: dʑɨk 4 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • vadVreally, in reality
                情  qíng OC: dzeŋ MC: dziɛŋ 4 AttributionsWD

                  Word relations
                • Ant: 偽/FAKE Wěi 偽 (ant. zhēn 真) focusses on the artificiality rather than natural or proper provenance of the product.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabmetaphysicalthe truth about something; the essence of a matter; the real situation
                諦  dì OC: k-leeɡs MC: tei 4 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nab.adVBUDDH: in the spirit of truth; in truth
                • nabfigurativeBUDDH: truth
                有諸  yǒu zhū OC: ɢʷɯʔ klja MC: ɦɨu tɕi̯ɤ 3 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPiis that true?
                法音  fǎ yīn OC: pab qrɯm MC: pi̯ɐp ʔim 3 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabtextBuddhist truth; authoritative statement of Buddhist truth
                真諦  zhēn dì OC: tjin k-leeɡs MC: tɕin tei 3 AttributionsWD

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: absolute truth, highest truth (sometimes contrasted to the wordly or relative truth 世諦, saṃvṛitisatya; see also dìyīyì dì 第一義諦); skr. paramarthāsatya
                • VPiperfectly true
                正理  zhèng lǐ OC: tjeŋs ɡ-rɯʔ MC: tɕiɛŋ lɨ 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicaltrue principles
                法海  fǎ hǎi OC: pab hmlɯɯʔ MC: pi̯ɐp həi 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysical[BUDDH] the vast Buddhist truths DCD: 佛教語。喻佛法。謂佛法深廣如海。
                至道  zhì dào MC: tsyijH dawX OC: kljiɡs ɡ-luuʔCH 2 AttributionsWD

                  Word relations
                • Inconsist: 俗/VULGAR The most general current word for ordinariness or vulgarity is sú 俗 (ant. yǎ 雅 "elegant"), and the basic parameter of judging something as sú 俗is relative status in the hierarchy.

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicalTruth, the perfect Way; the ultimate TruthCH
                天地萬物之情  tiān dì wàn wù zhī qíng MC: then dijH -- mjut tsyi dzjeng OC: lʰiin lils mblans mɯd kljɯ dzeŋCH 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPthe essential truth about everythingCH
                不錯  bù cuò OC: pɯʔ skhaaɡ MC: pi̯ut tshɑk 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPibe true
                俗諦  sú dì OC: sɢloɡ k-leeɡs MC: zi̯ok tei 1 AttributionWD

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: ordinary truth, wordly truth (contrasted to zhēndì 真諦 or dìyīyì dì 第一義諦; see also shìdì 世諦); skr. saṃvṛitisatya
                四諦  sì dì OC: plids k-leeɡs MC: si tei 1 AttributionWD
                • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 1840

                • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 526c

                • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p. 182

                • 禪學大辭典 Zengaku Daijiten An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Zen Buddhism ( ZENGAKU) p. 444b

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the fourfold Noble Truth, four Nobles Truths; this were the original doctrines postulated by Śākyamuni (the truth of suffering, dūkha (kǔdì 苦諦), the truth of the arising (samudaya) of suffering (jídì 集諦), the truth of the cessation (nirodha) of suffering (mièdì 滅諦), and the way (mārga) which leads to the cessation of suffering (daòdì 道諦); suffering is defined as the transmigration within the Six Destinies, liùqù 六趣, the arising and accumulation of suffering is caused by ignorance and the passions; the cessation of suffering is nirvāṇa; the way to nirvāṇa is explicated in the Eightfold Right Path bā zhèngdào 八正道); SANSKRIT catvāri-ārya-satāni
                大法  dà fǎ OC: daads pab MC: dɑi pi̯ɐp 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicalthe great truth
                正實  zhèng shí OC: tjeŋs ɢljiɡ MC: tɕiɛŋ ʑit 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPadNin accordance with reality; true
                然否  rán fǒu OC: njen pɯʔ MC: ȵiɛn pɨu 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabconceptwhat is true and what is not, truth; what is right and what is not, right and wrong???
                真實  zhēn shí OC: tjin ɢljiɡ MC: tɕin ʑit 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPadNtrue (words)
                真正  zhēn zhèng OC: tjin tjeŋs MC: tɕin tɕiɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPadNtrue and proper
                聖法  shèng fǎ OC: qhljeŋs pab MC: ɕiɛŋ pi̯ɐp 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicalBuddhist truth
                誠然  chéng rán OC: djeŋ njen MC: dʑiɛŋ ȵiɛn 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPibe actually/really true
                道要  dào yào OC: ɡ-luuʔ qews MC: dɑu ʔiɛu 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicalthe main point of the (Buddhist or non-Buddhist) Way
                功德法身  gōng dé fǎ shēn OC: kooŋ tɯɯɡ pab qhjin MC: kuŋ tək pi̯ɐp ɕin 1 AttributionWD
                • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 1099b

                • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 36/1736: 27c

                  In a commentary by 澄觀 on the AVATAMSAKA (大方廣佛華嚴經隨疏演義鈔) he describes the concept of the Five Bodies 五身 of Buddha, the Merit Dharma-body being one of them:

                  T36n1736_p0027c28(05)或說五身。

                  T36n1736_p0027c29(00)如大通經說。然叡公維摩疏釋云。

                  T36n1736_p0027c30(03)所謂一法性生身。二亦言功德法身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a01(04)三變化法身。四虛空法身。五實相法身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a02(03)詳而辯之。即一法身也。何者言其生。則本之法性。

                  T36n1736_p0028a03(00)故曰法性生身。二推其因。

                  T36n1736_p0028a04(06)則是功德所成故。是功德法身。三就其應。則無感不形。

                  T36n1736_p0028a05(00)是則變化法身。四稱其大。則彌綸虛空。

                  T36n1736_p0028a06(01)所謂虛空法身。五語其妙。則無相無為。

                  T36n1736_p0028a07(02)故曰實相法身。五所以能妙極無相。

                  T36n1736_p0028a08(04)四大包虛空。三遍應萬化。無感不形者。

                  T36n1736_p0028a09(03)就機而明。何者三有之形。隨業而化。

                  T36n1736_p0028a10(05)故有精麤大小萬殊之差。二如來法身。是妙功德果。

                  T36n1736_p0028a11(01)功德無邊。果亦無邊。功德無相。果亦無相。

                  T36n1736_p0028a12(02)功德方便。果亦方便。無邊故量齊虛空。

                  T36n1736_p0028a13(04)無相故妙同實相。方便故無感不形。

                  T36n1736_p0028a14(06)是為如來真妙法身。陰界不攝非有非無。一以有此身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a15(00)冥室曦光隨孔而照。光雖萬殊之本之者一。

                  T36n1736_p0028a17(01)所謂真法身也。若直指功德實相名為法身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a18(00)此乃以法深理假名為身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a19(05)非色像之謂也。上皆五身義。若以三身攝之。初二是報。

                  T36n1736_p0028a20(00)次一是化。後二是法。又有義說有於九身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a21(00)以三身各三故。法身三者。

                  T36n1736_p0028a22(06)一真法界以為法身。本有三大故。故為三耳。修成為報身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a23(00)同體大悲。名為化身。報身三者。

                  T36n1736_p0028a24(04)真智所證故名法身。智德圓滿即是報身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a25(03)為十地所現故曰化身。應身三者。

                  T36n1736_p0028a26(06)化必有體即是法身。故經云。吾今此身即是常身法身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a27(02)三十二相八十種好等。修因所成即是報身。

                  T36n1736_p0028a28(02)感而必形即是化身。或說有十。自有二義。

                  T36n1736_p0028a29(01)一約十地所得十身。如勝天王經說。

                  T36n1736_p0028b01(03)一平等身。二清淨身。三無盡身。四善修身。

                  T36n1736_p0028b02(03)五法性身。六離尋伺身。七不思議身。八寂靜身。

                  T36n1736_p0028b03(02)九虛空身。十妙智身。二約佛身之上。自具十身。

                  T36n1736_p0028b04(00)即如下明。故疏云。一身多身經論異說。

                  T36n1736_p0028b05(01)略示異義無厭繁文。疏。今說此經佛。

                  T36n1736_p0028b06(02)為真為應為一為多。下第二假問徵起。於中二。

                  T36n1736_p0028b07(00)先問起後。若言真者下。徵難。今初。

                  T36n1736_p0028b08(03)但有兩對。已含前後諸義。徵難中先難真應。

                  T36n1736_p0028b09(02)後難一多。初中有三。一約名。二約處。三約機。

                  T36n1736_p0028b10(00)言為一為多者。二難一多。

                  T36n1736_p0028b11(04)言多處別現者。如光明覺品云。

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: This is one of the five truth-bodies of Buddha as formulated by the Huáyán school (however the term already appears occasionally in sutra literature). The'Merit-body' is the body which is produced by his countless virtuous acts (see wǔshēn 五身 in the SOURCES)
                若然  ruò rán MC: nyae nyen OC: njaɡ njenCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPibe soCH
                其所  qí suǒ MC: gi srjoX OC: ɡɯ sqraʔCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NP{PRED}be a fact, be true enoughCH
                驗  yàn MC: ngjemH OC: ŋɡromsCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • viturn out to be right, prove to be right in the eventCH
                為是  wéi shì MC: hjweH dzyeX OC: ɢʷal ɡljeʔCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabwhat is subjectively deemed right; the subjective truthCH
                物之真  wù zhī zhēn MC: mjut tsyi tsyin OC: mɯd kljɯ tjinCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicaltruthCH
                若茲  ruò zī MC: nyae tsi OC: njaɡ --CH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPi(0)the contextually determinate description is trueCH
                信情  xìn qíng MC: sinH dzjeng OC: sins dzeŋCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabthe true situation, the real state of affairsCH
                然不  rán fǒu MC: nyen pjuwX OC: njen pɯʔLZ 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPab what is so and what is not > truthLZ
                義  yì MC: ngjeH OC: ŋralsCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nab義 often translates skr. artha 'truth' in Buddhist translationsCH
                天地之情  tiān dì zhī qíng MC: then dijH tsyi dzjeng OC: lʰiin lils kljɯ dzeŋCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabthe true situation in the worldCH
                天地之誠  tiān dì zhī chéng MC: then dijH tsyi dzyeng OC: lʰiin lils kljɯ djeŋCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabthe authentic reality of Heaven and EarthCH
                世諦  shì dì OC: lʰebs k-leeɡs MC: ɕiɛi tei 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: ordinary truth, wordly truth (contrasted to zhēndì 真諦 or dìyīyì dì 第一義諦; see also súdì 俗諦); SANSKRIT saṃvṛitisatya
                光明  guāng míng OC: kʷaaŋ mraŋ MC: kɑŋ mɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                實義  shí yì OC: ɢljiɡ ŋrals MC: ʑit ŋiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicalthe real truth; the Buddhist truth
                正義  zhèng yì OC: tjeŋs ŋrals MC: tɕiɛŋ ŋiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicalthe correct meaning of something; the true meaning
                法語  fǎ yǔ OC: pab ŋaʔ MC: pi̯ɐp ŋi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabtextBuddhist truth (DCD)
                甘露  gān lù OC: kaam ɡ-raaɡs MC: kɑm luo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmetaphysicalbuddhist truths and ideals (including nirvana as well as the buddhist dharma/truth
                真是  zhēn shì OC: tjin ɡljeʔ MC: tɕin dʑiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabspeechthe genuine truth
                誠是  chéng shì OC: djeŋ ɡljeʔ MC: dʑiɛŋ dʑiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabspeechthe real (political) truth
                第一義諦  dì yī yì dì OC: liils qliɡ ŋrals k-leeɡs MC: dei ʔit ŋiɛ tei 0 AttributionsWD
                • 二入四行論 Èrrù sìxíng lùn Treatise on the Two Entries and Four Practices ( ERRU SIXING LUN(A)) p.

                • 二入四行論 Èrrù sìxíng lùn Treatise on the Two Entries and Four Practices ( ERRU SIXING LUN(B)) p.

                • 二入四行論 Èrrù sìxíng lùn Treatise on the Two Entries and Four Practices ( ERRU SIXING LUN(C)) p.

                • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 931

                • Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra ( SUZUKI 1991) p. 148, 160, 163ff, 244, 273, 277,288, 311, 417

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: absolute truth, highest truth (in the LANKA sometimes contrasted to the wordly or relative truth 世諦, saṃvṛitisatya; see also zhēndì 真諦); SANSKRIT paramarthāsatya
                  Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPibe soCH
                固其所  gù qí suǒ MC: kuH gi srjoX OC: kaas ɡɯ sqraʔCH 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NP{PRED}be definitely a fact; be definitely soCH

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