CRUEL    殘酷

VIOLENT AND WICKED so as to DELIGHT in INJURING OR DAMAGING OTHERS.
BRUTALSAVAGEINHUMANBARBARICBARBAROUSBRUTISHBLOODTHIRSTYMURDEROUSVICIOUSSADISTICWICKEDEVILFIENDISHDIABOLICALMONSTROUSABOMINABLECALLOUSRUTHLESSMERCILESSPITILESSREMORSELESSUNCARINGHEARTLESSSTONY-HEARTEDHARD-HEARTEDCOLD-BLOODEDCOLD-HEARTEDUNFEELINGUNKINDINHUMANEDATED DASTARDLYLITERARY FELL
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for psychological cruelty is rěn 忍 (ant. cí 慈 "show kind loving concern"), and the current general word for cruelty in action is cán 殘 (ant. rén 仁 "kind-heartedness"). 2. NŸè 虐 (ant. fǔ 撫 "take good care of, show proper concern for subordinates or subjects") refers to wanton cruelty in the exercise of political authority. 3. Lì 戾 typically refers to deliberate cruelty for its own sake, typically by those in political authority, viewed as a political mistake. See SEVERE 4. Bào 暴 refers to a propensity towards public violence by those in authority, viewed as a character defect. See VIOLENT
Modern Chinese Criteria
凶殘 殘酷 殘暴 殘忍 暴虐 酷虐 暴戾 酷 暴戾恣睢 殘酷無情 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • BENEVOLENCEVIRTUE in the form of an ENDURING LOVE for OTHERS AND a DESIRE to HELP OTHERS.
  • SYMPATHYSOCIAL-EMOTION IN THE FORM OF DESIRE to HELP someone who is SUFFERING what is not JUST, OR who is IN DISTRESS.
Hypernym
  • WICKED　MORALLY BAD. (anc: 5/0, child: 6)
  • BAD　The FEATURE of being NOT EXCELLENT OR GOOD. (anc: 4/0, child: 3)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
Other Hypernyms
  • VIOLENT　EXCESSIVE in the USE of STRONG:strength. (anc: 7/0, child: 2)
  • EXCESSIVE　INTENSELY to a MORE than APPROPRIATELY BIG DEGREE. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • INTENSELY　To a HIGH DEGREE. (anc: 5/0, child: 4)
  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 67

    DIRUS, ATROX

    141. Indignatus; f., natus, ut Festus. Vide Serv., ad illud II Aen.: Quae mens tam dira.

    --Fest., dictione Atroces.

    Ibid. Pantinus pro in id adactus indicat ex var. lect. indignatus, et ex conjectura natus. Barthius, lib. XXXVIII Adversar., cap. 2, legit neque suasibilis, et exponit consultus, ratione utens, ut apud Apicium, et Phoebadium. [AREV.]

    ]

    141. Inter Dirum et atrocem. Dirus immisericors, quasi divina ira in id adactus. Atrox, crudelis, hoc est, crudus, neque suavis [ Al., suasibilis].

    SAEVUS, CRUDELIS

    501. Inter Saevum et crudelem. Saevus in ira, crudelis in sanguine.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    CRUEL

    saevitia refers to the blood-thirsty cruelty of the tyrant who acts like a ravenous beast.

    crudelitas refers to the reckless cruelty e.g. of a judge who enforces the utmost rigour of the law.

    atrocitas

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    CRUDELITAS

    INHUMANITAS

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 12.755

    WILDHEIT; GRAUSAMKEIT; ROHHEIT

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 65A

    • Words (21 items)

    虐  nǜe OC: ŋawɡ MC: ŋi̯ɐk 32 Attributions

    Nyè 虐 (ant. fǔ 撫 "take good care of, show proper concern for subordinates or subjects") refers to wanton cruelty in the exercise of political authority.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 德 / 得/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.
    • Epithet: 政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
    • Epithet: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
    • Assoc: 暴/VIOLENT Bào 暴 (ant. rén 仁 "humane") refers to negatively valued violence of disposition and action.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactruthlessness; cruel oppression; cruelty
    • v[adN]nonreferentialsomebody who is cruel; oppressor; tyrant
    • vadNcruel; tyrannical (government etc.)
    • vadVoppressively; cruelly
    • vibe cruel
    • viin appearancecount as cruelCH
    • vt+prep+Ndeal with cruelly, maltreat, mistreatCH
    • vtoNbe ruthlessly harmful to
    • vtoNcausativecause to become cruel, callous, unfeelingCH
    忍  rěn OC: njinʔ MC: ȵin 22 Attributions

    The current general word for psychological cruelty is rěn 忍 (ant. cí 慈 "show kind loving concern"), and the current general word for cruelty in action is cán 殘 (ant. rén 仁 "kind-heartedness").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 仁/BENEVOLENCE Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE]
    • Ant: 憐/SYMPATHY Lián 憐 refers to sympathy as loving warm concern and a wish to show this loving concern in action.

      Syntactic words
    • nsubject=humanthose who are callous
    • vadNpitiless, callous, insensitive
    • vibe insensitive, hard-hearted, callous 殘忍。 漢 賈誼 《新書·道術》："惻隱憐人謂之慈，反慈為忍。"
    • vt(oN)be callous enough to put up or bear with a contextually determinate situation
    • vt+V[0]be callous or hard-hearted enough to be able to (live with cruelty by others); be able to bear with cruel behaviour (on one's own part); NB: THE TWO IDENTICAL LEXEMES MUST BE CONFLATED
    • vtoNbe callous and unfeeling with respect to
    • vtoNattitudinaltreat heartlessly; be callous towards
    • vtoNcausativecause to become callous
    不仁  bù rén OC: pɯʔ njin MC: pi̯ut ȵin 20 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactact of unkindness
    • VP[adN]litotesunfeeling person; cruel person
    • VP[adNab]actwicked behaviour or acting, cruelty
    • VPadNcallous; ruthless; wicked
    • VPilitotesbe not benevolent> be devoid of goodness of heart; be cruel (as a ruler or leader)
    • VPt+prep+Ngradedbe more unfeeling (then somebody)
    戾  lì OC: rɯɯds MC: lei 10 Attributions

    Lì 戾 typically refers to deliberate cruelty for its own sake, typically by those in political authority, viewed as a political mistake. See SEVERE

      Syntactic words
    • nabactcallousness, heartlessness
    • vadNcruel
    • viactbe reckless, be callous and cruel; be violent; make violent and abrupt movements
    暴虐  bào nǜe OC: boowɡs ŋawɡ MC: bɑu ŋi̯ɐk 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactcruelty
    • VPiintensitivebe cruel and violent; 甚暴虐
    • VPtoNresultativebe violent so as to tyrannise
    殘  cán OC: dzaan MC: dzɑn 7 Attributions

    The current general word for psychological cruelty is rěn 忍 (ant. cí 慈 "show kind loving concern"), and the current general word for cruelty in action is cán 殘 (ant. rén 仁 "kind-heartedness").

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 暴/CRUEL Bào 暴 refers to a propensity towards public violence by those in authority, viewed as a character defect. See VIOLENT

      Syntactic words
    • nabdispositioncruelty
    • vadNcruel
    • vadVcruelly, recklessly
    • viactbe cruel
    • vtoNattitudinalto be cruel (to somebody); play a cruel trick on
    不仁者  bù rén zhě OC: pɯʔ njin kljaʔ MC: pi̯ut ȵin tɕɣɛ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefinitethe cruel people
    • NPindefinitea cruel person
    • NPnonreferentialabstractly: "the cruel people" (in any place and at any time)
    暴  bào OC: boowɡs MC: bɑu 4 Attributions

    Bào 暴 refers to a propensity towards public violence by those in authority, viewed as a character defect. See VIOLENT

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 君/RULER Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.
    • Contrast: 殘/CRUEL The current general word for psychological cruelty is rěn 忍 (ant. cí 慈 "show kind loving concern"), and the current general word for cruelty in action is cán 殘 (ant. rén 仁 "kind-heartedness").

      Syntactic words
    • nabtyranny; despotismDS
    • vtoNbe cruel towards; violateCH
    • vtoNreflexive.自be cruel to oneselfCH
    酷  kù OC: khuuɡ MC: khuok 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Object: 刑/LAW
    • Epithet: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.

      Syntactic words
    • nabcrueltyCH
    • vibe cruel and violent
    不慈  bù cí MC: pjut dzi OC: pɯʔ dzɯ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialcallousness, unfeeling crueltyCH
    憯  cǎn 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe cruel, be vicious, be brutalCH
    • vi-Pbe terrifying and insensitiveCH
    • vt+prep+Nbe more terrifying than N; be more destructive than NCH
    陵虐  líng nǜe OC: b-rɯŋ ŋawɡ MC: lɨŋ ŋi̯ɐk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+prep+Ntreat N with cruel arrogance
    • VPtoNtreat with cruelty
    桀  jié OC: ɡrad MC: giɛt 2 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 弱/WEAK The current general word for weakness of any physical or abstract kind, and of anything including states, persons, and animals is ruò 弱 (ant. qiáng 強 "strong").

      Syntactic words
    • viactbehave recklessly
    汏  dài OC: daads MC: dɑi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychrecklessness
    • vibe reckless
    汏虐  dài nǜe OC: daads ŋawɡ MC: dɑi ŋi̯ɐk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactcruel recklessnes of all kinds
    忍人  rěn rén OC: njinʔ njin MC: ȵin ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe insensitive to the suffering of others
    忍心  rěn xīn MC: nyinX sim OC: njinʔ slɯm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]humanhard-hearted personLZ
    惡  è OC: qaaɡ MC: ʔɑk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe cruel YIJING: 不惡而嚴 "not cruel but strict"
    • vt+prep+NGUOYU: 大惡於民
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialcallousness, unfeeling crueltyCH
    煬  yàng OC: k-laŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vicruel
    狠  yán OC: - MC: ŋɣɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNvicious, reckless
    • viGY: vicious