CRUEL 殘酷
VIOLENT AND WICKED so as to DELIGHT in INJURING OR DAMAGING OTHERS.
Antonym
- BENEVOLENCEVIRTUE in the form of an ENDURING LOVE for OTHERS AND a DESIRE to HELP OTHERS.
- SYMPATHYSOCIAL-EMOTION IN THE FORM OF DESIRE to HELP someone who is SUFFERING what is not JUST, OR who is IN DISTRESS.
Hypernym
Old Chinese Criteria
2. Nè 虐 (ant. fǔ 撫 "take good care of, show proper concern for subordinates or subjects") refers to wanton cruelty in the exercise of political authority.
3. Lì 戾 typically refers to deliberate cruelty for its own sake, typically by those in political authority, viewed as a political mistake. See SEVERE
4. Bào 暴 refers to a propensity towards public violence by those in authority, viewed as a character defect. See VIOLENT
Modern Chinese Criteria
殘酷
殘暴
殘忍
暴虐
酷虐
暴戾
酷
暴戾恣睢
殘酷無情
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- De differentiis
(
DIFFERENTIAE I)
p.
67 DIRUS, ATROX
141. Indignatus; f., natus, ut Festus. Vide Serv., ad illud II Aen.: Quae mens tam dira.
--Fest., dictione Atroces.
Ibid. Pantinus pro in id adactus indicat ex var. lect. indignatus, et ex conjectura natus. Barthius, lib. XXXVIII Adversar., cap. 2, legit neque suasibilis, et exponit consultus, ratione utens, ut apud Apicium, et Phoebadium. [AREV.]
]
141. Inter Dirum et atrocem. Dirus immisericors, quasi divina ira in id adactus. Atrox, crudelis, hoc est, crudus, neque suavis [ Al., suasibilis].
SAEVUS, CRUDELIS
501. Inter Saevum et crudelem. Saevus in ira, crudelis in sanguine.
- Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
CRUEL
saevitia refers to the blood-thirsty cruelty of the tyrant who acts like a ravenous beast.
crudelitas refers to the reckless cruelty e.g. of a judge who enforces the utmost rigour of the law.
atrocitas
- Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
CRUDELITAS
INHUMANITAS
- Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
12.755 WILDHEIT; GRAUSAMKEIT; ROHHEIT
- Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
65A
Words
虐 nǜe OC: ŋawɡ MC: ŋi̯ɐk 31 AttributionsWD
Nyè 虐 (ant. fǔ 撫 "take good care of, show proper concern for subordinates or subjects") refers to wanton cruelty in the exercise of political authority.
- Word relations
- Ant: 德 / 得/GENEROUS
Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status. - Epithet: 政/GOVERN
Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures. - Epithet: 刑/PUNISH
Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment. - Assoc: 暴/VIOLENT
Bào 暴 (ant. rén 仁 "humane") refers to negatively valued violence of disposition and action.
- Syntactic words
- nabactruthlessness; cruel oppression; cruelty
- v[adN]nonreferentialsomebody who is cruel; oppressor; tyrant
- vadNcruel; tyrannical (government etc.)
- vadVoppressively; cruelly
- vibe cruel
- viin appearancecount as cruelCH
- vt+prep+Ndeal with cruelly, maltreat, mistreatCH
- vtoNbe ruthlessly harmful to
- vtoNcausativecause to become cruel, callous, unfeelingCH
忍 rěn OC: njinʔ MC: ȵin 22 AttributionsWD
The current general word for psychological cruelty is rěn 忍 (ant. cí 慈 "show kind loving concern"), and the current general word for cruelty in action is cán 殘 (ant. rén 仁 "kind-heartedness").
- Word relations
- Ant: 仁/BENEVOLENCE
Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE] - Ant: 憐/SYMPATHY
Lián 憐 refers to sympathy as loving warm concern and a wish to show this loving concern in action.
- Syntactic words
- nsubject=humanthose who are callous
- vadNpitiless, callous, insensitive
- vibe insensitive, hard-hearted, callous 殘忍。 漢 賈誼 《新書·道術》："惻隱憐人謂之慈，反慈為忍。"
- vt(oN)be callous enough to put up or bear with a contextually determinate situation
- vt+V[0]be callous or hard-hearted enough to be able to (live with cruelty by others); be able to bear with cruel behaviour (on one's own part); NB: THE TWO IDENTICAL LEXEMES MUST BE CONFLATED
- vtoNbe callous and unfeeling with respect to
- vtoNattitudinaltreat heartlessly; be callous towards
- vtoNcausativecause to become callous
不仁 bù rén OC: pɯʔ njin MC: pi̯ut ȵin 20 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactact of unkindness
- VP[adN]litotesunfeeling person; cruel person
- VP[adNab]actwicked behaviour or acting, cruelty
- VPadNcallous; ruthless; wicked
- VPilitotesbe not benevolent> be devoid of goodness of heart; be cruel (as a ruler or leader)
- VPt+prep+Ngradedbe more unfeeling (then somebody)
戾 lì OC: rɯɯds MC: lei 10 AttributionsWD
Lì 戾 typically refers to deliberate cruelty for its own sake, typically by those in political authority, viewed as a political mistake. See SEVERE
- Syntactic words
- nabactcallousness, heartlessness
- vadNcruel
- viactbe reckless, be callous and cruel; be violent; make violent and abrupt movements
暴虐 bào nǜe OC: boowɡs ŋawɡ MC: bɑu ŋi̯ɐk 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactcruelty
- VPiintensitivebe cruel and violent; 甚暴虐
- VPtoNresultativebe violent so as to tyrannise
殘 cán OC: dzaan MC: dzɑn 7 AttributionsWD
The current general word for psychological cruelty is rěn 忍 (ant. cí 慈 "show kind loving concern"), and the current general word for cruelty in action is cán 殘 (ant. rén 仁 "kind-heartedness").
- Word relations
- Contrast: 暴/CRUEL
Bào 暴 refers to a propensity towards public violence by those in authority, viewed as a character defect. See VIOLENT
- Syntactic words
- nabdispositioncruelty
- vadNcruel
- vadVcruelly, recklessly
- viactbe cruel
- vtoNattitudinalto be cruel (to somebody); play a cruel trick on
不仁者 bù rén zhě OC: pɯʔ njin kljaʔ MC: pi̯ut ȵin tɕɣɛ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPdefinitethe cruel people
- NPindefinitea cruel person
- NPnonreferentialabstractly: "the cruel people" (in any place and at any time)
暴 bào OC: boowɡs MC: bɑu 4 AttributionsWD
Bào 暴 refers to a propensity towards public violence by those in authority, viewed as a character defect. See VIOLENT
- Word relations
- Epithet: 君/RULER
Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler. - Contrast: 殘/CRUEL
The current general word for psychological cruelty is rěn 忍 (ant. cí 慈 "show kind loving concern"), and the current general word for cruelty in action is cán 殘 (ant. rén 仁 "kind-heartedness").
- Syntactic words
- nabtyranny; despotismDS
- vtoNbe cruel towards; violateCH
- vtoNreflexive.自be cruel to oneselfCH
不慈 bù cí MC: pjut dzi OC: pɯʔ dzɯCH 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabsocialcallousness, unfeeling crueltyCH
憯 cǎn 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vibe cruel, be vicious, be brutalCH
- vi-Pbe terrifying and insensitiveCH
- vt+prep+Nbe more terrifying than N; be more destructive than NCH
桀 jié OC: ɡrad MC: giɛt 2 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Oppos: 弱/WEAK
The current general word for weakness of any physical or abstract kind, and of anything including states, persons, and animals is ruò 弱 (ant. qiáng 強 "strong").
- Syntactic words
- viactbehave recklessly
汏 dài OC: daads MC: dɑi 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabpsychrecklessness
- vibe reckless
酷 kù OC: khuuɡ MC: khuok 2 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Object: 刑/LAW
- Epithet: 法/LAW
The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
- Syntactic words
- vibe cruel and violent
陵虐 líng nǜe OC: b-rɯŋ ŋawɡ MC: lɨŋ ŋi̯ɐk 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt+prep+Ntreat N with cruel arrogance
- VPtoNtreat with cruelty
忍人 rěn rén OC: njinʔ njin MC: ȵin ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPibe insensitive to the suffering of others
汏虐 dài nǜe OC: daads ŋawɡ MC: dɑi ŋi̯ɐk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactcruel recklessnes of all kinds
忍心 rěn xīn MC: nyinX sim OC: njinʔ slɯmLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VP[adN]humanhard-hearted personLZ
煬 yàng OC: k-laŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vicruel
狠 yán OC: - MC: ŋɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vadNvicious, reckless
- viGY: vicious
惡 è OC: qaaɡ MC: ʔɑk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vibe cruel YIJING: 不惡而嚴 "not cruel but strict"
- vt+prep+NGUOYU: 大惡於民
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabsocialcallousness, unfeeling crueltyCH
Existing SW for
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