WORRY    擔憂憂

DISTRESS CAUSED-BY THINKING about something PRESENT OR FUTURE, which is DANGEROUS OR DIFFICULT.
FRETBE CONCERNEDBE ANXIOUSAGONIZEBROODPANICLOSE SLEEPGET WORKED UPGET STRESSEDGET IN A STATESTEWTORMENT ONESELF.ANXIETYPERTURBATIONDISTRESSCONCERNUNEASINESSUNEASEDISQUIETFRETFULNESSRESTLESSNESSNERVOUSNESSNERVESAGITATIONEDGINESSTENSIONSTRESSAPPREHENSIONFEARDREADTREPIDATIONMISGIVINGANGSTINFORMAL BUTTERFLIES (IN THE STOMACH)THE WILLIESTHE HEEBIE-JEEBIES
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it. 2. Lu �慮 (ant. wàng 忘 "refuse to think about, ignore") refers to active reflection upon what one is worried about. 3. Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself. 4. Zào 躁 (ant. dìng 定 "be well-settled and unruffled") refers to the state of being flustered, restless and upset by worries. 5. Jí 急 (ant. ān 安 "feel comfortable") refers to urgent and particularly acute temporary worries about something present or immediately imminent. 6. Jí 疾 (ant. níng 寧 "feel at peace") refers to intense and profound worries about something present (and these worries may or may not be lasting). 7. Huàn 患 (ant. lè 樂 "feel deeply happy with") refers to intense worry or concern about the possible future effects of something or the possibility of events in the future. 8. Āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "feel perfectly happy with"), when it refers to intense worry rather than grief, connotes despondency and hopelessness and not just worry over possibilities. 9. Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness. 10. Shì 事 (ant. zhì 治 "well-ordered situation") can refer to the kinds of matters or affairs that cause one to be anxious or worried.
Modern Chinese Criteria
擔心 擔憂 憂慮 發愁 焦慮 焦急 操心 揪心 顧慮 掛心 掛懷 想不開 放不下心 放心不下 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • HAPPYCOMPLETELY DELIGHTED with one's SELF:own LIFE.
See also
  • HATEENDURING ANGER AND DESIRE to HARM.
  • REMEMBERCONTINUE to be AWARE of.
  • DEPRESSEDINTENSELY SAD AND LACKING HOPE.
  • SADDISTRESS ARISING from BAD THOUGHTS NOW IN ONE'S MIND which CAUSE one to LACK DELIGHT:joy.NB: The words I have chosen to include in this group pose special problems of contrastive analysis. There is something irretrievably diffuse about their usage, in many cases, and in many others the number of relevant examples in the early literature is so small that it is impossible to get anything like a firm grip on their precise semantics. Under these circumstances I have tried to compensate for lack of neat analysis with more quotation, especially from Chǔcí. Throughout this section I quote my teacher David Hawkes' translations, mindful of the fact that many of these were written in the third year of his study of Chinese...
Hypernym
  • DISTRESS　FEELING that one's SELF:own SITUATION IS INTENSELY BAD. (anc: 12/0, child: 5)
  • FEELING　NATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND. (anc: 11/0, child: 17)
  • REACT　CHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something. (anc: 10/0, child: 5)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.33

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    WORRY

    cura refers to uneasy and apprehensive thoughtfulness regarding a possible evil.

    sollicitudo refers to anxious thoughtfulness with respect to a possible evil.

    angor refers to apprehensive anguish as a passion with respect to a possible evil.

    dolor refers to a strong negative reaction to a present evil.

    aegritudo refers to an internalised sickness of the soul of someone faced with a present evil.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 183

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    CURA

  • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 278

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.2003

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 74

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 197

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 103

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 242

    • Words (50 items)

    憂  yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 94 Attributions

    The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 愉 / 愈/HAPPY
    • Ant: 樂/DELIGHT The equally current lè 樂 (ant. āi 哀 "grief") adds to yuè 悅 the dimensions of practical indulgence, psychological and often philosophical depth, and - very often - a dimension of joy that can be shared and appreciated by others, and that is typically lasting if not permanent. See ENJOY
    • Ant: 樂/HAPPY
    • Epithet: 幽/DARK The most current general word for physical shadowiness and obscurity is probably yōu 幽 (ant. míng 明 "bright"), but this word often has lyrical overtones of secluded peace.
    • Contrast: 患/WORRY Huàn 患 (ant. lè 樂 "feel deeply happy with") refers to intense worry or concern about the possible future effects of something or the possibility of events in the future.
    • Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
    • Assoc: 勞/TIRED Láo 勞 refers to the state of exhaustion after extended lasting effort.
    • Assoc: 煩/WORRY Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.t:post-Npsychthe trouble constituted by N
    • nab.t:post-Vthe trouble constituted by V-ingLZ
    • nabobjectcause for worry, thing to worry about
    • nabpsych(common) troubles, agonies, worries; cares
    • v[adN]causativea matter for worry
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthose who are worried
    • vadN憂色"worried facial expression": worried, troubled
    • vadNcausativecausing on to worry> worrysome
    • vi0impersonalthere is worry
    • viactworry, spend one's time worrying; show serious concern; be fretful
    • vistativebe worrysome
    • vt(oN)worry about the contextually determinate N
    • vt+prep+Nhave worries regarding
    • vt+V[0]worry that one will V
    • vtoNappropriatebe suitably concerned about, be properly worried in relation to (something in the future)CH
    • vtoNcausativecause to be worried, bother
    • vtoNgradedbe intensely worried about, be very concerned about, be very apprehensive about
    • vtoSworry that S
    患  huàn OC: ɢroons MC: ɦɣan 79 Attributions

    Huàn 患 (ant. lè 樂 "feel deeply happy with") refers to intense worry or concern about the possible future effects of something or the possibility of events in the future.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 憂/WORRY The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.t:post-Npsychthe serious or upsetting concern constituted by N
    • nabpsychworries; also: =所患 "things to worry about, things one worries about".
    • vibe upset; to worry very much, be very much concerned
    • vt+prep+Nab{ACT}worry about
    • vt+V[0]be upset about V-ing; worry very much about V-ing
    • vtoNbe vexed about; find ominous; be upset by, be greatly worried about, regard as disastrous (mostly a future prospect); be upset about; be distressed by
    • vtoNcausativecause to worry; make worried (the mind etc)
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe upset by; be worried about 不足患
    • vtoNPab{S}be upset that S; worry very much that S
    • vtoSbe upset that S; worry very much about S, be all worried about S
    • vtoSworry that SCH
    煩惱  fán nǎo OC: ban nuuʔ MC: bi̯ɐn nɑu 24 Attributions

    • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p. 406

    • An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 141-142

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: afflictions; troubles, defilements, contamination (SOOTHILL: 406 "The Chinese interpretation is the delusions, trials, or temptations of the passions and of ignorance which disturb and distress the mind [...].") (The three basic defilements are also referred to as the Three Poisons' of craving/passion (tān 貪 ), anger/aversion (chēn 嗔 ), and ignorance (chi 痴 )) skr. kleśa
    慮  lǜ OC: b-ras MC: li̯ɤ 10 Attributions

    Lǜ 慮 (ant. wàng 忘 "refuse to think about, ignore") refers to active reflection upon what one is worried about.

      Syntactic words
    • nabworryCH
    • nabmentalcareful tactics
    • viactengage in worried reflectionsCH
    • vtoNworry and think actively and concretely about; think carefully about
    • vtoSworry that S
    事  shì OC: dzrɯs MC: ɖʐɨ 9 Attributions

    Shì 事 (ant. zhì 治 "well-ordered situation") can refer to the kinds of matters or affairs that cause one to be anxious or worried.

      Syntactic words
    • nabstativetroublesome affairs, troublesome eventualities 無事
    • vtoNworry aboutCH
    急  jí OC: krɯb MC: kip 8 Attributions

    Jí 急 (ant. ān 安 "feel comfortable") refers to urgent and particularly acute temporary worries about something present or immediately imminent.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfactualsomething to be urgently concerned about, urgent matter; urgent concern, pressing worry
    • vibe overwrought; get urgently concerned;  get overly concerned
    • vt(oN)worry very much about a contextually determinate thing
    • vt+prep+Nworry because of N; be concerned with NDS
    傷  shāng OC: lʰaŋ MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 7 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nbe upset by, be distressed by NCH
    • vtoNabbe upset about Nab
    • vtoSbe distressed that S
    • vttoN.+V[0]psychbe worried that (one) V-s
    • vttoN.+V[0]reflexive.自worry about (oneself) that one V-s
    慼  qī OC: skhlɯɯwɡ MC: tshek
    戚  qī OC: skhlɯɯwɡ MC: tshek 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychworries
    • v-V1.adV2full of solicitudeCH
    • vifeel intense concern and solicitude, feel distress
    • vtoNcausativemake N worry; make N feel distressedTW
    疾  jí OC: dzid MC: dzit 7 Attributions

    Jí 疾 (ant. níng 寧 "feel at peace") refers to intense and profound worries about something present (and these worries may or may not be lasting).

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychmental hustle, mental overexcitement
    • vt(oN)worry intensely about the contextually determinate N
    • vtoNbe intensely worried about, be acutely worried about; find unacceptable
    • vtoSbe upset about; worry intensely aboutCH
    憂愁  yōu chóu OC: qu dzriw MC: ʔɨu ɖʐɨu 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychgrievous worries
    • VPiget seriously worried; be grievously worried
    恤  xù OC: sqʷiɡ MC: sʷit 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]worry about V-ing
    • vtoNworry about; be very much preoccupied by
    塵勞  chén láo OC: din raaw MC: ɖin lɑu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychworldly worry; worldly care
    難  nàn OC: mɢlaans MC: nɑn 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabtroublesome difficult situationsCH
    • vtoNab{S}be troubled by the prospect of S; be opposed to Nab-ing
    憂惱  yōu nǎo OC: qu nuuʔ MC: ʔɨu nɑu 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab.cpsychworries and anxieties > anxieties
    • VPibe worrysome
    哀  āi OC: qɯɯl MC: ʔəi 3 Attributions

    Āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "feel perfectly happy with") , when it refers to intense worry rather than grief, connotes despondency and hopelessness and not just worry over possibilities.

      Syntactic words
    • nccintense worry
    • viworry intensely
    • vtoNPab{S}consider as grievous and sad (a matter of the past or the present)
    愁  chóu OC: dzriw MC: ɖʐɨu 3 Attributions

    Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

      Syntactic words
    • vifeel anxious and worried
    • vt(oN)worry about or be sad about a contextually determinate matter N
    • vtoNfeel deeply anxious and intensely worried (typically about a current present situation)
    煩  fán OC: ban MC: bi̯ɐn 3 Attributions

    Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 憂/WORRY The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.
    • Assoc: 擾/DISTURB
    • Assoc: 苦/DISTRESS Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychtroubles
    • vibe worried and flustered (for external reasons)
    • vtoNmolest; cause trouble for (someone) by asking him to take action
    營  yíng OC: ɢʷleŋ MC: jiɛŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNagitated; restless (see also: CONFUSED)
    • vireduplicatedbe agitated; restless (often reduplicated)
    • vtoNcausativegive worries to, make worried, trouble, give trouble to; tire out
    遑遑  huáng huáng MC: hwang hwang OC: ɡʷaaŋ ɡʷaaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe overly worried; be overexcited; be overwroughtDS
    煩勞  fán láo MC: bjon law  OC: ban raaw 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPilive in worries and toilLZ
    自愛  zì ài MC: dzijH 'ojH  OC: sblids qɯɯds 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNreflexive.自be concerned for one's own safety; be worried about oneself, be concerned about oneselfCH
    憂患  yōu huàn MC: 'juw hwaenH OC: qu ɢroons 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPtroubles of all kindsLZ
    愀然  qiǎo rán OC: tshewʔ njen MC: tshiɛu ȵiɛn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVworriedlyLZ
    • VPilook very worried
    憂色  yōu sè OC: qu sqrɯɡ MC: ʔɨu ʂɨk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPihave a worried look on one's face
    嬈  rǎo OC: ŋɢjewʔ MC: ȵiɛu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe full of worries
    慁  hùn OC: ɢuuns MC: ɦuo̝n 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNworry about, be troubled by
    • vtoNcausativecause to be worried, create worries for
    懼  jù 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vipsychbe worriedLZ
    憂險  yōu xiǎn MC: 'juw xjemX OC: qu qhromʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe deeply troubledLZ
    病  bìng OC: bɢraŋs MC: bɣaŋ 2 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNputativefind (something) troublesome; worry very much about something, be disturbed by the thought of
    • vtoV[0]be worried about V-ingCH
    躁  zào OC: tsaaws MC: tsɑu 1 Attribution

    Zào 躁 (ant. dìng 定 "be well-settled and unruffled") refers to the state of being flustered, restless and upset by worries.

      Syntactic words
    • vibe flustered, worried and over-eager; be unstable
    結縛  jié fù OC: kiid baɡ MC: ket bi̯ɐk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsych[BUDDH] unresolved knots, worries
    惑營  huò yíng OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ ɢʷleŋ MC: ɦək jiɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe confused and worried
    渠渠然  qú qú rán MC: gjo gjo nyen OC: ɡa ɡa njen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPifeel worried, be anxiousLZ
    憂心  yōu xīn OC: qu slɯm MC: ʔɨu sim 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe worried
    憂恐  yōu kǒng MC: 'juw khjowngX OC: qu khoŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe full of worry and fearCH
    憂恥  yōu chǐ OC: qu m-lʰɯʔ MC: ʔɨu ʈhɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfind worrysome and/or shameful
    慼憂  qī yōu OC: skhlɯɯwɡ qu MC: tshek ʔɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPipsychbe grieved and worried
    憂愆  yōu qiān OC: qu khran MC: ʔɨu khiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychtroubles
    淹恤  yān xù OC: qrom sqʷiɡ MC: ʔiɛm sʷit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe deeply worried
    憂虞  yōu yú OC: qu ŋʷa MC: ʔɨu ŋi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychworries of all kinds
    昭昭然  zhāo zhāo rán MC: tsyew tsyew nyen OC: kljew kljew njen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVanxiouslyLZ
    恐  kǒng 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoSparentheticI'm afraid that SCH
    飄疾  piāo jí MC: -- dzit OC: phew dzid 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychpanic; hystery DS
    痛  tòng OC: kh-looŋs MC: thuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe worried
    勞煩  láo fán OC: raaw ban MC: lɑu bi̯ɐn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNcausativecause somebody to be worried, trouble somebody
    騷  sāo OC: suu MC: sɑu 0 Attributions

    Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychCC, LISAO, SJ on title: worries, troubles
    悄  qiǎo OC: smʰewʔ MC: tshiɛu 0 Attributions

    Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

      Syntactic words
    悐  tì OC: theeɡ MC: thek
    惕  tì OC: lʰeeɡ MC: thek 0 Attributions

    Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

      Syntactic words
    • viconcerned
    悒  yì OC: qrɯb MC: ʔip 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNperturbed
    • viread yì: be worried; be upset
    • vtoNbe perturbed about (CC)
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe full of worry and fearCH