SAFEGUARD  保護

HAVE AND CAUSE NOT TO BECOME DAMAGED.
KEEPPROTECTPRESERVECONSERVESAVESECURESHIELDGUARDKEEP SAFE.RETAINHOLD ON TOKEEP HOLD OFRETAIN POSSESSION OFKEEP POSSESSION OFNOT PART WITHSAVESTORECONSERVEPUT ASIDESET ASIDEINFORMAL HANG ON TOSTASH AWAY
Antonym
  • DISCARDDISPLACE something so as to VOLUNTARILY CAUSE ONESELF to LACK it.
    • LOSEto BEGIN to LACK something, NOT VOLUNTARILY.
      Hypernym
      • HAVERELATION to something such that it BE-IN:is in one OR is CONTROLLED by one.
        • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER.
          • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
            • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
      See also
      • SUPPORTHELP so as to CAUSE NOT to FALL OR so as to CAUSE to FLOURISH.
        • KEEPHAVE AND REFUSE to GIVE to OTHERS.
          Hyponym
          • DEFEND SAFEGUARD so as to CAUSE NOT TO be DEFEATED WHEN ATTACKED OR ACCUSED.
            • RESCUE To DEFEND someone so as to CAUSE him/her to ESCAPE.
          • SHELTER SAFEGUARD ENDURINGLY by GIVING SAFE DWELLING.
            • GUARD SAFEGUARD OR DEFEND as a SOLDIER OR as an OFFICIAL.
              • ASYLUM SAFEGUARD a FOREIGNER so as to DEFEND HIM/HER against CRUELTY.
                • CARE FOR SAFEGUARD LOVINGLY.
                  Old Chinese Criteria
                  1. Bǎo 保 (which emphasises safety against dangers or threats) and shǒu 守 (which emphasises good care and the ensuring that something is not lost or impaired) are the two general words for safeguarding things.

                  2. Quán 全 refers specifically to keeping a thing in perfect undiminished shape.

                  3. Chí 持 refers specifically to supporting something in a vigorous and sound state.

                  4. Bì 庇 refers to protection of inferiors by their superiors.

                  5. Hù 護 typically refers to protection of superiors by inferiors.

                  Modern Chinese Criteria
                  保護 is the current general term for safeguarding or protecting anyone or anything.

                  保衛 refers to safeguarding something by the use of threatened force.

                  保障 refers to safeguarding something abstract against violation.

                  捍衛 refers to the energetic safeguarding and supporting of something with commendable determination.

                  維護 refers to enthusiastic support for something abstract (like rights etc) with the aim of safeguarding it.

                  愛護 refers to the safeguarding something with loving care.

                  保證 refers to the assured or guaranteed safeguarding of something abstract like a right etc..

                  庇護 refers to safeguarding something concrete by offering shelter for it.

                  掩護 refers to safeguarding something typically by shielding it against external harm.

                  衛護 refers to safeguarding something concrete by threatening to defend it by violent means.

                  護衛

                  護 may refer rather formally to the protection of something endangered.

                  保安

                  rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH /

                  Words

                    shǒu OC: qhjuʔ MC: ɕɨu 56 AttributionsWD

                  Bǎo 保 (which emphasises safety against dangers or threats) and shǒu 守 (which emphasises good care and the ensuring that something is not lost or impaired) are the two general words for safeguarding things.

                    Word relations
                  • Object: 要/IMPORTANT The most general term for the relative importance and crucial nature of something is yào 要 (ant. xì 細).
                  • Object: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.

                    Syntactic words
                  • nabactdefensive/self-protective measure
                  • nobjectwhat is safeguarded; property; holding
                  • v[adN]guardians (of some treasured thing)
                  • viacttake good care of things/states
                  • vt(oN)keep the contextually determinate place safe
                  • vt(oN)figurativeguard, preserve (a contextually determinate abstract N)
                  • vtoNpreserve; keep to and ensure that one does not lose; hold in reserve
                  • vtoNabobject=abstractkeep unchanged,make a preferential effort to preserve and cultivateCH
                  • vtoNconcreteprotect
                  • vtoNfigurativekeep in good shape, look well after; take good care of; retain carefully, guard
                  • vtoNN=placekeep guard at
                  • vtoNpassivebe properly safeguarded
                  • vtoNreflexive.自take good care of oneself
                    bǎo OC: puuʔ MC: pɑu 35 AttributionsWD

                  Bǎo 保 (which emphasises safety against dangers or threats) and shǒu 守 (which emphasises good care and the ensuring that something is not lost or impaired) are the two general words for safeguarding things.

                    Word relations
                  • Ant: 棄/DISREGARD Qì 棄 is to reject as unworthy of one's attention and often to disregard defiantly.
                  • Synon: 全/SAFEGUARD Quán 全 refers specifically to keeping a thing in perfect undiminished shape.

                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNsafeguard, keep secure; keep to oneself; protect properly; HF 5.2.20: keep (one purposes) secure and secret
                  • vtoNabfigurativesafeguard and ensureCH
                  • vtoNmutualprotect (each other)
                  • vtoNpassivebe kept safe and secure
                  • vtoNpsychsafeguard (oneself)
                  • vtoNreflexive.身keep one's person safeCH
                    cáng OC: sɡaaŋ MC: dzɑŋ
                  藏臧  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 33 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • viactto store goods, harvest etc,  (may be followed by a locative complement) 藏於王之市
                  • vt+prep+Nstore one's wealth in
                  • vt+prep+Nmiddle voicebe stored in a place NDS
                  • vtoNstore up; take good care of; store up and collect; store up to keep safe
                  • vtoNpassivebe collected; be stored
                  • vttoN1.+N2store and preserve N1 in the place N2
                    quán OC: sɡon MC: dziɛn 20 AttributionsWD

                  Quán 全 refers specifically to keeping a thing in perfect undiminished shape.

                    Word relations
                  • Object: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
                  • Synon: 保/SAFEGUARD Bǎo 保 (which emphasises safety against dangers or threats) and shǒu 守 (which emphasises good care and the ensuring that something is not lost or impaired) are the two general words for safeguarding things.

                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNcausative(cause to be safe>) keep safe and unharmed, safeguard so as to keep intact
                  • vtoNcausativekeep (oneself) complete, keep out of harm's way
                  • vtoNcausative, passivebe kept safe and unharmedDS
                    cún OC: sɡɯɯn MC: dzuo̝n 12 AttributionsWD

                    Word relations
                  • Ant: 棄/DISCARD The standard general words for discarding something is qì 棄 (ant. qǔ 取 "choose to retain") and the somewhat rarer juān 捐.
                  • Ant: 遺/LOSE Yí 遺 (ant. cún 存 "keep in one's possession) is to lose through inadvertency an object that one would like to have or to keep.

                    Syntactic words
                  • vt(oN)safeguard the contextually determinate NCH
                  • vtoNcause to persist> cause to survive, preserve, safeguard
                  • vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to persist
                  • vtoNfigurativepreserve from being discardedCH
                  • vttoN1.+prep+N2psychpreserver N1 in (oneself)
                  持盈  chí yíng MC: dri yeng OC: ɡrlɯ leŋCH 10 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPi持盈守成"safeguard the plenitude of what one has and safeguard what one has achieved": maintain and safeguard the plenitude of one's achievements without aiming for more than can be safely maintained.CH
                    fèng OC: boŋʔ MC: bi̯oŋ 8 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNuphold (the law)
                    wèi OC: ɢods MC: ɦiɛi 8 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • nabsocialthe safeguard, the "bulwark", the (abstract) defence
                  • v[adN]N=humsafeguarder
                  • vtoNguard, protect ZUO 衛其足ZHUANG 衛生
                  自愛  zì ài MC: dzijH 'ojH  OC: sblids qɯɯds CH 8 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNreflexive.自pejorative: be preoccupied with one's own safety; care (above all) for one's own safety, pejorative, unlike modern 保重CH
                    ài OC: qɯɯds MC: ʔəi 7 AttributionsWD

                    Word relations
                  • Contrast: 養/REAR Yǎng 養 refers primarily to the caring for and nourishing of one's parents, children or other humans one feels caring sympathy for and is only occasionally used for non-humans, although it does apply to plants like mulberry trees that need much care.
                  • Contrast: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.

                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNtake good care of, care well for, keep well and intact
                  • vtoNderivedspare, keep safe (those who might be harmed)CH
                    bì OC: pis MC: pi 6 AttributionsWD

                  Bì 庇 refers to protection of inferiors by their superiors.

                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNprovide shelter for, protect 庇民
                  • vtoNreflexive.身protect (oneself)
                    bǎo OC: puuʔ MC: pɑu 6 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • nabactpreservation
                  • vtoNpreserve
                    hù OC: ɢʷaaɡs MC: ɦuo̝ 6 AttributionsWD

                  Hù 護 typically refers to protection of superiors by inferiors.

                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNtake good care of (inferiors), preserve, protect
                  • vtoNreflexive.自take good care of oneself
                    wán OC: ɡoon MC: ɦʷɑn 4 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNtake complete care of, look properly after; preserve completely intact
                    huái OC: ɡruul MC: ɦɣɛi 4 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNshow affectionate care for, treat with loving care
                  • vtoNfigurativecherish as importantCH
                  • vtoNfor oneselfkeep to oneself
                    shōu OC: qjiw MC: ɕɨu 4 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNtake in and protect
                    huán OC: ɡʷraan MC: ɦɣan 4 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNmake safe plans for; guard on all sides
                  • vtoNreflexive.自be (self-)protective
                  護持  hù chí OC: ɢʷaaɡs ɡrlɯ MC: ɦuo̝ ɖɨ 4 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPt(oN)omprotect, preserve (a contextually determinate N)
                  • VPtoNprotect and preserve, take good care of
                    fù MC: phjuwH OC: phuɡsLZ 4 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vt(oN)protect and take care of the contextually determinate NLZ
                  • vt[oN]protect and take care of peopleLZ
                  • vtoNto protect and take care of NLZ
                    zāng MC: tsang OC: skaaŋLZ 4 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoN= cáng 藏: to store, to keepLZ
                    zhí OC: tjib MC: tɕip 3 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vt+V[0]keep in the shape indicated by V, maintain as V-ing
                    zhōu OC: tjɯw MC: tɕɨu 2 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNsafeguard against attacks from all directions, guard (a granary); safeguard against all ills
                    àn OC: qaans MC: ʔɑn 2 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNhold down, keep with one
                    kān OC: khaan MC: khɑn 2 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vt+prep+Nlook properly after
                  • vtoNlook after (so as to care for)
                    bì OC: peds MC: piɛi 2 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • nprotection
                  • vtoNshield against, guard against
                    gù OC: klaas MC: kuo̝ 2 AttributionsWD

                    Word relations
                  • Assoc: 眷/LOOK Gù 顧 adds to the notion of looking at something the turning of one's head, or one's attention, from something to what is being looked at. Juàn 眷 is intensitive for gù 顧.

                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNhave an eye on, be fond of, look well after
                  覆護  fù hù OC: phuɡs ɢʷaaɡs MC: phɨu ɦuo̝ 2 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • NPabactprotection
                  • VPt(oN)provide shelter and protection for the contextually determiante N
                  鎮撫  zhèn fǔ OC: tins mʰaʔ MC: ʈin phi̯o 2 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNtake good care of and safeguard
                  拊循  fǔ xún MC: phjuX zwin OC: phoʔ sɢlunLZ 2 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNtreat carefully, safeguard from damageLZ
                    jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • n(mobile) armoured guard???
                    yòu OC: ɢʷɯs MC: ɦɨu 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNprotect, look well after 天佑下民
                  宿  sù OC: suɡ MC: suk 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNkeep overnight
                    jiè OC: krɯɯɡs MC: kɣɛi
                    jiè OC: krɯɯɡs MC: kɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNguard against mishap
                    chí OC: ɡrlɯ MC: ɖɨ 1 AttributionWD

                  Chí 持refers specifically to supporting something in a vigorous and sound state.

                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNsafeguard, supportLZ
                    zhǐ OC: kljɯʔ MC: tɕɨ 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNcausativekeep (something) in a place
                    yùn OC: quns MC: ʔi̯un 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNstore up
                    zài OC: sɡlɯɯs MC: dzəi 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNmiddle voicebe kept
                  侍衛  shì wèi OC: ɡljɯs ɢods MC: dʑɨ ɦiɛi 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPt(oN)resultativeserve so as to safeguard
                  保任  bǎo rèn OC: puuʔ njɯms MC: pɑu ȵim 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPt(oN)omprotect, safeguard, take care of (a contextually determinate N)
                  • vtoNtake good care of
                  守伺  shǒu sì OC: qhjuʔ sqlɯs MC: ɕɨu sɨ 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNfigurativekeep guard at, watch over
                  居守  jū shǒu OC: ka qhjuʔ MC: ki̯ɤ ɕɨu 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPt(oN)safeguard the contextually determinate place N
                  擁護  yǒng hù OC: qoŋʔ ɢʷaaɡs MC: ʔi̯oŋ ɦuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • NPabactrescue and protection
                  • VPt(oN)protect the contextually determinate person
                  護惜  hù xī OC: ɢʷaaɡs sqaɡ MC: ɦuo̝ siɛk 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNreflexive.自protect and show concern for
                  愛己  ài jǐ MC: 'ojH kiX OC: qɯɯds kɯʔCH 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNkeep oneself safe, German: "sich schadlos halten"CH
                  駿蒙  xùn méng MC: swinH muwng OC: -- mooŋLZ 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • nfigurativeprotection, protector (SHI)LZ
                  • NPprotection, protector (SHI)LZ
                  蓄臧  xù zāng MC: xjuwk tsang OC: qhluɡ skaaŋLZ 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • NPabact= xu4cáng 蓄藏: storing up (i.e. of harvest)LZ
                  持滿  chí mǎn MC: dri manX OC: ɡrlɯ mboonʔCH 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPi=持盈(which is the stnadard term for this with many more examples): safeguard and maintain what one has achieved, hold on to what one has achievedCH
                  覆救  fù jiù MC: phjuwH kjuwH OC: phuɡs kusLZ 1 AttributionWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNto protectLZ
                    jǐng OC: kreŋʔ MC: kɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • viacttake precautions
                  • vtoNmaintain properly
                    yìn OC: qrɯms MC: ʔim 0 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • nabactprotection???
                  • vtoNprovide protection for, cherish and foster
                    yì OC: p-lɯɡ MC: jɨk 0 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNkeep wings over: protect
                    bì OC: piids MC: pei 0 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • vtoNlock up (either for storing something, or for keeping someone from escaping)
                    xián OC: ɢreen MC: ɦɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • nagentprotector, guardian (of a ruler etc)
                  保惜  bǎo xī OC: puuʔ sqaɡ MC: pɑu siɛk 0 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNsafeguard and show affection for
                  保持  bǎo chí OC: puuʔ ɡrlɯ MC: pɑu ɖɨ 0 AttributionsWD
                  • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 15

                    Glossed as 1. 保護 (DATANG XINYU; BIANWEN); 2. 保重;保養 'take good care of oneself' (BIANWEN)

                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNtake care of; take care of oneself
                  守攝  shǒu shè OC: qhjuʔ qhljeb MC: ɕɨu ɕiɛp 0 AttributionsWD
                    Syntactic words
                  • VPtoNreflexive.其心guard well (one's own mind)

                  Existing SW for

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