POWER    權力威／勢

ENDURING STRENGTH AND ABILITY to CAUSE OTHERS to ACT:do what one DESIRES them to DO.[[MACHT]]
CONTROLAUTHORITYINFLUENCEDOMINANCEMASTERYDOMINATIONDOMINIONSWAYWEIGHTLEVERAGEINFORMAL CLOUTTEETHDRAGLITERARY PUISSANCE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant general words for power are wēi 威 "formidable authority" and shì 勢 "strategic position of power". 2. Quán 權 refers to one's political leverage or one's formal position of power. 3. Wèi 位 refers to the formal and official (usually very high) position one has in a hierarchy, but the word is occasionally also used as a general term referring to any station in life. See RANK. 4. Zhòng 重 refers to the actual political influence a person may have. 5. Shù 數 refers to a complex constellation of power as an object of assessment. 6. Shén 神 is occasionally used to refer to a supernatural or divinely sanctioned authority or political efficacy of a person. 7. Yán 嚴 refers to the formidable quality of power growing from real authority.
Modern Chinese Criteria
權力 權柄 權 柄 印把子 刀把子 刀把兒 政權 政柄 大權 國秉 統治權 軍權 兵權 職權 事權 主權 霸權 宗主權 制空權 制海權 治外法權 領事裁判權 神權 君權 皇權 族權 夫權 實權 全權 主動權 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • AUTHORITY　POWER that is BASED ON REPUTATION AND NOT BASED ONLY ON THREAT OR VIOLENCE.  (anc: 9/0, child: 0)
See also
  • RANKFORMAL PUBLIC STATUS.
  • VIOLENTEXCESSIVE in the USE of STRONG:strength.
Hypernym
  • STRONG　ABLE to ACHIEVE DIFFICULT TASKS of the BODY OR to the MIND. (anc: 7/0, child: 7)
  • ABLE　HAVE FEATURES one NEEDS in SELF:oneself FOR ACHIEVING something. (anc: 6/0, child: 16)
  • HAVE　RELATION to something such that it BE-IN:is in one OR is CONTROLLED by one. (anc: 5/0, child: 5)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 4.81

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 747

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 137

    POTENTIA, POTENTATUS

    Potentia est sui cuiusque solius, potentatus vero auctoritas est iudicialis.

    429. Inter potentiam et potentatum. Potentia est [col. 53C] sui cujusque solius, potentatus vero auctoritas [ Al., auctoritatis] est judicialis.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    POWER

    potentia refers to an external power to do things which can be exerted at will.

    potentatus refers to the external rank of the ruler which enables him to do certain things.

    potestas refers to a just and lawful power which is invested in someone.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 56A

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 3.817-936

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    IMPERIUM

    POTENTIA/POTESTAS

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 201ff

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 188

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 5.585

    MACHT

  • Shi: Dynamics of Cognition and Causation in the axial period of Chinese philosophy (500-200 BC) ( Wells 2001) p.

  • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 357

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.356.322

    POUVOIR.PUISSANCE.FACULTE; AUTORITE.POUVOIR.PUISSANCE

  • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. no. 19

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.193

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 66A

    • Words (42 items)

    威  wēi OC: qul MC: ʔɨi 87 Attributions

    The dominant general words for power are wēi 威 "formidable authority" and shì 勢 "strategic position of power".

      Word relations
    • Object: 彰/SHOW Zhāng 彰 (ant. yì 抑 is to give proper illustrious public status to something that is held to clearly deserve such recognition.
    • Object: 畏/RESPECT Wèi 畏 (ant. xiá 狎 "treat without the proper respect due to someone in high position, treat with improper familiarity") refers to awe-struck respect for a person in authority.
    • Contrast: 猛/VIOLENT The current general word for violence in action and in disposition is měng 猛 (ant. nuò 懦 "weakish, pusillanimous") which refers quite generally to a disposition for incisive action and violent reaction without strong positive or negative overtones.
    • Contrast: 權/POWER Quán 權 refers to one's political leverage or one's formal position of power.
    • Assoc: 嚴 / 嚴儼/SEVERE The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").
    • Assoc: 制/CONTROL The most current general word in this group is zhì 制 (ant. zòng 縱 "give free rein to"), which refers to all kinds of control, political, physical, as well as psychological.
    • Assoc: 勢/POWER
    • Relat: 重/RESPECT
    • Oppos: 利/PROFIT Lì 利 (1. ant. yì 義 "considerations of rectitude"(!!); 2. ant. hài 害 "damage and loss suffered") refers to material profit.
    • Oppos: 德 / 得/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.

      Syntactic words
    • nab(post-N)the authority/might of the contextually determinate NCH
    • nab.adVwith respect to one's authorityLZ
    • nabnegatedtyrannical power 作威
    • nabsocialawe-inspiring authority; dominant power
    • vadNauthoritative; formidable; awe-inspiringly beautiful
    • vadVwith one's authority or power
    • vihave political authority, be politically formidable; carry natural authority
    • vichangebecome politically formidable; acquire natural authorityLZ
    • vt(oN)impose one's authority on the contextually determinate N
    • vt+prep+Ngradedbe more awesome, be more awe-inspiring
    • vtoNimpose one's authority over. assert one's authority over; exercise autority over
    • vtoNcausative(cause to be authoritative>) give authority, provide with authority
    • vtoNputativeregard as awe-inspiring
    勢  shì OC: hŋljads MC: ɕiɛi 56 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 尊/NOBLE Zūn 尊 (ant. bēi 卑 "lowly, vulgar") is the current word for publicly recognised objective nobility and high status, and the word refers to objective social status in society. [ELEVATED], [HIGH-DEGREE], [OBJECTIVE], [PUBLIC], [SOCIAL]
    • Assoc: 權/POWER Quán 權 refers to one's political leverage or one's formal position of power.
    • Assoc: 威/POWER The dominant general words for power are wēi 威 "formidable authority" and shì 勢 "strategic position of power".
    • Oppos: 任/RELY ON Rén 任 typically refers to reliance on someone inferior in the context of public administration.

      Syntactic words
    • nabenergy; power; strengthDS
    • nab.adVsocialin terms of powerLZ
    • nabsocialposition of eminence; position of power; strategic advantage; power; clout
    天下  tiān xià OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ MC: then ɦɣɛ 43 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]N=(ritual) control???天下王位　(ritual) control over the (Zhou dominated) world; (ritual) control (in principle) over the whole worldCH
    重  zhòng OC: doŋʔ MC: ɖi̯oŋ 42 Attributions

    Zhòng 重 refers to the actual political influence a person may have.

      Syntactic words
    • nabsocialpolitical influence, political weight; political power
    • nabsocialpowerful position, influential official positionLZ
    • v[adN]pluralpowerful person, political heavy-weight; "one of the big boys"
    • vadNinfluential; powerful
    • vadVwith one's political power?? ??? ????
    • vichangebecome more powerful; gain political importance
    • vigradedbe of great political or social importance; be powerful; be politically influential; be preponderant; have great influence (with someone)
    • vtoNcausativecause to be powerful; add to someone's political weight
    • vtoNcausativebe made powerful
    權  quán OC: ɡron MC: giɛn 36 Attributions

    Quán 權 refers to one's political leverage or one's formal position of power.

      Word relations
    • Object: 專/MONOPOLISE Zhuān 專 emphasises that one takes exclusive control, by whatever means.
    • Contrast: 威/POWER The dominant general words for power are wēi 威 "formidable authority" and shì 勢 "strategic position of power".
    • Assoc: 勢/POWER

      Syntactic words
    • nab.adNpowerful, dominant, influential
    • nab.post-N天下之權"power in/over the world": power over NCH
    • nabcosmologicalrelative leverage/impact of things; cosmic relevance; cosmic significanceCH
    • nabsocialleverage; political leverage, weight and power
    政  zhèng OC: tjeŋs MC: tɕiɛŋ 24 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • nabsocialadministrative power, governmental authority
    力  lì OC: ɡ-rɯɡ MC: lɨk 18 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 德/VIRTUE The current general term for salient features and principles of charismatic moral integrity and generosity is dé 德, when used as a term of ethical evalutation; but this word has many other philosophically important meanings.
    • Epithet: 兵/WEAPON Bīng 兵 refers to warfare as a military practice rather than as a political means to achieve ends, and it is significant that the word has no obvious antonym.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.adNactforced, brought about through exercise of (brute, unnatural) powerCH
    • nabsocial(military or political) strength and influence; effective power
    • nadNpowerful
    位  wèi OC: ɢrubs MC: ɦi 15 Attributions

    Wèi 位 refers to the formal and official (usually very high) position one has in a hierarchy, but the word is occasionally also used as a general term referring to any station in life. See RANK.

      Syntactic words
    • nabsocialhigh official rank; position of power; specifically: ruler's position
    埶  yì MC: ngjiejH OC: -- 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nab= shi4 勢: position of powerLZ
    • nab.adV(= shi4 勢) in terms of political powerLZ
    勢重  shì zhòng OC: hŋljads doŋʔ MC: ɕiɛi ɖi̯oŋ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialdominant power; relative power
    權勢  quán shì OC: ɡron hŋljads MC: giɛn ɕiɛi 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialposition of power
    藉  jiè OC:  MC: dzɣɛ
    籍  zuò MC: -- OC: -- 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabsocialinstead of 阼: position of power, power
    威嚴  wēi yán OC: qul ŋɡam MC: ʔɨi ŋi̯ɐm 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeatureauthority
    • VPibe awe-inspiring, be respect-demanding
    • VPinegativebe frighteningly strictLZ
    嚴  yán OC: ŋɡam MC: ŋi̯ɐm 4 Attributions

    Yán 嚴 refers to the formidable quality of power growing from real authority.

      Syntactic words
    • nabsocialsevere authority and power
    • vadNpowerful; mighty
    • vadVin imposing style
    威勢  wēi shì OC: qul hŋljads MC: ʔɨi ɕiɛi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativeposition of authority and emincence
    威強  wēi qiáng OC: qul ɡaŋ MC: ʔɨi gi̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialauthority and power
    天下權  tiān xià quán MC: then haeX gjwen OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ ɡron 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpower over the empire; power in the empireCH
    五通  wǔ tōng OC: ŋaaʔ kh-looŋ MC: ŋuo̝ thuŋ 2 Attributions
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 1153b-1154a

      Syntactic words
    • NPabactBUDDH: the Five Supernatural Powers (also referred to as wǔ shéntōng 五神通); skr. pañcābhijñā (the five powers include the following: (1)shénjìngzhì shéntōng 神境智證通 the power to freely transport oneself from one place to another (skr.ṛiddhi-viṣaya-jñāna- sākṣātkriyābhijñā; also: 神境通, 身通, 神足通, 身如意通,如意通); (2) tiānyǎnzhì tōng 天眼智通, tiānyǎntōng 天眼通 this refers to a kind of a universal vision which also sees things which are remote or in the past; (3) tiāněrzhì zhèngtōng 天耳智證通, tiāněrzhì tōng 天耳智通, tiāněr tōng 天耳通 the ability of universal hearing (skr. divya-śrotra-jñāna-sāksātkriyābhijñā)' (4) tāxīnzhì zhèngtōng 他心智證通 the ability to read the thoughts of other people (skr. cetaḥ-paryāya-jñāna-sākṣātkriyābhijñā); also referred to as 他心智通, 知他心通, 他心通; (5) sùzhù suíniànzhì zhèngtōng 宿住隨念智證通, sùzhùzhì tong1 宿住智通, shísùmìng tōng 識宿命通, sùmìng tōng 宿命通 the ability to know about past events (e.g. one's former rebirths) (skr. pūrve-nivāsānusmṛti- jñāna-sākṣātkriyābhijñā)
    • NPadNactBUDDH: endowed with the five supernatural powers (the five powers include the following: (1)shénjìngzhì shéntōng 神境智證通 the power to freely transport oneself from one place to another (skr.ṛiddhi-viṣaya-jñāna- sākṣātkriyābhijñā; also: 神境通, 身通, 神足通, 身如意通, 如意通 ); (2) tiānyǎnzhì tōng 天眼智通, tiānyǎntōng 天眼通 this refers to a kind of a universal vision which also sees things which are remote or in the past; (3) tiāněrzhì zhèngtōng 天耳智證通, tiāněrzhì tōng 天耳智通, tiāněr tōng 天耳通 the ability of universal hearing (skr. divya-śrotra-jñāna-sāksātkriyābhijñā)' (4) tāxīnzhì zhèngtōng 他心智證通 the ability to read the thoughts of other people (skr. cetaḥ-paryāya-jñāna-sākṣātkriyābhijñā); also referred to as 他心智通, 知他心通, 他心通; (5) sùzhù suíniànzhì zhèngtōng 宿住隨念智證通, sùzhùzhì tong1 宿住智通, shísùmìng tōng 識宿命通, sùmìng tōng 宿命通 the ability to know about past events (e.g. one's former rebirths) (skr. pūrve-nivāsānusmṛti- jñāna-sākṣātkriyābhijñā)
    震  zhèn OC: kljɯns MC: tɕin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfigurativepower, might
    神變  shén biàn OC: ɢljin prons MC: ʑin piɛn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactBUDDH: ?? supernatural transformation > supernatural powers/abilities (see also the more current 神通)
    威彊  wēi qiáng MC: 'jw+j gjang OC: qul ɡaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialauthority and powerLZ
    勢位  shì wèi OC: hŋljads ɢrubs MC: ɕiɛi ɦi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialposition of power
    將  jiàng OC: skaŋs MC: tsi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe powerful
    數  shù OC: sqros MC: ʂi̯o 2 Attributions

    Shù 數 refers to a complex constellation of power as an object of assessment.

      Syntactic words
    • nconstellation of relative strength
    能  néng OC: nɯɯŋ MC: nəŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabdispositionpower
    處勢  chù shì OC: qhljas hŋljads MC: tɕhi̯ɤ ɕiɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialposition of power
    天德  tiān dé MC: then tok OC: lʰiin tɯɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpower of natureLZ
    權力  quán lì OC: ɡron ɡ-rɯɡ MC: giɛn lɨk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturepower
    威振  wēi zhèn OC: qul kljɯns MC: ʔɨi tɕin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativewield power over so as to cause to shake and tremble (see 威 POWER)
    權埶  quán yì MC: gjwen ngjiejH OC: ɡron -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab(= quánshi4 權勢) political powerLZ
    嚴嚴  yán yán MC: -- -- OC: ŋɡam ŋɡam 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redcompletely awe-inspiringLZ
    勢利  shì lì OC: hŋljads rids MC: ɕiɛi li 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialpower and associated advantage
    威神  wēi shén OC: qul ɢljin MC: ʔɨi ʑin 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 3770c

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the unfathomable conduct and powers of a Bodhisattva or Buddha; skr. anubhāva
    • VPibuddhistBUDDH: be supernatural
    強大  qiáng dà OC: ɡaŋ daads MC: gi̯ɐŋ dɑi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]the strong and powerful
    柄  bǐng MC: zyik OC: pqraŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabfigurativepowerCH
    勢柄  shì bìng OC: hŋljads pqraŋs MC: ɕiɛi pɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPsocialhandles of power
    埶位  yì wèi MC: ngjiejH hwijH OC: -- ɢrubs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocial(=shi4wei4 勢位) position of powerLZ
    神  shén OC: ɢljin MC: ʑin 1 Attribution

    Shén 神 is occasionally used to refer to a supernatural or divinely sanctioned authority or political efficacy of a person.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalHF 8.7.33: daemonic authority
    聚  jù OC: sɡos MC: dzi̯o
    聚  jù OC: sɡoʔ MC: dzi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nHF 8.8.3: concentrations of power (in a state)
    儼然  yǎn rán OC: ŋɡamʔ njen MC: ŋi̯ɐm ȵiɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe majestic in appearance
    權利  quán lì OC: ɡron rids MC: giɛn li 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfeaturepower
    威通  wēi tōng OC: qul kh-looŋ MC: ʔɨi thuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabBUDDH: ?? supernatural power