CHILD 孩子
YOUNG DESCENDENT.
Antonym
Hypernym
- DESCENDANTHUMAN HAVING a DEFINED OTHER HUMAN as FATHER, MOTHER, OR ANCESTOR.
See also
- BOYINTENSELY YOUNG MALE HUMAN.
Hyponym
- TWIN SIBLING who HAS a SIBLING of the SAME AGE.
- BABY INTENSELY YOUNG CHILD.
- FOETUS BABY of ANIMAL OR HUMAN BEFORE BIRTH.
- SON MALE CHILD.
- DAUGHTER FEMALE CHILD.
- PRINCESS DAUGHER OR NEAR RELATIVE of a RULER.
- NIECE DAUGHTER of a BROTHER OR a SISTER.
- STEPDAUGHTER HUSBAND'S OR WIVE'S DAUGHTER who is NOT one's SELF:own DAUGHTER.
- ORPHAN BEREAVED CHILD whose FATHER AND MOTHER are DEAD.
Old Chinese Criteria
2. Ér 兒 refers to children of fairly young age.
3. Tóng 童 refers to a person as a young child without focusing on whose child it is and the word is often used in compounds.
4. Gōng zǐ 公子 refers specifically to a prince or son by a royal father and his main wife. See PRINCE.
5. Chì zǐ 赤子 refers to a fairly small or new-born child.
6. Ruò zǐ 弱子 and 童子 refer to a very young child.
7. Xiǎo zǐ 小子 is often used for small children but can also refer to people lower in hierachy as for example the disciples of a master (often when the master is addressing them); in addition it is sometimes used by the ruler (when mourning for his parents) and by high officers as humble first person pronoun.
8. Rǔ zǐ 孺子 can refer to very young children, but the word can also refer more generally to youths, especially girls.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
子，幼兒的通稱，構詞能力強。
孩， “ 咳 ” 的今字，代指從起初會發笑到學步前的幼兒。
嬰，初生幼兒。
孺，兩、三歲前學會走路的幼兒。
兒，囟門未合、未成童的幼兒。
幼，兒童和少年，常作語素。
童，泛指未成年人，常作語素。
Modern Chinese Criteria
子女
兒女
小朋友
小孩兒
孩童
稚童
童稚
童子
童兒
孩子
孩兒
小孩兒
孩子家
小兒
小人兒
雛兒
幼兒
娃兒
娃娃
娃子
伢
小伢兒
寧馨兒
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
2.43 - Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
CHILD
puer can refer to any male during the years when (s)he is dependent on parents and has no family; in a narrower sense the word can refer to a person between seven and age sixteen.
infans refers to a child of any sex up to the age of seven.
adolescens refers to a youngster beyond the age of sixteen.
juvenis refers to any young person from about the time he comes of age to the first appearances of advanced age; specifically the term normally refers to a youth upto the age of twenty-four.
adolescens refers to a youth below the age of eighteen.
vir refers to a person from the age of thirty.
maturus refers to the man in his ripest years "when the wild fire of youth has evaporated".
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 1966)
p.
220 Kind(er):
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 2000)
p.
766 Kind, Kinder:
- 古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典 ( HUANG JINGUI 2006) p.
- Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
LIBERI
- Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
2.484 - Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
4.827 KIND
- Das grosse China-Lexikon
(
STAIGER 2003)
p.
371 - Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.
- Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology
(
BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002)
p.
childhood
- Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(
PILLON 1850)
p.
no.386 - 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典
(
HONG CHENGYU 2009)
p.
65 - A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
2.42 - New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols.
(
HOROWITZ 2005)
p.
CHILDHOOD
Words
子 zǐ OC: sklɯʔ MC: tsɨ 87 AttributionsWD
The commonest word for a child is zǐ 子"son; child; rarely: baby".
- Word relations
- Conv: 父/FATHER
The completely dominant word is fù 父 - Epithet: 孝/LOVE
Xiào 孝 refers to loving respect for one's parents and ancestors in attitude and action and is a major traditional virtue. - Epithet: 赤/NAKED
- Assoc: 妻/WIFE
Qī 妻 (ant. fū 夫 "husband") refers to the regular main wife. - Assoc: 孫/DESCENDANT
Sūn 孫 refers to all descendants lower than the generation of children. - Oppos: 母/MOTHER
- Syntactic words
- n(post-N)children of the contextually determinate NCH
- n(post-N)nonreferentiala child in general (the reference often probably being primarily to sons)
- n=Nprchild Npr
- n[post-N]one's childCH
- nadVanalogyacting like a child, fulfilling one's duty as a filial child
- npluralchildren
- npost-Nfemale?daughter
- npost-Nmale of femaleoffspring; child; also: child (i.e. daughter)
- npost-Nmale?son
- npost-Nnon-humannon-human offspring
- viactact as a child should
- vtoNattitudinaltreat like a son; treat like one's children
兒 ér OC: ŋje MC: ȵiɛ 15 AttributionsWD
Ér 兒 refers to children of fairly young age.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 嬰/BABY
The current general word for a baby is yīng 嬰 sometimes expanded to yīng ér 嬰兒"baby child".
- Syntactic words
- nsmall child; sometimes: new baby; later also simply: son (of any age)
- n(0){PRED}.adVtimewhen a boy> as a boy
- nadVanalogylike a child SHIJI:兒啼
- npost-NN's sonDS
赤子 chì zǐ OC: khjaɡ sklɯʔ MC: tɕhiɛk tsɨ 13 AttributionsWD
Chì zǐ 赤子 refers to a fairly small or new-born child.
- Syntactic words
- NPbaby
童 tóng OC: dooŋ MC: duŋ 11 AttributionsWD
Tóng 童 refers to a person as a young male child without focussing on whose child it is.
- Syntactic words
- nchild (a woman calls herself 小童 in front of the emperor)
- nadNchildren's (not specifically boy's) (ditty etc童謠, 童心); adolescent 童男女
小兒 xiǎo ér OC: smewʔ ŋje MC: siɛu ȵiɛ 10 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPsmall child; baby
庶子 shù zǐ OC: qhljaɡs sklɯʔ MC: ɕi̯ɤ tsɨ 9 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Oppos: 太子/HEIR
Tài zǐ 太子 refers specifically to the formally established and declared heir apparent to a king or an emperor.
- Syntactic words
- NPchild by a mother other than one's main wife
兒子 ér zǐ OC: ŋje sklɯʔ MC: ȵiɛ tsɨ 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPvery small child/baby; boy
- VPiactact like a baby; be like a baby; act like a child; be all childlike; be naive and innocent like a child
小子 xiǎo zǐ OC: smewʔ sklɯʔ MC: siɛu tsɨ 6 AttributionsWD
Xiǎo zǐ 小子 is often used for small children but can also refer to people lower in hierachy as for example the disciples of a master (often when the master is addressing them); in addition it is sometimes used by the ruler (when mourning for his parents) and by high officers as humble first person pronoun.
- Syntactic words
- NP=Nprthe little child NP
- NPadN小子侯 minor, not of age
- NPpost-Nchild belonging to N; boy employed at NDS
- NP{PRED}be a child
僮 tóng OC: dooŋ MC: duŋ
童 tóng OC: dooŋ MC: duŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nchild
- nadNchild-like; very young; minorDS
出 chū OC: khljud MC: tɕhʷit 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmoffspring; product
長子 zhǎng zǐ OC: krlaŋʔ sklɯʔ MC: ʈi̯ɐŋ tsɨ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPeldest son
公子 gōng zǐ OC: klooŋ sklɯʔ MC: kuŋ tsɨ 2 AttributionsWD
Gōng zǐ 公子 refers specifically to a prince or son by a royal father and his main wife. See PRINCE.
- Syntactic words
- NP{N1adN2}young man
幼子 yòu zǐ OC: qriws sklɯʔ MC: ʔi̯u tsɨ 2 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Contrast: 童子/BOY
Tóng zǐ 童子 is the standard neutral word for a boy below the age of 15, but the strong connotation is that of ignorance and immaturity.
- Syntactic words
- NPmere child (younger than the adolescent boy/child 童子)
倪 ní OC: ŋee MC: ŋei 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nloan for 兒: small child
弟 dì OC: liilʔ MC: dei 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nlittle boy
生 shēng OC: sraaŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nmoffspring
五尺 wǔ chǐ OC: ŋaaʔ thjaɡ MC: ŋuo̝ tɕhiɛk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN}child
國子 guó zǐ OC: kʷɯɯɡ sklɯʔ MC: kək tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralchildren of dignitaries
嬰孩 yīng hái OC: qeŋ ɡɯɯ MC: ʔiɛŋ ɦəi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPsmall child
子女 zǐ nǚ OC: sklɯʔ naʔ MC: tsɨ ɳi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralchildren, irrespective of sex
孩兒 hái ér OC: ɡɯɯ ŋje MC: ɦəi ȵiɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPchild
稚子 zhì zǐ OC: ɡrluls sklɯʔ MC: ɖi tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPsmall child; small children
黃口 huáng kǒu MC: hwang khuwX OC: ɡʷaaŋ khooʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]N=human, pluralyoung childrenCH
孩 hái OC: ɡɯɯ MC: ɦəi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nchild (GY); young of animals (LJ)
- vtoNattitudinaltreat somebody as a child (LAO)
孺 rú OC: njos MC: ȵi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
Rú 孺 focusses on the relatively young age of a child that has perhaps just learnt to walk, rather than on descent.
- Syntactic words
- na small child from the age where (s)he has just learnt to walk; especially a child as an attractive person
- nadNof young childhood age 孺人
儒子 rú zǐ OC: njo sklɯʔ MC: ȵi̯o tsɨ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPchild
孺子 rú zǐ OC: njos sklɯʔ MC: ȵi̯o tsɨ 0 AttributionsWD
Rǔ zǐ 孺子 can refer to very young children, but the word can also refer more generally to youths, especially girls.
- Syntactic words
庶孽 shù niè OC: qhljaɡs ŋred MC: ɕi̯ɤ ŋiɛt 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralchildren from concubines
弱子 ruò zǐ OC: njewɡ sklɯʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐk tsɨ 0 AttributionsWD
Ruò zǐ 弱子 and 童子 refer to a very young child.
- Syntactic words
Existing SW for
Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:
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