TLS - Concept: GIVE

GIVE 給與／予

CAUSE someone TO POSSESS in the FUTURE what one POSSESSES at PRESENT.

PRESENT WITHPROVIDE WITHSUPPLY WITHFURNISH WITHLET SOMEONE HAVEHAND (OVER TO)OFFERPROFFERAWARDGRANT (TO)BESTOW ON/UPONACCORDCONFER ONMAKE OVER TODONATE TOCONTRIBUTE TO

Antonym

RECEIVEBEGIN to HAVE something that someone is GIVING it to one.
TAKEOBTAIN a THING OFTEN by REMOVING it from its PLACE OR OWNER so as to HAVE it ONESELF.

Hypernym

CAUSE TOMOVE in SUCH a way that THEREFORE someone or something else CHANGES.
- MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION.
  - CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2.
    - EVENTREALITY that ARISES in TIME....

Hyponym

EXCHANGE　GIVE something to someone so as to RECEIVE something OTHER from him.
GENEROUS　HABITUALLY GIVE of one's WEALTH to THOSE WHO NEED it.
- HOSPITALITY　POLITE GENEROSITY FOR FOREIGNERS, STRANGERS OR GUESTS.
- GRACE　GENEROSITY AND FORGIVENESS of DEITIES.
- PATRON　SOMEONE WHO IS CONSTANTLY GENEROUS TO WHAT HE BELIEVES IS A GOOD PERSON.
TRANSMIT　RECORD OR REPORT so as to CAUSE LATER GENERATIONS TO KNOW something.
- PROPAGANDA　PUBLIC TRANSMITTING of an IDEOLOGY OR DOCTRINE by a GOVERNMENT.
- TRADITION　TRANSMITTED CUSTOMS, LITERATURE, AND KNOWLEDGE of a SOCIETY OR GROUP.
HAND UP　TRANSMIT to a SUPERIOR.
PAY　GIVE as a PRICE for something.
- RENT　PAY FOR USE of a PLACE.
REWARD　GIVE someone something BECAUSE that person has ACTED:done something GOOD.
- RETRIBUTION　DIVINE PUNISHMENT OR REWARD of HUMANS BASED on their EVIL OR GOOD ACTIONS respectively.
SELL　GIVE something to someone EXCHANGING it for MONEY.
- RENT OUT　SELL the RIGHT to USE.
FUNERAL GIFT　GIFT GIVEN to the DEAD WHEN these are being BURIED.
ENTRUST　GIVE something to someone TRUSTING that s/he FUTURE:will KEEP it DILIGENTLY.
LEND OUT　GIVE something to someone, ASSUMING that s/he will GIVE it BACK.
- PAWN　LEND something to someone INTENDing TO OBTAIN MONEY in TEMPORARY EXCHANGE for it.
GIVE BACK　GIVE so as to CAUSE someone to HAVE AGAIN.
DISTRIBUTE　GIVE EQUAL QUANTITY to MANY.
COMPENSATE　GIVE BECAUSE ONE RECOGNISES THE RECIPIENT HAS SUFFERED SOMETHING BAD AND DESERVES A GIFT BECAUSE OF THAT.

Old Chinese Criteria

The most general word for to give is probably yǔ 與 (ant. qǔ 取 "take away from").

Wèi 遺 and wěi 委 refer to any act of giving something to someone in permanence and for keeping.

Cì 賜 can refer to an act of charity or to any giving of anything, typically from a person in authority to inferiors.

Zèng 贈 refers to formal presents to an inferior from a person in high authority.

Yí 貽 is an archaic colourless word for giving something away to someone of one's own volition, and the recipient may be of higher status than oneself.

Zhì 致 is to hand over something or to pass something on to someone.

Kuì 饋 typicall refers quite specifically to the conferring of a gift of food.

Fù 賦 refers to giving something as reward or recompensation to somebody, typically to a person of lower status.

Shòu 授 refers to the physical act of handing something over to a recipient.

Modern Chinese Criteria

賜給

給予

賦予

加以

予以

給以

致以

贈送

饋送

奉送

奉贈

饋贈

賻贈

捐贈

贈與

與

饋

贈

餼

齎

貽

送

遺

給

轉送

轉贈

借花獻佛

送禮

送情

送人情

行人情

first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH

A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 11.21
De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 502©
DARE alterius possessioni subjicere. Concurrunt hic 1. Dans. 2. Accipiens. 3. Res data et accepta. In Dante reqviritur, ut dare possit, velit, sciat hoc est habeat quod det, et offerat, et exhibeat.

4 Axioms.

Modi. Dare gratis, Donare; de manu in manum cominus (hand-to-hand), Tradere, eminus, Porrigere; per alium vero, Mittere; dare largiter, Largiri; partem rei, impertiri; dare ad reddendum, Mutuare; dare proprium, Dicare; DEO, Consecrare; Verbis, Promittere.
Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.
GIFT

donum refers to a gratuitous gift which is intended to give pleasure to the beneficiary.

munus refers to a present given to the beneficiary in recognition of his services, and something that the beneficiary clearly deserves.

largitio is a display of generosity through gifts motivated by self-interest and a desire to build up a network of loyalties.

donarium refers specifically to a propitiary gift to a temple.

donativum refers even more specifically to the customary gifts by a new emperor to the soldiers that owe loyalty to him.

liberalitas refers specifically to a gratuitous gift by an emperor to a poor nobleman in recognition of support offered.
韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 159
Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.
DONUM

DOS

MUNERA
Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p.
王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1326
貽，贈

1. WL fail to notice that yi2 貽 can be to superiors

SHU 16.19

于後 Afterwards,

公乃為詩以貽王 the prince made an ode and presented it to the king,
Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 149
Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.
GIFT GIVING
SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.255.212
DONNER.PRESENTER.OFFRIR
Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.175
古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 374/7
A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.177

Words

與 yǔ OC: k-laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ
予 yǔ OC: laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ 185 AttributionsWD

The most general word for to give is probably yǔ 與 (ant. qǔ 取 "take away from").

Word relations

Conv: 求/SEEK The current general word for trying to find or get something is qiú 求.
Ant: 取/TAKE The current general word for to take is qǔ 取.
Ant: 奪/TAKE Duó 奪 is to take by force or threat of force.
Contrast: 授 / 受/GIVE Shòu 授 refers to the physical act of handing something over to a recipient.
Contrast: 歸/GIVE
Assoc: 賂/GIVE
Assoc: 賜/GIVE Cì 賜 can refer to an act of charity or to any giving of anything, typically from a person in authority to inferiors.

Syntactic words

nab.post-Nactgiving of N to othersLZ
nabactthe act of giving away things, contributing things, or conferring presents
vtoN.postadVsecond morpheme of some verbs of giving, cf. modern 嫁給DS
vtoN1.postN2:adN3the N3 given to N1 by N2
vtoNN=beneficiarygive presents to N, confer presents on N
vtoNN=giftgive away N to someone
vtt(oN1).+N2:-V[0]give N1 to N2 to V
vtt(oN1.)(+N2)hand the contextually determinate thing over to a contextually determinate person
vtt(oN1.)+N2give N2 to the contextually determinate N1
vtt(oN1.)+N2N1=recipientgive (something N2) to a contextually determinate recipient N1
vtt(oN1.)+N2omgive the contextually determinate thing N1 to someone N2
vtt(oN1.)+N2reflexive.自confer something contextually determinate upon (oneself)
vtt+N1.oN2imperativegive N2 to N1!
vtt[N1.] N2give things to somebody; make gifts to somebodyDS
vtt[oN1.+N2]make gifts, give out presents, confer presents on people; specifically: give out rewards
vtt[oN1.+prep+N2]give things to peopleCH
vttoN1(.+N2)give N1 to the contextually determinate N2
vttoN1.+N2hand over (something N2) to (someone N1), typically as demanded; give (as appropriate under the circumstances, but without having to
vttoN1.+N2:-Vgive N1 to N2 for N2 to V it
vttoN1.+N2figurativeadminister N2 to N1
vttoN1.+N2N1=gift.N2=recipientgive
vttoN1.+prep+N2hand over (something N1) to (someone N2), typically as demandedTW
vttoN1.post-vt(oN2)give
vttoN1.post-vt(oN2)omgive the determinate object to (a beneficiary)
vttoN1.postN2N2 was given to N1DS
vttoN1:postvtoN2give something N2 to a beneficiary N1

賜 cì OC: sleeɡs MC: siɛ 82 AttributionsWD

Cì 賜 can refer to an act of charity or to any giving of anything, typically from a person in authority to inferiors.

Word relations

Ant: 奪/ROB The current word for appropriating something that is not one's own by right is duó 奪.
Contrast: 與 / 予/GIVE The most general word for to give is probably yǔ 與 (ant. qǔ 取 "take away from").
Contrast: 遺/GIVE Wèi 遺 and wěi 委 refer to any act of giving something to someone in permanence and for keeping.
Assoc: 與 / 予/GIVE The most general word for to give is probably yǔ 與 (ant. qǔ 取 "take away from").
Synon: 加/GIVE

Syntactic words

nabactthe giving of gifts to inferiors
v[adN]giverCH
vadNpassiveconferred by someone, give to one
vt(oN)omgive (unspecified) gifts to the contextually determinate person N; shower with gifts
vtoNmake presents to (an inferior);
vtoNobject=giftgive away to others (a gift)
vtoNpassivebe given gifts
vtt(oN1.)(+N2)to give a contextually determinate thing N2 to a contextually determinate recepient of lower status N1
vtt(oN1.)+N2omgive a contextually determinate thing N1 to (a recipient N2);
vtt[oN1.+N2]make gifts
vttoN1(.+N2)omgive (a gift N1) to a determinate beneficiary N2
vttoN1+.vtoN2give N1 to N2
vttoN1.+N2give (a present N2) to (a recipient N1 of lower status)
vttoN1.+N2figurativegive (an inferior N1) the gift of (the favourable action N2)> do (an inferior N1) the favour of (the nominalised action N2); bestow an abstract N2 to the person N1
vttoN1.postvtoN2{OBJ}give N2 to N1
vttoN1:postvtoN2give (a disposable item) to (a beneficiary)

授 shòu OC: djus MC: ɨu
受 shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 28 AttributionsWD

Shòu 授 refers to the physical act of handing something over to a recipient.

Word relations

Contrast: 與 / 予/GIVE The most general word for to give is probably yǔ 與 (ant. qǔ 取 "take away from").

Syntactic words

vihand something over
vt(oN)make presents, confer something on others
vtt(oN1.)+N2hand over/give the contextually determinate thing N1 to N2
vtt(oN1.)-vtoN2give N2 to contextually determinate recipients N1
vttoN1(.+N2)give N1 to the contextually determinate N2
vttoN1+.vtoN2transfer (something N2) to (someone N1) 授之以政
vttoN1.+N2hand over (something N2) to (someone N1); confer (something N2) upon (someone N1)
vttoN1.+N2figurativegive (an abstract object/task etc)

遺 wèi OC: k-luds MC: ji 24 AttributionsWD

Wèi 遺 and wěi 委 refer to any act of giving something to someone in permanence and for keeping.

Word relations

Contrast: 賜/GIVE Cì 賜 can refer to an act of charity or to any giving of anything, typically from a person in authority to inferiors.
Assoc: 賂/GIVE

Syntactic words

vtt+N1.oN2make a (typically formal) present of N2 to (mostly inferiors N1); send or pass on (as gift or message) N1 to N2
vttoN1(.+N2)omgive the determinate gift N2 to (someone N1)
vttoN1+.vtoN2give (something) to (someone)
vttoN1.post-vt(oN2)omto give a contextually determinate thing N1 to (a recipient N2)
vttoN1:postvtoN2give N2 to N1

致 zhì OC: k-liɡs MC: ʈi 22 AttributionsWD

Zhì 致 is to hand over something or to pass something on to someone.

Syntactic words

vttoN1(. prep N2)subject high status: bestow N1 on the the contextually determinate N2CH
vtt(oN1.)+N2N2=titleconfer on the determinate N1 (the title of N2)
vtt(oN1.)+N2omhand over, pass on (a gift N1) to a contextually determinate recipient N2; give; confer formally
vttoN1.+N2confer (something N2) on (someone N1)
vttoN1.+prep+N2hand over
vttoN1.+prep+N2figurative"give"

貽 yí OC: lɯ MC: jɨ
詒 yí OC: lɯ MC: jɨ 21 AttributionsWD

Yí 貽 is an archaic colourless word for giving something away to someone of one's own volition, and the recipient may be of higher status than oneself.

Syntactic words

vtoNformal: give, bestow; pass down the generations; gift
vtoNpassivebe made a present
vtt(oN1.)+N2give something contextually determinate to someone
vttoN1.+N2present somebody N1 with a present N2; bestow something on somebody
vttoN1.+N2psychbring something upon oneself
vttoN1.post-vt(oN2)omgive a contextually determinate things to N1

歸 guī OC: klul MC: kɨi 18 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Contrast: 與 / 予/GIVE The most general word for to give is probably yǔ 與 (ant. qǔ 取 "take away from").

Syntactic words

vtt(oN1.)+N2:+vtoN3give the contextually determinate N1 to N2 as N3DS
vtt(oN1.)+N2figurativeattribute (something N2) to a contextually determinate person N1
vtt(oN1.)+N2omgive a present of (something N2) to a contextually determinate person N1
vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2give the contextually determinate N1 to N2
vttoN1.+N2give (something N!) to (somebody N2) (to whom it is NOT necessarily owed but who should naturally have it)
vttoN1.+prep+N2give something to someone who ought to be given it; give "back" (something N1) to (someone or some place N2) 歸胙于公
vttoN1.+prep+N2figurativeattribute (something N1) to (on someone N2); assign to　歸責於被累害者 "lay the blame on sufferers"

割 gē OC: kaad MC: kɑt 15 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNfigurativecut off (territory etc)> cede (territory to someone else)

餽 kuì OC: ɡruls MC: gi
饋 kuì OC: ɡruds MC: gi 13 AttributionsWD

Kuì 饋 typically refers quite specifically to the conferring of a gift of food.

Word relations

Oppos: 拜/ACCEPT Bài 拜 is sometimes used by itself to signify very polite acceptance of an offer. >>POLITE

Syntactic words

vt(oN)come with presents to the contextually determinate person(s), make presents to one
vtoNgive food as an unofficial present; give (something as a present); serve up
vtt(oN1.)+N2omto give a contextually determinate beneficiary N2 (something N1) as present
vttoN1.+N2make a present of N2 to N1

付 fù OC: pos MC: pi̯o 10 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtt(oN1.)+N2give N2 to the contextually determinate N1
vtt(oN1.)+N2figurativeattribute the contextually determinate N1 to N2
vttoN1.+N2give; confer N2 upon N1
vttoN1.+N2figurativeattribute N1 to N2

贈 zèng OC: dzɯɯŋs MC: dzəŋ 9 AttributionsWD

Zèng 贈 refers to formal presents to an inferior from a person in high authority.

Syntactic words

vt(oN)make a present to a contextually determinate person
vtt(oN1.)+N2omgive a determinate person N1 (something N2)
vttoN1+.vtoN2formal, SHI 259: present N1 with (a gift N2) 贈之以馬二十乘
vttoN1:postvtoN2give (a gift) to (a beneficiary)
vttoN1[ N2]make presents(N2non-referential, unspecified) to N1CH

似 sì OC: sɢlɯʔ MC: zɨ 8 AttributionsWD

Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 320-324
In the Recorded Sayings literature of the Tang and Song periods the preposition si4 似 is attached between transitive verbs and their objects.931 The number of these verbs is quite restricted.

There are three semantic groups of the main verb: (JIANG LANSHENG 2001: 266)

(a) V{give}, V{send}: e.g. so4ng 送 'to send', ji4 寄 'to send', we3i 委 'to entrust; delegate to', fe1n 分 'distribute to'

(b) V{speak}: e.g. ju3 舉 (VTT) 'cite; bring up something to somebody', shuo1 說 'to speak to', hua4 話 'to speak to'

(c) V{show/guide}: Verbs expressing 'to guide; to show; to reveal'; e.g. zhi3 指 'indicate/show something to somebody', xia4n 現 'reveal something to somebody'.

The object after si4 似 is usually indirect but there are also rare occurrences of a direct object (which makes a clear analysis of this preposition difficult). Only one object can follow the preposition.

There are several syntactic patterns in constructions with the preposition si4.

If the verb has two objects the direct object has to be 'disposed of' (with ba3 or jia1ng). The object after si4 can also function as a pivot and be the subject of a succeeding verb. Only rarely can the object after si4 be deleted. (JIANG LANSHENG 2001: 269)

According to Jiang Lansheng the meaning/function of si4 differs according to the verb it is attached to:

(1) Corresponding to preposition yu3 與 (with verbs meaning 'to give'. In this case si4 also preserves some of its original meaning 'to give' while at the same time it introduces the recipient of the act of giving.

(2) Corresponding to prepositions xia4ng 向 and dui4 對 with verbs indicating a speech act or expressing 'to show; to reveal' (however in the same function xia4ng and dui4 are preverbal!). In this usage Jiang Lansheng regards si4 as more grammaticalized since it is emptied of its original meaning.

(3.1) Occasionally V + si4 is followed by yu2 於 (PREP.OBJ.INDIR) or yu3 與 (PREP.OBJ.INDIR). In this case Jiang Lansheng regards si4 as a verbal suffix and not as a preposition. (only two examples of this usage in ZTJ)

709) ZTJ 3.057; WU: 229

“如何舉似於人？”

ru2-he2 ju3-si4 yu2 re2n

NPRO.QUESTlike what/cite/V.SUFF/PREP/person

"How shall [one] cite this to people?"

However, the interpretation as a disyllabic preposition is also possible.

(3.2) V + si4 is not followed by an object but by the verb we4i 謂 'to address'. Also in this pattern Jiang Lansheng does not regard si4 as a preposition. [fn. 935: Jiang Lansheng 2001: 27 gives two examples from He4-li2n yu4 lu4 鶴林玉露: 趙李仁舉似謂余曰：“此非論脈，乃是論學。”(jua4n 2) 公嘗舉似所作絕句示學者云。。。(jua4n 6)]

(3.3) Also in the following example Jiang Lansheng regards si4 as a verbal suffix and the following noun a direct object 說似一物 saying a thing:

710) ZTJ 1.143; WU: 87

祖曰：The Patriarch said:

“什摩物與摩來?”"Which thing/being comes like that?"

對曰：[He] answered:

“說似一物即不中。” 936

I think that si4 in the above example is a main verb and the sentence should be translated: 'Saying it resembles a thing (being) won't be appropriate'.

The other example cited by Jiang is also no illustration for si4 being followed by a direct object:

711) ZTJ 2.110; WU: 169

師示眾云：The master instructed the assembly, saying:

“明鏡相似，"It resembles a bright mirror;

胡來胡現，if a barbarian comes, a barbarian appears [in the mirror]

漢來漢現。”if a Chinese comes, a Chinese appears [in the mirror]."937

有人舉似玄沙，There was a person citing this to Xua2nsha1

玄沙云：and Xua2nsha1 said:

“明鏡來時作摩生？”"How about when a bright mirror comes?"

Here, the noun following si4 is clearly an indirect object (the NPR Xua2nsha1 玄沙). [fn. 938: However, Jiang Lansheng: 271 gives two examples where si4 seems to be a verbal suffix and not a preposition: 今日偶題題似著，不知題後更誰題 (杜荀鶴，題瓦棺寺真上人院矮檜寺) 空檐知與階何故，須把青苔滴穿。(楊萬里，三月三日雨作遣悶十絕句之三).]

Occasionally si4 is seperated from the main verb by the direct object and appear proposed to the indirect object:

V + OBJ.DIR + si4 似 + OBJ.INDIR [fn. 939: In this pattern it very much resembles yu3 與. Jiang cites two examples:...舉前話似之 ('cite the previous stament to him/them' 大慧普說) and 撒手似君無一物，徒勞漫說數千般。(CHUANXIN FAYAO).]

According to Jiang Lansheng si4 can function as the main verb meaning 'to give'; however, there are only few examples of this usage.940 Jiang thinks that this usage as a main verb was was triggered by the usage as a preposition in which it resembles the preposition yu3 與. This would be a 'reverse' process of grammaticalization, in which a function word develops into a full verb by analogy. The original meaning as a main verb is 'to resemble'. What kind of connection is there between yu3 and si4? According to Jiang yu3 also had the meaning ru2 如 'be like' (GUANGYA) and si4 also had the meaning ru2. Since both words shared this meaning si4 also eventually developed the meaning 'to give'. This process took a long time, from the Han to the Tang period. By the same mechanism the question word he2-si4 何似 developed (from he2-yu3 何與, he2-ru2 何如, he2-ruo4 何若).941 This kind of development can be regarded as some kind of analogy, in this case not a very long lasting one since si4 in the meaning 'to give' was only short-lived.

The usage of si4 似 in ZTJ:

In ZTJ si4 似 is commonly used as a main verb in the meaing 'to resemble':

[fn. 942: si4 似 'be like; resemble' there are a few examples where si4 is followed by PREP yu2 於 (si4-yu2 似於). In the pattern X + si4 似 + Y, X and Y can be NP or VP. If understood X can be deleted. Occasionally si4 似 (VT+V) has a verbal or sentential object (si4 似 VT+SENT) and in these cases can be translated with 'it seems that...' (ZTJ 4.090; WU: 338: “和尚太似不知。” "The preceptor really does not seem to know." ZTJ 1.167,09; WU: 102: “你從南岳來，似未見石頭曹溪心要耳。”"You come from Na2nyue4, it seems like you have not understood the mind-essential of Shi2to2u and Ca2oxi1." Si4 is also commonly used in the compound qia4-si4 恰似 (VT) 'be exactly like; be just like' often used in a rhetorical context and occasionally in the pattern qia4-si4 恰似 + X + xia1ng-si4 相似 'be exactly like X; be nothing else than X'.

ZTJ 5.058; WU: 403“什摩念經，恰似唱曲唱歌相似，得與摩不解念經。” "What about 'reciting the scripture', it is exactly like singing a drama or singing a song, if you do it like this you do not know how to recite the scriptures."]

712) ZTJ 3.088; WU: 246

此事似個什摩?

ci3 shi4 si4 ge4 shi2-mo2

NPRO.DEMthis/matter/resemble/CLASS-NPRO.QUESTwhat

"What does this matter resemble?

xia1ng-si4 相似 'be alike'. [fn. 943: Often in the pattern yo2u-ru2 猶如 + X + xia1ng-si4 相似 or ru2 如 + X + xia1ng-si4 相似 'resemble X; be like X' (X can be a VP or NP). Also used in the coverbal pattern X + yu3 與 (COV.OBJ.INDIR) + Y + xia1ng-si4 相似偛 resembles Y; X is like Y'.]

713) ZTJ 2.049; WU: 138

“個個与他相似。”

ge4-ge4 yu3 ta1 xia1ng-si4

CLASS.REDUP>QUANT/COV.OBJ.INDIR/NPRO3SG/mutually-resemble

"Everything resembles it."

si4 似 (PREPOSITION)

In ZTJ the preposition si4 connects only three verbs to their indirect objects: ju3 舉 'to lift > to bring up; to cite'944, shuo1 說 'say; speak', and che2ng 呈 'to present; to submit (to a superior)'. [fn. 945: che2ng 呈 can also connect directly to the following object: ZTJ 1.084; WU: 54:“行者未知，第一座造偈呈師，。。。”"Does the postulant not know that the head monk made this stanza and presented it to the master,...". More often che2ng is followed by the direct object: ZTJ 3.144; WU: 284:“送書呈書了退身。”"Send the letter, and after submitting the letter withdraw/return." By far the highest frequency has ju3-si4 舉似 (F: 119!) [fn. 946: ju3 舉 is also used in its original meaning 'to lift; to rais' and as quantifier before nouns (ju3 舉 (QUANT) + N (X) 'the whole of N(X)' as in ju3 she1n 舉身 'the whole body'. Ju3 舉 in the meaning 'to bring up; to cite' can also be directly followed by an object. In the following examples it is followed by a direct object: ZTJ 1.129; WU: 78: 國師頓世後，帝乃詔耽源，舉此因緣，問： 'After the National master had suddenly departed from the world the emperor then summoned Da1nyua2n and cited this case to him, asking:'. ZTJ 2.019; WU: 121: 其僧舉兩三則因緣， 'The monk cited several cases' The object after ju3 can also be deleted: ZTJ 1.179; WU: 107: 真覺大師舉問玄晤大師：'Grand Master Zhe1njue2 cited [this] and asked Grand Master Xua2nwu4:' Occasionally the object of ju3 舉 (VT+SENT) can be a whole sentence: ZTJ 2.058; WU: 142: 師舉鹽官法會有一僧知有佛法，。。。 'the master brought up [the case] where in the dharma assembly of Ya2ngua1n there was a monk who knew the Buddha-dharma,...' Occasionally the indirect object is not introduced by PREP si4 but preposed and marked by COV yu3 與 ZTJ 2.064; WU: 145: “..請上座與某舉看。”"I ask you, the head monk, to try to cite [a case] to me." whereas si4 似 with the other two verbs is rather rare (see table). If ju3 舉 is directly followed by an object it is usually a direct object, rarely an indirect object. Indirect objects are regularly introduced by si4 似:

714) ZTJ 2.088; WU: 157

其僧卻歸，舉似師，師云：

qi2 se1ng que4-gui1 ju3-si4 shi1 shi1 yu2n

NPRO.DEMthis/monk/retreat-return/cite/PREP.OBJ.INDIR/master/master/say

The monk returned, cited this to the master and the master said:

There are only a few examples where ju3-si4 is followed by a direct object:

715) ZTJ 2.104; WU: 165

其僧卻歸雪峰，舉似前話。

qi2 se1ng que4-gui1 Xue3fe1ng ju3-si4 qia2n hua4

NPRO.DEMthis/monk/retreat-return/NPR/cite/PREP.OBJ.DIR/former/spech

The monk returned to Xue3fe1ng and cited [to him] the above speech/phrase.

In sentences with multiple objects the direct object can be 'disposed of', marked by chi2 持 (COV.DISP), jia1ng 將 (COV.DISP), or ba3 把 (COV.DISP):

716) ZTJ 2.106; WU: 167

翠嵒持師語舉似T山

Cui4ya2n chi2 shi1 yu3 ju3-si4 Ca4nsha1n

NPR/COV.DISP/master/word/cite/PREP.OBJ.INDIR/NPR

Cui4ya2n cited the words of the master to Ca4nsha1n.

Occasionally the object after ju3-si4 can be deleted. In contrast to Jiang Lansheng I do not think that in constructions V + si4 似 without the object si4 necessarily is a verbal suffix but that the object is deleted since it is easily understood from the context:

717) ZTJ 3.136,04; WU: 279

“莫錯舉似。”

mo4 cuo4 ju3-si4

NEG.IMP/ADVmistakenly/cite/PREP.OBJ?

"Do not cite [this/this to him] in a wrong way."

In the following example ju3-si4 is followed by yu2 於 (PREP.OBJ.INDIR):

718) ZTJ 4.008; WU: 290

“與摩則終不錯舉似於人。”

yu3-mo2 ze2 zho1ng bu4 cuo4 ju3-si4 yu2 re2n

be like/CONJthen/in the end/NEG/ADVfalsely/cite/-V.SUFF(PREP)?/RREP.OBJ.INDIR/person

"If it is like this in the end do not erroneously cite [this] to people."

In the following example the object is deleted:

719) ZTJ 2.017; WU: 120

有人舉問雲居：There was a person citing this to Yu2nju1:

“洞山與摩道，"Do4ngsha1n talking like this,

意作摩生？”what does he mean?"

居云：Ju1 said:

“說似也。”"I have already told [this to you]."

TABLE WITH FREQUENCIES SEE p.324

Syntactic words

vt[0]oN.postadVvernacular preposition introducing the recipient of a speech act (most commonly in 舉似 'cite (something) to N') (rarely the main verb can also belong to the semantic group 'to give'); also: talk about; say something about

加 jiā OC: kraal MC: kɣɛ 8 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Contrast: 施/DISTRIBUTE Shī 施 is to give away to a general group of recipients, and as an act of generosity.
Synon: 賜/GIVE Cì 賜 can refer to an act of charity or to any giving of anything, typically from a person in authority to inferiors.

Syntactic words

vtt(oN1.) N2figurativeattribute the contextually determinate N1 to N2CH
vtt(oN1.)+N2give N2 to the contextually determinate N1
vttoN1(.+N2)passivebe given
vttoN1.+N2give (someone N1) in addition (a present of N2)
vttoN1.+prep+N2give N1 to N2

施 shī OC: lʰal MC: ɕiɛ 8 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Ant: 求/REQUEST The current general word for a request is qiú 求 (ant. dé 得 "obtain"), which however can also come to mean demand and is therefore not a particularly polite term to use.

Syntactic words

nsubjectwhat is given > alms
vt(oN)give away a contextually determinate N as an act of generosity
vt[oN]give away things generously
vtoNgive away generously, dispense and distribute gratuitously
vtpostNgive generously
vttoN1(.+N2)give N1 to the contextually determinate N2

畀 bì OC: pids MC: pi 7 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoN1.+N2give N1 to N2
vtt(oN1.)+N2omgive the contextually determinate thing N1 to (the beneficiary N2)
vttoN1:postvtoN2hand N2 over to N1, give N2 away formally to N1

錫 xī OC: sleeɡ MC: sek 6 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNgive
vttoN1.+N2bestow (something N2) to (somebody N1) GONGYANG Xuan 12.3; ssj: 1642; tr. Malmqvist 1971: 184 錫之不毛之地， presents him with (a territory of) barren land

委 wěi OC: qrolʔ MC: ʔiɛ 5 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Contrast: 歸/GIVE BACK Guī 歸 focusses on the giving something back being an act of returning something where it really does belong.

簡明古漢語同義詞詞典 ( DUAN DESEN 1992A) p. 933

Syntactic words

vtoNpass on to, give to; hand over (for keeping); entrust to
vtt(oN1.)以N2{OBJ}give the contextually determiate N1 the present N2CH
vttoN1:postvtoN2give N2 to N1

賦 fù OC: pas MC: pi̯o 5 AttributionsWD

Fù 賦 refers to giving something as reward or recompensation to somebody, typically to a person of lower status.

Syntactic words

vtoNconfer as reward for services rendered, recompense or as compensation; sometimes generally: give out to (e.g. the poor or one's concubines)
vtt(oN1.)+N2formally hand over the contextually determinate N1 the N2
vttoN1(.+N2)hand out N1 to the contextually determinate N2

賞賜 shǎng cì OC: lʰaŋʔ sleeɡs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ siɛ 5 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

NPgifts as rewards for service, rewards and gifts of all kindsCH
NPabtransitivethe giving of rewards
VPtoNgeneralmake presents of all kinds to a contextually determinate person

入 rù OC: njub MC: ȵip 4 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNhand in
vtoNpassivebe handed in, be offered as a gift
vtt(oN1.)+N2hand the contextually determinate N1 in to N2

賂 lù OC: ɡ-raaɡs MC: luo̝ 4 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Assoc: 與 / 予/GIVE The most general word for to give is probably yǔ 與 (ant. qǔ 取 "take away from").
Assoc: 遺/GIVE Wèi 遺 and wěi 委 refer to any act of giving something to someone in permanence and for keeping.

Syntactic words

vt[oN]make gifts
vttoN1.+N2make a present of (a substantial gift N2) to (a recipient N1)
vttoN1.post-vt(oN2)omgive (a substantial gift, e.g. territory N1) to a determinate recipient

送 sòng OC: sooŋs MC: suŋ 4 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNhand over, give away; send
vtt(+N1.)(oN2)give; hand over the contextually determinate thing
vtt(oN1.)+N2hand over the contextually determinate N1 to N2
vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2give the contextually determinate object to N2
vttoN1.post-vt(oN2)give N2 to N1

餼 xì OC: qhɯds MC: hɨi 4 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.+N2present (N2, e.g. grain etc) to (a recipient N1)

賜予 cì yǔ OC: sleeɡs laʔ MC: siɛ ji̯ɤ 4 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Contrast: 慶賞/REWARD

Syntactic words

NPabactthe making of gifts in general
NPabactthe receiving of gifts, the giving of gifts to one
VPtt[oN1.]oN2give

出 chū OC: khljud MC: tɕhʷit 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNcause to go out: give up and hand over, German: herausgeben

賄 huì OC: qhʷɯɯʔ MC: huo̝i 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNto give something to, to confer on; give presents to
vttoN1.+N2confer (a gift N2) on (a recipient N1)

養 yàng OC: laŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNgive to as a means of support living expenses; give as a present to keep someone near one

齎 jī OC: MC: tsei 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

nmortuary gift
vtoNgive away; give as a mortuary gift
vtt(oN1.)+N2give
vttoN1.+N2present (somebody N1) with (something N2)

布施 bù shī OC: paas lʰal MC: puo̝ ɕiɛ
佈施 bù shī OC: paas lʰal MC: puo̝ ɕiɛ 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

NPab.t:post-Nthe giving of N
VPtoNgive away
VPtt(oN1.)+N2Give N2 to the contextually explicit N1
VPttoN1.+N2give N1 to N2

假 jiǎ OC: kraaʔ MC: kɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1+.vtoN2to give (somebody N1) (something N2); to supply (somebody N1) with (something N2)
vttoN1.+N2give (someone N1) (what is not his due N2)

呈 chéng OC: deŋ MC: ɖiɛŋ 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNhand up (to a superior); submit

懷 huái OC: ɡruul MC: ɦɣɛi 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNstick into someone's breast pocket, give informally as a small symbolic present

貺 kuàng OC: qhʷaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ
況 kuàng OC: qhʷaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoN(of feudal lords) confer an official gift upon

累 lèi OC: rols MC: liɛ 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtt[+N1.]oN2polite circumlocution: encumber you with, turn over to you, i. e. give

賚 lài OC: rɯɯs MC: ləi 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

ngift
vibestow gifts on others
vttoN1.+N2sell N1 for the price N2

賻 fù OC: baɡs MC: bi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.post-vt(oN2)omgive the contextually determinate object (to someone)

授與 shòu yǔ OC: djus k-laʔ MC: ɨu ji̯ɤ 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPtt(oN1.)(+N2)give/hand over a contextually determinate N1 to the contextually determinate person N2
VPttoN1.+N2give N1 to N2

施主 shī zhǔ OC: lʰal tjoʔ MC: ɕiɛ tɕi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

NPgenerous donor

百牢 bǎi láo OC: praaɡ ruu MC: pɣɛk lɑu 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPtoNfigurativetreat to a hundred sets of animals

往 wǎng MC: hjwangX OC: ɢʷaŋʔCH 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vt[oN]give presents (ant. 來 have gifts coming to one)CH

禮 lǐ MC: lejX OC: riiʔ CH 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1. N2give N1 to N2 as a formal presentCH

下 xià OC: ɢraas MC: ɦɣɛ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1:postvtoN2figurativehand (N2) down to (a recipient N1); pass over (a memorial N2) to (an official N1 for appraisal);

享 xiǎng OC: qhaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vtoNhand up

傳 chuán OC: don MC: ɖiɛn 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vtt(oN1.)+N2pass on a contextually determinate (abstract) thing N1 (e.g. rulership)to N2
vttoN1.+prep+N2pass on N1 to N2CH

問 wèn OC: mɯns MC: mi̯un 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.+N2pay formal visit to X with (a gift) Y> make a formal gift of Y to X

就 jiù OC: dzuɡs MC: dzɨu 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vtt(oN1.)+N2:-V[0]omconsign to, turn (someone contextually determinate N1) over to (someone N2) for V-ing

犒 kào OC: khoows MC: khɑu 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.postN2preposedpresent (something N2) to (someone N1 who deserves it)

留 liú OC: b-ru MC: lɨu 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vtoNleave behind

益 yì OC: qleɡ MC: ʔiɛk 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.+N2give N1 more of N2

行 xíng OC: ɢraaŋ MC: ɦɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD

古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 645

Syntactic words

vttoN1.+N2dole (something N1) out administratively to (someone N2)

資 zī OC: sti MC: tsi 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.+N2give

出納 chū nà OC: khljud nuub MC: tɕhʷit nəp 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPtoNhand out

慶賜 qìng cì OC: khraŋs sleeɡs MC: khɣaŋ siɛ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

NPabactthe giving of congratulatory gifts

留付 liú fù OC: b-ru pos MC: lɨu pi̯o 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPtt(oN1.)+N2leave behind so as to give N2 to the contextually determinate N1

稟授 bǐng shòu OC: prɯmʔ djus MC: pim ɨu 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPtoNfigurativeendow (something) with its natural properties

給賜 jǐ cì OC: krub sleeɡs MC: kip siɛ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPtt(oN1.)+N2give N2 to the contextually determinate N1

行施 xíng shī OC: ɢraaŋ lʰal MC: ɦɣaŋ ɕiɛ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPt[oN]generously give things to othersLZ
VPtoNmake generous gifts of N

見賜 jiàn cì OC: keens sleeɡs MC: ken siɛ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)give the contextually determinate object to me
VPtoNgive (to me) [note the prefix 見]

贈遺 zèng wèi OC: dzɯɯŋs k-luds MC: dzəŋ ji 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPtt(oN1.)+prep+N2give the contextually determinate N1 to N2

饋詒 kuì yí OC: ɡruds lɯ MC: gi jɨ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPtoNmake gifts (of various kinds?)

羞 xiū MC: sjuw OC: smlu CH 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vt( prep N)make a present of delicacies to the contextually determinate NCH

賜遺 cì wèi MC: sjeH ywijH OC: sleeɡs k-ludsDS 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPttoN1[.+N2]N1=recipientgive presents to the recipient N1DS

丐 gài OC: kaads MC: kɑi 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNgive generously to
vttoN1.+N2actgive N1 to N2 HS: 我丐若馬

乞 qì OC: khɯds MC: khɨi 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.+N2donate HANSHU 乞其夫錢，令葬 donated a sum of money to the wife/widow and ordered him to be buried

弄 nòng OC: ɡ-rooŋs MC: luŋ 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNgive (to play with)
vtt+N1.oN2give N2 to N1

稟 bǐng OC: prɯmʔ MC: pim 0 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Oppos: 受/RECEIVE The current general word is shòu 受 (ant. jù 拒 "refuse to accept"; ant.* yǔ 與 "give"), which can refer to any concrete or abstract form of receiving or being exposed to.

Syntactic words

vtt(oN1.)+N2give something contextually determinate to N2

薦 jiàn OC: tseens MC: tsen 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

賮 jìn OC: zins MC: zin 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

nfarewell gift

返 fǎn OC: panʔ MC: pi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.+N2return (property N2) to (owner N1)

遞 dì OC: leeʔ MC: dei 0 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Ant: 奪/TAKE Duó 奪 is to take by force or threat of force.

Syntactic words

viacthand over things, pass on things to others

釐 lí OC: ɡ-rɯ MC: lɨ 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.+N2give N1 the present N2

靡 mǐ OC: mralʔ MC: miɛ 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNYI: confer; distribute more HF

餉 xiǎng OC: qhjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ
饟 shàng OC: hnjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vtoNmake a present of food (to inferiors); give the choice pieces of food to

受祐 shòu yòu OC: djuʔ ɢʷɯs MC: dʑɨu ɦɨu 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPiactgive assistance [NOTE THAT SINCE FOR JIAGUWEN WE HAVE YET TO ESTABLISH THE PRESENCE OF QU-SHENG DERIVATION, FOR THE TIME BEING WE TAKE THIS AMBIGUITY OF THE WORD FOR "RECEIVE" TO BE LIKE THE LATER AMBIGUITY OF 借 AS A CASE OF UNMARKED DERIVATION.]

施與 shī yǔ OC: lʰal k-laʔ MC: ɕiɛ ji̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPtpostN{OBJ}give generously
VPttoN1.postVtoN2give N2 to N1

交 jiāo OC: kreew MC: kɣɛu 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vttoN1.+N2hand over N1 to N2

Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vt[oN]give presents (ant. 來 have gifts coming to one)CH

Existing SW for

Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:

Searching Wikidata

Type:

GIVE 給與／予

CAUSE someone TO POSSESS in the FUTURE what one POSSESSES at PRESENT.

Alternate labels (16)

Ontology of GIVE

Antonym

Hypernym

Hyponym

Criteria and general notes (1093 characters)

Old Chinese Criteria

Modern Chinese Criteria

Source references (13 items)

Citations (559 attested)

Words

與 yǔ OC: k-laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ予 yǔ OC: laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ 185 AttributionsWD

賜 cì OC: sleeɡs MC: siɛ 82 AttributionsWD

授 shòu OC: djus MC: ɨu受 shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 28 AttributionsWD

遺 wèi OC: k-luds MC: ji 24 AttributionsWD

致 zhì OC: k-liɡs MC: ʈi 22 AttributionsWD

貽 yí OC: lɯ MC: jɨ詒 yí OC: lɯ MC: jɨ 21 AttributionsWD

歸 guī OC: klul MC: kɨi 18 AttributionsWD

割 gē OC: kaad MC: kɑt 15 AttributionsWD

餽 kuì OC: ɡruls MC: gi饋 kuì OC: ɡruds MC: gi 13 AttributionsWD

付 fù OC: pos MC: pi̯o 10 AttributionsWD

贈 zèng OC: dzɯɯŋs MC: dzəŋ 9 AttributionsWD

似 sì OC: sɢlɯʔ MC: zɨ 8 AttributionsWD

加 jiā OC: kraal MC: kɣɛ 8 AttributionsWD

施 shī OC: lʰal MC: ɕiɛ 8 AttributionsWD

畀 bì OC: pids MC: pi 7 AttributionsWD

錫 xī OC: sleeɡ MC: sek 6 AttributionsWD

委 wěi OC: qrolʔ MC: ʔiɛ 5 AttributionsWD

賦 fù OC: pas MC: pi̯o 5 AttributionsWD

賞賜 shǎng cì OC: lʰaŋʔ sleeɡs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ siɛ 5 AttributionsWD

入 rù OC: njub MC: ȵip 4 AttributionsWD

賂 lù OC: ɡ-raaɡs MC: luo̝ 4 AttributionsWD

送 sòng OC: sooŋs MC: suŋ 4 AttributionsWD

餼 xì OC: qhɯds MC: hɨi 4 AttributionsWD

賜予 cì yǔ OC: sleeɡs laʔ MC: siɛ ji̯ɤ 4 AttributionsWD

出 chū OC: khljud MC: tɕhʷit 3 AttributionsWD

賄 huì OC: qhʷɯɯʔ MC: huo̝i 3 AttributionsWD

養 yàng OC: laŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD

齎 jī OC: MC: tsei 3 AttributionsWD

布施 bù shī OC: paas lʰal MC: puo̝ ɕiɛ佈施 bù shī OC: paas lʰal MC: puo̝ ɕiɛ 3 AttributionsWD

假 jiǎ OC: kraaʔ MC: kɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD

呈 chéng OC: deŋ MC: ɖiɛŋ 2 AttributionsWD

懷 huái OC: ɡruul MC: ɦɣɛi 2 AttributionsWD

貺 kuàng OC: qhʷaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ況 kuàng OC: qhʷaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD

累 lèi OC: rols MC: liɛ 2 AttributionsWD

賚 lài OC: rɯɯs MC: ləi 2 AttributionsWD

賻 fù OC: baɡs MC: bi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

授與 shòu yǔ OC: djus k-laʔ MC: ɨu ji̯ɤ 2 AttributionsWD

施主 shī zhǔ OC: lʰal tjoʔ MC: ɕiɛ tɕi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

百牢 bǎi láo OC: praaɡ ruu MC: pɣɛk lɑu 2 AttributionsWD

往 wǎng MC: hjwangX OC: ɢʷaŋʔCH 2 AttributionsWD

禮 lǐ MC: lejX OC: riiʔ CH 2 AttributionsWD

下 xià OC: ɢraas MC: ɦɣɛ 1 AttributionWD

享 xiǎng OC: qhaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD

傳 chuán OC: don MC: ɖiɛn 1 AttributionWD

問 wèn OC: mɯns MC: mi̯un 1 AttributionWD

就 jiù OC: dzuɡs MC: dzɨu 1 AttributionWD

犒 kào OC: khoows MC: khɑu 1 AttributionWD

留 liú OC: b-ru MC: lɨu 1 AttributionWD

益 yì OC: qleɡ MC: ʔiɛk 1 AttributionWD

行 xíng OC: ɢraaŋ MC: ɦɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD

資 zī OC: sti MC: tsi 1 AttributionWD

出納 chū nà OC: khljud nuub MC: tɕhʷit nəp 1 AttributionWD

慶賜 qìng cì OC: khraŋs sleeɡs MC: khɣaŋ siɛ 1 AttributionWD

留付 liú fù OC: b-ru pos MC: lɨu pi̯o 1 AttributionWD

稟授 bǐng shòu OC: prɯmʔ djus MC: pim ɨu 1 AttributionWD

給賜 jǐ cì OC: krub sleeɡs MC: kip siɛ 1 AttributionWD

行施 xíng shī OC: ɢraaŋ lʰal MC: ɦɣaŋ ɕiɛ 1 AttributionWD

見賜 jiàn cì OC: keens sleeɡs MC: ken siɛ 1 AttributionWD

贈遺 zèng wèi OC: dzɯɯŋs k-luds MC: dzəŋ ji 1 AttributionWD

饋詒 kuì yí OC: ɡruds lɯ MC: gi jɨ 1 AttributionWD

羞 xiū MC: sjuw OC: smlu CH 1 AttributionWD

賜遺 cì wèi MC: sjeH ywijH OC: sleeɡs k-ludsDS 1 AttributionWD

丐 gài OC: kaads MC: kɑi 0 AttributionsWD

乞 qì OC: khɯds MC: khɨi 0 AttributionsWD

弄 nòng OC: ɡ-rooŋs MC: luŋ 0 AttributionsWD

稟 bǐng OC: prɯmʔ MC: pim 0 AttributionsWD

薦 jiàn OC: tseens MC: tsen 0 AttributionsWD

與 yǔ OC: k-laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ
予 yǔ OC: laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ 185 AttributionsWD

授 shòu OC: djus MC: ɨu
受 shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 28 AttributionsWD

貽 yí OC: lɯ MC: jɨ
詒 yí OC: lɯ MC: jɨ 21 AttributionsWD

餽 kuì OC: ɡruls MC: gi
饋 kuì OC: ɡruds MC: gi 13 AttributionsWD

布施 bù shī OC: paas lʰal MC: puo̝ ɕiɛ
佈施 bù shī OC: paas lʰal MC: puo̝ ɕiɛ 3 AttributionsWD

貺 kuàng OC: qhʷaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ
況 kuàng OC: qhʷaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD

餉 xiǎng OC: qhjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ
饟 shàng OC: hnjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD