TLS - Concept: FEAR

FEAR 害怕懼

BAD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO what one BELIEVES to be a DANGER which one is TRYING to AVOID.

BE AFRAID OFBE FEARFUL OFBE SCARED OFBE APPREHENSIVE OFDREADLIVE IN FEAR OFBE TERRIFIED OFBE ANXIOUS ABOUTWORRY ABOUTFEEL APPREHENSIVE ABOUTHAVE A PHOBIA ABOUTHAVE A HORROR OFTAKE FRIGHT AT

Hypernym

FEELINGNATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND.
- REACTCHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something.
  - CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2.
    - EVENTREALITY that ARISES in TIME....

Hyponym

COWARDLY　FEARFUL WHEN COURAGE is NEEDED.
SHY　ENDURING FEAR of POSSIBLE NEAR FUTURE SHAME.
ANGST　FEAR LACKING an OBJECT.

Old Chinese Criteria

The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself ( 文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.

Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".

Jīng 驚 refers to the sudden onset of fear when someone is faced with an unexpected danger.

Lì 栗 / 慄 and zhàn 戰 is to shiver with intense fear, and the physical expression of fear can be more prominent the inner feeling expressed through shivering.

Qiè 怯 "chicken-livered and unlikely to undertake risky tasks" and nuò 懦 (ant. yǒng 勇 "courage, boldness") as well as dàn 憚 "unduly prone to feelings of fear" refer to being pusilanimousness or the lack or courage where courage is required.

Bù 怖 "be in a current acute state of fear" has no weakened generalised uses.

Sǒng 悚 / 聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear.

Jì 悸 refers to symptoms of violent heart-beat caused by intense fear.

NB: Pà 怕 is post-Buddhist (TANG).

Modern Chinese Criteria

害怕

懼怕

生怕

怕

生恐

畏怯

畏懼

恐懼

疑懼

恐怖

膽寒

破膽

心寒

心悸

忌憚

畏葸

狼顧

懍懍

惶惑

失色

失容

惕息

戒懼

怵惕

悚然

震悚

喪膽

破膽 refers to being thoroughly frightened out of one's wits.

懾

恐

憚

懼

畏

怖

亡魂喪膽

聞風喪膽

喪魂落魄

魂不附體

魂飛魄散

魄散魂飛

戰戰兢兢

驚心掉膽

毛骨悚然

提心吊膽

膽顫心驚

心驚膽顫

心驚肉跳

心膽俱裂

不寒而栗

噤若寒蟬

驚恐萬狀

大驚失色

面如土色

面無人色

脅肩累足

視為畏途

望而生畏

望而卻步

rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 1109
Das Wortfeld Angst. Eine lexikographische Untersuchung ( BERGENHOLTZ 1980) p.
A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.53
De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 449
ABHORRERE

aliquid, est contactum illius metuere. 2. ideoque aversari aut si id nequit, fugere.
La peur en Occident ( DELUMEAU 1978) p.
De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 63
TIMIDUS, TIMENS

554. Ex Serv. ad ill. Eclog. 7, Timidisque supervenit [col. 66D] Aegle.

]

554. Inter Timentem et timidum. Timidus est qui semper timet, timens vero qui ad tempus formidat ex [col. 65C] causa. Tali intellectu distinguuntur pavidus et pavens, providus et providens, superbus et superbiens, languidus et languens, furibundus et furens, et caetera similia.

99

FORMIDO, PAVOR, METUS, TIMOR

214. Inter Formidinem, pavorem. et metum, sive [col. 32A] timorem. Formido objicitur, vel oculis, vel animo, sine adhibita ratione, et maxime parvulis, pavor autem cum timiditate animi subita est conturbans occasio, quae tamen solvitur ratione, vel tempore, nec stat, item metus est motus interior animi subitus, sive cordis, factus ex aliqua tristi recordatione. Timor vero est accedens dolor mentis extrinsecus, ex aliqua accidenti occasione. Porro timiditas animi vitium sempiternum est. Nam timor, pro tempore est. Itaque in viro forti est aliquando timor, timiditas nunquam. Est autem et bonus timor et malus. Malus est, cum temporalia bona quisque sibi subtrahi perhorrescit [ Al., abstrahi pertimescit]; bonus, cum quanto quis Deum ardentius diligit, tanto eum diligentius offendere pertimescit. Nam timere interdum [col. 32B] prodest, et decet, pro qualitate temporum atque causarum.
Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.
FEAR

vereri is fear that has its foundation in what is strikingly venerable or perceived as such.

metuere is fear that has its source in a threatening danger inherent in an object or a situation, and it is based on anticipation of an impending evil, as well as reflection upon it, and it is based on prudence and foresight.

timere refers to fear of an impending danger that proceeds from cowardice and weakness rather than weakness.

ignavia is inaptitude for noble action and particularly for deeds of valour, for reasons of exaggerated fearfulness.

horror is an immediate feeling of fear which overpowers the understanding by some dreadful image, as a bodily expression of such a feeling.

formido is the immediate feeling of overpowering fear as a purely mental state.
Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 40
韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 203
Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue francaise. Avec une introduction sur la theorie des synonymes. ( LAFAYE 1884) p. 479
A. CRAINTE, APPREHENSION;

B. INQUIETUDE, ALARME, PEUR;

C. EPOUVANTE, EFFROI, FRAYEUR, TERREUR

A.

Lafaye distinguishes "crainte" of a probable danger and "apprehension" of a possible danger: a brilliant definition. "Crainte" is a involves an envisioning of what is dangerous, "apprehension" involves a suspicion concerning what may be dangerous. These two words have the common feature that they focus on the intellectual rather than the emotive part of fear. Malebranche: "La crainte, qui produit la tristesse,, n'est point une emotion de l'ame, mais un simple jugement." The same may be said about "apprehension". Both these words are quite different from "inquietude, alarme, peur", even more from "epouvante, effroi, frayeur, terreur".

B.

"Inquietude, alarme, peur" are weak forms of fear, "inqietude" being the weakest.

"Alarme" is an intense form of "inqietude".

"Peur" is subjective and less based on externals than on inner temperament, and the word is pejorative in the sense that it often denotes a lack of courage.

C.

"Epouvante" is stronger than "peur", but like "peur" it connotes a tendency to flee from what is dangerous, a lack of proper courage.

"Effroi" connotes horror as well as strong, stifling fear.

"Frayeur" is transitory "effroi".

"Terreur" focusses on the state of the mind as caused by the envisaging of its cause.
Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.
FORMIDO

METUS

PUSILLANIMITAS

TIMOR

VERECUNDIA
Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 163ff
Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 806
Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 11
“孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 239
Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.1622
Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.1147
FURCHT UND MITLEID
Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 116
Emotions across Languages and Cultures ( WIERZBICKA 1999) p. 123-167
王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 742
畏，恐，懼

1. WL claims that these words are basically synonymous. In fact, they differ clearly in basic semantic content. We4i 畏 is basically a state of fear of what inspires awe and respect, perhaps shuddering awe, and indeed there are many cases where the meanings of the words hovers between fear and respect, encompassing elements of both; ko3ng 恐 is momentary and powerful basically terrified fear of what is simply overpowering, although these words have occasional "blunted" or neutralised usages where they refer to generalised fear; and ju4 懼 is momentary fearful concern about an impending danger, thus a much weaker form of ko3ng 恐. The cases where these words are interchangeable semantically are few.

2. WL claims that it is characteristic of ko3ng 恐 and ju4 懼 that these have causative uses, but we4i 畏 is also used in such causative senses "inspire fearfuyl awe in people". Moreover, all these words are current as transitive non-causative words, contrary to what WL suggests.
Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 296
Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 167
SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.25:22
ALLARME.TERREUR.EFFROI.FRAYHEUR.EPOUVANTE.CRAINTE.PEUR.APPREHENSION
SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.218.179
CRAINDRE.APPREHENDER.REDOUTER.AVOIR PEUR
Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.390
古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 362
Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 48A

Words

恐 kǒng OC: khoŋʔ MC: khi̯oŋ 147 AttributionsWD

Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.

Word relations

Object: 殆/DANGER Dài 殆 is primarily perceived danger.
Contrast: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
Assoc: 惶/FEAR
Assoc: 畏/FEAR Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".
Assoc: 駭/FEAR

Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine ( HSU 2010) p. 395

Syntactic words

nabpsychfear, fright; an atmosphere of fear
viactto panicCH
vt(postN1[EGO].)postN2:+V{PRED}parenthetic- I'm afraid - 國恐傷 "the state - I'm afraid - will suffer injury/harm"
vt+V[0]be afraid to V
vt+V[0]V=passivefear to be V-ed, be afraid of being V-ed
vt[0]oSI am afraid that S
vt[oN]changeget very scared; get terrified
vt[oN]stativeto be very scared (of things); be terrified (of things)
vtoNbe terrified by the thought of, be very worried by and fearful of
vtoNPab{S}be afraid that S
vtoSbe very much afraid that S, live in fear that S

懼 jù OC: ɡʷas MC: gi̯o 141 AttributionsWD

The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

Word relations

Inconsist: 勇/COURAGE The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo
Ant: 喜/DELIGHT Xǐ 喜 (ant. yōu 憂 "worry") is openly manifested delight, manifested in an individual, visible to all, but not normally of any profound significance.
Contrast: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
Assoc: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
Assoc: 悚/FEAR Sǒng 悚/聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear.
Assoc: 聳 / 悚/FEAR Sǒng 悚/聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear.
Assoc: 惶/FEAR
Assoc: 憂/WORRY The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.
Assoc: 威/FEAR
Assoc: 畏/FEAR Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".
Assoc: 戒/FEAR
Synon: 畏/FEAR Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".

Syntactic words

nab.post-V{NUM}generalkinds of fearCH
nabpsychfear; fear as psychological agent or factor
vadNfearful, frightened
vadVwith fear, being frightenedLZ
vibe fearful; be scared;
vt(oN)be afraid of the contextually determinate N
vt(oN)changeget scared
vt+prep+N(get to) be afraid of
vt+V(0)be afraid to V
vt+V[0]be afraid that one might V; be afraid to; be afraid that one V-s
vt+V[0]V=passivefear to be V-ed
vt[0][oS.]adV:postN{SUBJ}parenthetic - I'm afraid -
vt[0][oS.]adVfigurativeI'm afraid???
vt[oN]spend one's time being afraid of things
vt[oN]changebecome frightened; become scared
vt[oN]psychbe frightened; be afraid; [of a voice or of a person: be fearful. But this has to be moved CH]
vtoNgradedbe afraid (of) and be on one's guard against, be fearful and apprehensive about
vtoNPab{S}be afraid that; be scared and worried by the fact that
vtoNpassivebe feared
vtoNpsychfear for (oneself)
vtoSbe afraid that S 懼有伏焉 "he was afraid there was an ambush"
vtoSfear that SCH

畏 wèi OC: quls MC: ʔɨi 104 AttributionsWD

Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".

Word relations

Ant: 利/LIKE
Assoc: 忌/FEAR
Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
Assoc: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
Synon: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

Syntactic words

nabpsychfearfulness
nobjectobjects of fear, things one fears; fears
vadVwith fear; out of fearLZ
vibe in a state of fear; be under threat which would normally inspire fear; be in fearful trouble
vichangeget into fearful trouble
vt(oN)stand in fear and awe of the determinate person/thing; grow fearful of
vt+prep+Nbe frightened of; stand in fearful awe of
vt+V[0]be terrified to V; be afraid that one might V
vt+V[0]passivefear to be V-ed
vt[oN]be fearful of othersCH
vtoNfear (something non-human without standing in awe of it, like death)CH
vtoNcontinuousstand in fear of; fear, be very much afraid of and at the same time in awe of
vtoNPab{S}to be terrified by the fact, that
vtoNpassivebe held in fear and awe
vtoNwithout respectbe afraid of
vtoSstativefear that S

驚 jīng OC: kreŋ MC: kɣaŋ 19 AttributionsWD

Jīng 驚 refers to the sudden onset of fear when someone is faced with an unexpected danger.

Word relations

Assoc: 惑/CONFUSED The standard general word for any kind of confusion is huò 惑 (ant. qīng 清 "be unconfused and clear").
Assoc: 駭/FEAR
Assoc: 駭/FEAR

Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine ( HSU 2010) p. 394

Syntactic words

nabfeaturestate of shock, state of bafflement; state of common fearCH
vadNpassivefrightened
vadVas a result of being terrified
vt[oN]middle voicebe startled and frightened, terrified; get frightened away (of birds); to panic
vtoNfigurativebe, as it were, frightened by the N

憚 dàn OC: daans MC: dɑn 18 AttributionsWD

Qiè 怯 "chicken-livered and unlikely to undertake risky tasks" and nuò 懦 (ant. yǒng 勇 "courage, boldness") as well as dàn 憚 "unduly prone to feelings of fear" refer to being pusilanimousness or the lack or courage where courage is required.

Syntactic words

vt+prep+Nfret when faced with, be fearful of
vt+V[0]be afraid to V, fear to, shrink from V-ing; shy away from V-ing
vtoNstativebe afraid of; fear (a person)
vtoSfear that S

唯恐 wéi kǒng OC: k-lul khoŋʔ MC: ji khi̯oŋ 15 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPt+V[0]only fear that one will V
VPt[0]+V[0][I] only fear that [I] shall V
VPt[0]oS[I] only fear that S; [one] only fears that S
VPtoNab{S}be all afraid of Nab/that SCH
VPtoSonly fear that S

恐懼 kǒng jù OC: khoŋʔ ɡʷas MC: khi̯oŋ gi̯o 12 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

NPfrightening experiencesCH
VPichangeget very frightened; show every sign of being frightened

怖 bù OC: phaas MC: phuo̝ 10 AttributionsWD

Bù 怖 "be in a current acute state of fear" has no weakened generalised uses.

Syntactic words

nabpsychbeing frightened; fearfulness; fright
vt[oN]be intensely frightened, terrified
vtoNbe much afraid about

懾 shè OC: kljeb MC: tɕiɛp 7 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Assoc: 怯/COWARDLY

Syntactic words

vadNfearful; chickenhearted
viliji, ed. yishu 1.38a: be confused because of fear; be beside oneself with fear, be scared out of one's wits, lose one's courage
vipsychbe chickenheartedLZ
vt+prep+Nbe afraid ofCH
vtoNreduce to fearful submission; inspire fear in

駭 hài OC: ɡrɯɯʔ MC: ɦɣɛi 7 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Assoc: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
Assoc: 驚/FEAR Jīng 驚 refers to the sudden onset of fear when someone is faced with an unexpected danger.
Assoc: 驚/FEAR Jīng 驚 refers to the sudden onset of fear when someone is faced with an unexpected danger.

Syntactic words

vadNalarmedCH
vibe alarmed; be afraid
vt(oN)get all upset about the contextually determinate NCH
vtoNstativefear

怖畏 bù wèi OC: phaas quls MC: phuo̝ ʔɨi 6 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

NPabpsychfears of any kind
VPadNprone to fear; fearful
VPibe afraid
VPtoNpassivebe feared
VPtoNpsychhave some/any kind of fear of

畏恐 wèi kǒng OC: quls khoŋʔ MC: ʔɨi khi̯oŋ 5 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPiintensitivefeel fear; be fearful
VPtoNintensitivebe intensely fearful of

兇 xiōng OC: qhoŋ MC: hi̯oŋ 4 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

nabpsychstate of fear
vipsychbe filled with fear (not to be confused with xiōng 凶"inauspicious")

兢 jīng OC: kɯŋ MC: kɨŋ 4 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vi.redbe all fretful, careful; be full of fear

怵 chù OC: khrlud MC: ʈhʷit 4 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Contrast: 勞/TIRED Láo 勞 refers to the state of exhaustion after extended lasting effort.

Syntactic words

v-p.adVfearfully; frightenedCH
vibe alarmed, be anxious
vi-Pbe fearful, be wary
vtoSbe concerned that S; feel alarmed that S; be anxious that SCH

懦 nuò OC: nools MC: nʷɑ 4 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Assoc: 弱/WEAK The current general word for weakness of any physical or abstract kind, and of anything including states, persons, and animals is ruò 弱 (ant. qiáng 強 "strong").
Assoc: 柔/WEAK

Syntactic words

nabpsychfretfulness, pusillanimityCH
vadNfretful and weak, pusillanimous; meak and weak; irresolute
vibe fretful and weak, pusillanimous; meak and weak

威 wēi OC: qul MC: ʔɨi 3 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

Syntactic words

vt(oN)fear GY: 民威矣
vtoNcausativeoveraweCH
vtoNpassiveto be fearedLZ

慄 lì OC: b-riɡ MC: lit 3 AttributionsWD

Lì 栗/慄 and zhàn 戰 is to shiver with intense fear, and the physical expression of fear can be more prominent the inner feeling expressed through shivering.

Syntactic words

viZZ 6.205: shuddering, (anxious and fearful) (as someone who has climbed a high mountain and is looking down); ZZ 19.670: shuddering and fearful (as someone soaring high and looking down); ZZ 10.379: (worried and) shivering (as a ruler in his reception hall)
vi.redbe fearful
vtoNbe fearful and worried about

戒 jiè OC: krɯɯɡs MC: kɣɛi 3 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

Syntactic words

vtoNbeware (something)

戰 zhàn OC: tjans MC: tɕiɛn 3 AttributionsWD

Lì 栗/慄 and zhàn 戰 is to shiver with intense fear, and the physical expression of fear can be more prominent the inner feeling expressed through shivering.

Syntactic words

vishiver with fear
vtoNfear intensely

蹴 cù OC: tshuɡ MC: tshuk 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

visquirm
vi-pperplexed, mystifiedCH
vi.red:-p::adVsquirming, shuddering, shiveringCH

但恐 dàn kǒng OC: daanʔ khoŋʔ MC: dɑn khi̯oŋ 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPt[0]oSmy big fear is that S
VPtoShave as one's main fair that S

怵惕 chù tì OC: khrlud lʰeeɡ MC: ʈhʷit thek 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

NPabintense worry and fear ??
VPadNfull of intense anxiety
VPitransitiveintensely worried and frightened

恐怖 kǒng bù OC: khoŋʔ phaas MC: khi̯oŋ phuo̝ 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

NPabfear
VPiinchoativebecome very much afraid

悚懼 sǒng jù OC: soŋʔ ɡʷas MC: si̯oŋ gi̯o 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPiintensitivebe full of fear

驚怖 jīng bù OC: kreŋ phaas MC: kɣaŋ phuo̝ 3 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

NPabpsychastonished fear
VPibe terrified

恂 xún OC: sqʷlin MC: sʷin 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vadNscared, terrifiedCH
vi.redrare and poetic: be all fearful; be reticent

聳 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ
悚 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 2 AttributionsWD

Sǒng 悚/聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear.

Word relations

Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

Syntactic words

vibe stunned (with hair standing on end, rigid with fear and/or awe)

悚 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 2 AttributionsWD

Sǒng 悚/聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear.

Word relations

Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

Syntactic words

vt[oN]stativefret, be frightened
vtoNbe afraid of, be afraid that

惴 zhuì OC: tjols MC: tɕiɛ 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vibe fearful
vt+prep+Nbe scared (of somebody); fear (somebody)

懍 lǐn OC: b-rɯmʔ MC: lim 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vipoetic: show extreme fear
vi.redbe poetically overawed and fearfulCH
vi.red:-V{SUF}fearfullyCH

兇懼 xiōng jù OC: qhoŋ ɡʷas MC: hi̯oŋ gi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPiintensitivebe panic-stricken

恐畏 kǒng wèi OC: khoŋʔ quls MC: khi̯oŋ ʔɨi 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPtoNstativebe very much afraid of
VPtoSbe afraid that

戒懼 jiè jù OC: krɯɯɡs ɡʷas MC: kɣɛi gi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPitransitivebe full of wariness and fear
VPtoNintensitivebe full of wariness and fear of

振動 zhèn dòng OC: kljɯns dooŋʔ MC: tɕin duŋ 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPiintensitivebe shivering with fear, be struck with fear
VPtoNfigurativestrike fear into

汲汲 jí jí OC: krɯb krɯb MC: kip kip 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPibe all anxious
VPt+prep+Nabbe anxious about NPab-ingCH

觳 hú OC: ɡooɡ MC: ɦuk 2 AttributionsWD

húsù

Syntactic words

viactshow terrified reactions

㤥 hài MC: hojH OC: --CH 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vibe frightenedCH

大駭 dà dài hài MC: dajH heajX OC: daads ɡrɯɯʔCH 2 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)intensitivebe terrified by the fact of NCH

妯 chōu OC: rlʰiw MC: ʈhɨu 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vibe agitated and anxious

怯 qiè OC: khab MC: khi̯ɐp 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vibe fretful, be skittish; be nervousCH
vtoNbe fretful in relation to/on the occasion of

怕 pà OC: phraaɡs MC: phɣɛ 1 AttributionWD

NB: Pà 怕 is post-Buddhist (TANG).

Syntactic words

vadNcharacterized by fear; expressive of fear
vichangebecome frightened
vtoNstativepost-Han, from Tang times (Han Yu) onwards: be afraid that

竦 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ
悚 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD

Word relations

Assoc: 戰/TREMBLE

Syntactic words

vito fret; German: entsetzt, erschrocken

惎 jì OC: ɡɯs MC: gɨ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vtoNbe afraid of

悼 dào OC: deewɡs MC: dɑu 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vibe fearful

懅 qú OC: gla MC: gi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vt[oN]be full of fear of things (out of shame?)

栗 lì OC: b-riɡ MC: lit 1 AttributionWD

Lì 栗/慄 and zhàn 戰 is to shiver with intense fear, and the physical expression of fear can be more prominent the inner feeling expressed through shivering.

Word relations

Assoc: 戰/TREMBLE

Syntactic words

vifear; tremble with fear
vtoNstativefear

皇 huáng OC: ɡʷaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vibecome agitated and anxious (MENG); have uneasy fears

荏 rěn OC: njɯmʔ MC: ȵim 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

viLY: weak and fearful, cowardly

葸 xǐ OC: snɯʔ MC: sɨ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vishow chicken-livered weakness; be unduly timid

虞 yú OC: ŋʷa MC: ŋi̯o 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vadNapprehensive
vtoNbe afraid of; be fearful about

危懼 wēi jù OC: ŋɡrol ɡʷas MC: ŋiɛ gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPibe fearful

怯懾 qiè shè OC: khab kljeb MC: khi̯ɐp tɕiɛp 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPadNchicen-livered
VPibe fretful

怖急 bù jí OC: phaas krɯb MC: phuo̝ kip 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPiresultativebe terrified

怖怯 bù qiè OC: phaas khab MC: phuo̝ khi̯ɐp 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPibe full of fear

恐怕 kǒng pà OC: khoŋʔ phraaɡs MC: khi̯oŋ phɣɛ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPtoSfear that S, be afraid that S

惕慄 tì lì OC: lʰeeɡ b-riɡ MC: thek lit 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPichangebecome afraird, become frightened

惶怖 huáng bù OC: ɡʷaaŋ phaas MC: ɦɑŋ phuo̝ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

NPabpsychpanic

憂懼 yōu jù OC: qu ɡʷas MC: ʔɨu gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

NPabpsychworries and fears

戰栗 zhàn lì OC: tjans b-riɡ MC: tɕiɛn lit 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPitransitivetremble and fear

戰竦 zhàn sǒng OC: tjans soŋʔ MC: tɕiɛn si̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPicontinuousbe shivering with fear; shivering with fear

熱惱 rè nǎo OC: ŋjed nuuʔ MC: ȵiɛt nɑu 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPimiddle voicesuffer extreme anxieties

畏懼 wèi jù OC: quls ɡʷas MC: ʔɨi gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPibe in a state of fear
VPt(oN)be very much afraid of a contextually determinate person
VPtoNbe afraid of

聳懼 sǒng jù OC: soŋʔ ɡʷas MC: si̯oŋ gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPichangebe full of fear

遑怖 huáng bù OC: ɡʷaaŋ phaas MC: ɦɑŋ phuo̝ 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPipsychpanic

驚懼 jīng jù OC: kreŋ ɡʷas MC: kɣaŋ gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPichangebecome terrified

憂 yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vt+prep+Nbe fearful of, fret about

恐駭 kǒng hài MC: khjowngX heajX OC: khoŋʔ ɡrɯɯʔCH 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)intensitiveget very frightenedCH

懾畏 shè wèi MC: tsyep 'jw+jH OC: kljeb qulsCH 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPibe fretful; be fearfulCH

驚恐 jīng kǒng MC: kjaeng khjowngX OC: kreŋ khoŋʔCH 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

VPibe terrifiedCH

怛 dá MC: tat OC: taadCH 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vtoNbe upset about; get scared by; be fearful ofCH

慴 zhé MC: tsyep OC: kljebCH 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vtoNmiddle voiceget frightened; be alarmedCH

殙 hūn MC: xwon OC: hmuunCH 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

viintensitivebe scared stiffCH

諱 huì MC: xjw+jH OC: qhulsCH 1 AttributionWD

Syntactic words

vtoNfear; fear as inauspiciousCH

孱 chán OC: dzreen MC: ɖʐɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vibe timid (DDLIJI)

忌 jì OC: ɡɯs MC: gɨ 0 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Assoc: 畏/FEAR Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".

Syntactic words

vtoNfear (as something tabooo or to be avoided)

悄 qiǎo OC: smʰewʔ MC: tshiɛu 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

virare and poetic [see SAD][CA]

惕 tì OC: lʰeeɡ MC: thek 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vibe wary of out of respect for someone

悸 jì OC: ɡʷids MC: gi 0 AttributionsWD

Jì 悸 refers to symptoms of violent heart-beat caused by intense fear.

Syntactic words

vt[oN]throb with fear

惶 huáng OC: ɡʷaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD

Word relations

Assoc: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

Syntactic words

vito panic, to be beside oneself with fear

戁 nǎn OC: mɢraanʔ MC: ɳɣan 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

virare and poetic: be fearful

瞿 jù OC: kʷas MC: ki̯o 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vibe frightened; startled

諰 xǐ OC: snɯʔ MC: sɨ 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vibe fearful, be fretful

讋 zhé OC: tjob MC: tɕiɛp 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

vibe terrified[That word is late (HANSHU) and refers to missing one's courage][CA]

惶懼 huáng jù OC: ɡʷaaŋ ɡʷas MC: ɦɑŋ gi̯o 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)be scared still (by a situation N which is contextually determinate)

懰慄 liú lì OC: b-ru b-riɡ MC: lɨu lit 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPitransitivebe trembling with fear

懷怖 huái bù OC: ɡruul phaas MC: ɦɣɛi phuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)be afraid of the contextually determinate thing

寒 hán OC: ɡaan MC: ɦɑn 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

viget scared; tremble with fear

Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)intensitiveget very frightenedCH

懾畏 shè wèi MC: tsyep 'jw+jH OC: kljeb qulsCH 0 AttributionsWD

Syntactic words

VPibe fearfulCH

Existing SW for

Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:

Searching Wikidata

Type:

FEAR 害怕懼

BAD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO what one BELIEVES to be a DANGER which one is TRYING to AVOID.

Alternate labels (13)

Ontology of FEAR

Hypernym

Hyponym

Criteria and general notes (2088 characters)

Old Chinese Criteria

Modern Chinese Criteria

Source references (27 items)

Citations (598 attested)

Words

恐 kǒng OC: khoŋʔ MC: khi̯oŋ 147 AttributionsWD

懼 jù OC: ɡʷas MC: gi̯o 141 AttributionsWD

畏 wèi OC: quls MC: ʔɨi 104 AttributionsWD

驚 jīng OC: kreŋ MC: kɣaŋ 19 AttributionsWD

憚 dàn OC: daans MC: dɑn 18 AttributionsWD

唯恐 wéi kǒng OC: k-lul khoŋʔ MC: ji khi̯oŋ 15 AttributionsWD

恐懼 kǒng jù OC: khoŋʔ ɡʷas MC: khi̯oŋ gi̯o 12 AttributionsWD

怖 bù OC: phaas MC: phuo̝ 10 AttributionsWD

懾 shè OC: kljeb MC: tɕiɛp 7 AttributionsWD

駭 hài OC: ɡrɯɯʔ MC: ɦɣɛi 7 AttributionsWD

怖畏 bù wèi OC: phaas quls MC: phuo̝ ʔɨi 6 AttributionsWD

畏恐 wèi kǒng OC: quls khoŋʔ MC: ʔɨi khi̯oŋ 5 AttributionsWD

兇 xiōng OC: qhoŋ MC: hi̯oŋ 4 AttributionsWD

兢 jīng OC: kɯŋ MC: kɨŋ 4 AttributionsWD

怵 chù OC: khrlud MC: ʈhʷit 4 AttributionsWD

懦 nuò OC: nools MC: nʷɑ 4 AttributionsWD

威 wēi OC: qul MC: ʔɨi 3 AttributionsWD

慄 lì OC: b-riɡ MC: lit 3 AttributionsWD

戒 jiè OC: krɯɯɡs MC: kɣɛi 3 AttributionsWD

戰 zhàn OC: tjans MC: tɕiɛn 3 AttributionsWD

蹴 cù OC: tshuɡ MC: tshuk 3 AttributionsWD

但恐 dàn kǒng OC: daanʔ khoŋʔ MC: dɑn khi̯oŋ 3 AttributionsWD

怵惕 chù tì OC: khrlud lʰeeɡ MC: ʈhʷit thek 3 AttributionsWD

恐怖 kǒng bù OC: khoŋʔ phaas MC: khi̯oŋ phuo̝ 3 AttributionsWD

悚懼 sǒng jù OC: soŋʔ ɡʷas MC: si̯oŋ gi̯o 3 AttributionsWD

驚怖 jīng bù OC: kreŋ phaas MC: kɣaŋ phuo̝ 3 AttributionsWD

恂 xún OC: sqʷlin MC: sʷin 2 AttributionsWD

聳 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ悚 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 2 AttributionsWD

悚 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 2 AttributionsWD

惴 zhuì OC: tjols MC: tɕiɛ 2 AttributionsWD

懍 lǐn OC: b-rɯmʔ MC: lim 2 AttributionsWD

兇懼 xiōng jù OC: qhoŋ ɡʷas MC: hi̯oŋ gi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

恐畏 kǒng wèi OC: khoŋʔ quls MC: khi̯oŋ ʔɨi 2 AttributionsWD

戒懼 jiè jù OC: krɯɯɡs ɡʷas MC: kɣɛi gi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

振動 zhèn dòng OC: kljɯns dooŋʔ MC: tɕin duŋ 2 AttributionsWD

汲汲 jí jí OC: krɯb krɯb MC: kip kip 2 AttributionsWD

觳 hú OC: ɡooɡ MC: ɦuk 2 AttributionsWD

㤥 hài MC: hojH OC: --CH 2 AttributionsWD

大駭 dà dài hài MC: dajH heajX OC: daads ɡrɯɯʔCH 2 AttributionsWD

妯 chōu OC: rlʰiw MC: ʈhɨu 1 AttributionWD

怯 qiè OC: khab MC: khi̯ɐp 1 AttributionWD

怕 pà OC: phraaɡs MC: phɣɛ 1 AttributionWD

竦 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ悚 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD

惎 jì OC: ɡɯs MC: gɨ 1 AttributionWD

悼 dào OC: deewɡs MC: dɑu 1 AttributionWD

懅 qú OC: gla MC: gi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD

栗 lì OC: b-riɡ MC: lit 1 AttributionWD

皇 huáng OC: ɡʷaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 1 AttributionWD

荏 rěn OC: njɯmʔ MC: ȵim 1 AttributionWD

葸 xǐ OC: snɯʔ MC: sɨ 1 AttributionWD

虞 yú OC: ŋʷa MC: ŋi̯o 1 AttributionWD

危懼 wēi jù OC: ŋɡrol ɡʷas MC: ŋiɛ gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

怯懾 qiè shè OC: khab kljeb MC: khi̯ɐp tɕiɛp 1 AttributionWD

怖急 bù jí OC: phaas krɯb MC: phuo̝ kip 1 AttributionWD

怖怯 bù qiè OC: phaas khab MC: phuo̝ khi̯ɐp 1 AttributionWD

恐怕 kǒng pà OC: khoŋʔ phraaɡs MC: khi̯oŋ phɣɛ 1 AttributionWD

惕慄 tì lì OC: lʰeeɡ b-riɡ MC: thek lit 1 AttributionWD

惶怖 huáng bù OC: ɡʷaaŋ phaas MC: ɦɑŋ phuo̝ 1 AttributionWD

憂懼 yōu jù OC: qu ɡʷas MC: ʔɨu gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

戰栗 zhàn lì OC: tjans b-riɡ MC: tɕiɛn lit 1 AttributionWD

戰竦 zhàn sǒng OC: tjans soŋʔ MC: tɕiɛn si̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD

熱惱 rè nǎo OC: ŋjed nuuʔ MC: ȵiɛt nɑu 1 AttributionWD

畏懼 wèi jù OC: quls ɡʷas MC: ʔɨi gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

聳懼 sǒng jù OC: soŋʔ ɡʷas MC: si̯oŋ gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

遑怖 huáng bù OC: ɡʷaaŋ phaas MC: ɦɑŋ phuo̝ 1 AttributionWD

驚懼 jīng jù OC: kreŋ ɡʷas MC: kɣaŋ gi̯o 1 AttributionWD

憂 yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 1 AttributionWD

恐駭 kǒng hài MC: khjowngX heajX OC: khoŋʔ ɡrɯɯʔCH 1 AttributionWD

聳 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ
悚 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 2 AttributionsWD

竦 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ
悚 sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD