HARD  堅固堅

STRONG so that one CAN NOT CHANGE its SHAPE.
FIRMSOLIDRIGIDSTIFFRESISTANTUNBREAKABLEINFLEXIBLEIMPENETRABLEUNYIELDINGSOLIDIFIEDHARDENEDCOMPACTCOMPACTEDDENSECLOSE-PACKEDCOMPRESSEDSTEELYTOUGHSTRONGSTONYROCKLIKEFLINTYAS HARD AS STONEFROZENLITERARY ADAMANTINE
Antonym
  • SOFTLACK HARDNESS.
    Hypernym
    • STRONGABLE to ACHIEVE DIFFICULT TASKS of the BODY OR to the MIND.
      • ABLEHAVE what one NEEDS in SELF:oneself FOR ACHIEVING something.
        • HAVERELATION to something such that it BE-IN:is in one OR is CONTROLLED by one.
          • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER....
    See also
    • STRONGABLE to ACHIEVE DIFFICULT TASKS of the BODY OR to the MIND.
      • ENDURINGBIG in respect of the PERIOD something EXISTS, HAPPENS, OR is being ACTED:done.
        Old Chinese Criteria
        1. The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.

        2. Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness, and the word has related figurative meanings, with both positive and negative connotations.

        3. Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness.

        See STRONG.

        NP: Yìng 硬 (ant. ruǎn 軟 "soft") is a post-Han word.

        Modern Chinese Criteria
        硬

        堅

        鐵

        棒

        僵

        堅固

        牢固

        堅硬

        硬棒

        硬實

        硬掙

        強直

        僵硬

        硬邦邦

        硬撅撅

        rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

        • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 15.74

        • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 349

        • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 224

        • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 303

        • 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究 ( WANG WEIHUI 2000) p. 378

        • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.196:131

          CONSTANT.FERME.INEBRALABLE.INFLEXIBLE

        • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.196:131

          CONSTANT.FERME.INEBRANLABLE.INFLEXIBLE

        • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 264

        • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.119

        Attributions by syntactic funtion

        • vi : 33
        • nab : 13
        • v[adN] : 9
        • VPi : 8
        • vadN : 6
        • vtoN : 6
        • NPab{nab1ant.nab2} : 2
        • VPadN : 2
        • vpostadV : 1
        • vi.red : 1
        • vadV : 1

        Attributions by text

        • 韓非子 : 19
        • 荀子 : 8
        • 論語 : 8
        • 春秋左傳 : 6
        • 淮南子 : 6
        • 韓詩外傳 : 4
        • 呂氏春秋 : 3
        • 管子 : 3
        • 孟子 : 3
        • 周易 : 2
        • 史記 : 2
        • 祖堂集 : 2
        • 楚辭 : 2
        • 陸機集十一卷 : 1
        • 搜神記 : 1
        • 墨子 : 1
        • 黃帝內經 : 1
        • 禮記 : 1
        • 論衡 : 1
        • 莊子 : 1
        • 賢愚經 : 1
        • 臨濟錄 : 1
        • 毛詩 : 1
        • 老子 : 1
        • 法言 : 1
        • 法集要頌經 : 1
        • 文子 : 1

        Words

        剛  gāng OC: kaaŋ MC: kɑŋ 32 AttributionsWD

        Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness. [has also fig. meanings with positive and negative connotations][CA]

          Word relations
        • Inconsist: 慾/LEWD Yù 慾 refers to a lustful attitude.
        • Ant: 柔/SOFT The current standard word for anything pliable and soft is róu 柔, and I have found no competing words with related meanings.
        • Ant: 柔/SOFT The current standard word for anything pliable and soft is róu 柔, and I have found no competing words with related meanings.
        • Contrast: 堅/HARD The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.
        • Assoc: 強 / 強/STRONG The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak").
        • Assoc: 愎/STUBBORN Bì 愎 refers to stubbornness as a deplorable feature involving lack of flexibility and obstinacy.
        • Assoc: 堅/HARD The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.
        • Assoc: 毅/STRONG Yì 毅 (ant. nuò 懦 "weak") refers to inflexible and unshakeable firmness as well as strength.

          Syntactic words
        • nabactuncompromising hardness and insensitivity
        • nabnegativeinflexibility, rigidness
        • nabpsychfirmness
        • v[adN]that which is firm, the firm and strong things; a hard substance
        • vadNpsychhard
        • vi(primarily of things) physically firm and unshakable, hard
        • vichangeget hard
        • vifigurativebe inflexible, hard, tough; uncompromising
        • vifigurativeinflexible
        堅  jiān OC: kiin MC: ken 29 AttributionsWD

        The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.

          Word relations
        • Ant: 敝/TATTERED
        • Ant: 柔/SOFT The current standard word for anything pliable and soft is róu 柔, and I have found no competing words with related meanings.
        • Epithet: 甲/ARMOUR The dominant general term is jiǎ 甲 and this armour is typically made of rhinoceros leather. [GENERAL]
        • Contrast: 剛/HARD Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness. [has also fig. meanings with positive and negative connotations][CA]
        • Contrast: 強 / 強/STRONG The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak").
        • Contrast: 定/FIX The current general word for fixing something in any objective and interpersonal way, concrete or abstract is dìng 定.
        • Assoc: 剛/HARD Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness. [has also fig. meanings with positive and negative connotations][CA]
        • Assoc: 固/STRONG The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.
        • Assoc: 定/FIX The current general word for fixing something in any objective and interpersonal way, concrete or abstract is dìng 定.
        • Assoc: 強 / 強/STRONG The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak").

          Syntactic words
        • nabstativesolidity; firmness
        • vadNsolid, hard
        • vadVfigurativesteadily; persistently, in an insisting manner; firmly
        • viof physical objects: be physically rigid and inflexible, hard, solid, impenetrable
        • vifigurativeof persons: maintain in a firm state, keep unswerving determination; be unswerving; also of mind: resolute
        • vtoNcausative(cause to be firm >) make strong; firm up; strengthen; make firm
        • vtoNcausativestrengthen oneself, strengthen one's own position
        • vtoNfigurativebe firm with respect to
        剛強  gāng qiáng OC: kaaŋ ɡaŋ MC: kɑŋ gi̯ɐŋ 5 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPma hard and inflexible substance
        • VPihard and inflexible;
        • VPifigurativefirm and strong
        堅固  jiān gù OC: kiin kaas MC: ken kuo̝ 4 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabfeaturehardness
        • VPadNhard; hard and strong
        • VPibe sturdy and solid
        • VPifigurativebe morally firm
        • VPinegativebe inflexible
        壯  zhuàng OC: skraŋs MC: ʈʂi̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD

        Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness. See STRONG.

          Syntactic words
        • vibe in vigorous shape, be tough and strong 益強
        剛柔  gāng róu OC: kaaŋ mlju MC: kɑŋ ȵɨu 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}conceptthe dimension of firmness versus sofness
        • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}featurerelative firmness or softness
        固  gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • v[adN]something solidCH
        • vifirm; hard; solid; inflexible; unchangeable
        塥  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 1 AttributionWD

        gé

          Syntactic words
        • vichangebe become firm; to harden (as characteristic of non-productive soil)
        矼  gāng OC: krooŋ MC: kɣɔŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • viZHUANG: firm; strong
        堅剛  jiān gāng OC: kiin kaaŋ MC: ken kɑŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPichangebecome firm and hard
        介介  jiè jiè MC: keajH keajH OC: kreeds kreedsLZ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vi.redfigurativeevokes the idea of absolute resolutenessLZ
        僵  jiāng MC: kjang OC: kaŋDS 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vpostadVstiffly; rigidlyDS
        勁  jìng OC: keŋs MC: kiɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD

        Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness. See STRONG.

          Syntactic words
        牢  láo OC: ruu MC: lɑu 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • visolid and not easily destroyed
        硬  yìng OC: ŋɡreeŋs MC: ŋɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD

        NP: Yìng 硬 (ant. ruǎn 軟 "soft") is a post-Han word.

          Syntactic words
        • viprimarily of physical objects: inflexible, firm
        确  què OC: ɡrooɡ MC: ɦɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vihard and stony
        紉  rèn OC: nin MC: ɳin
        韌  rèn OC: njins MC: ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vadNfirm and pliable
        • vibe strong and pliable
        鞏  gǒng OC: koŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vi.redfigurativebe very firm; be all solid; be very strong
        強良  qiáng liáng OC: ɡaŋ ɡ-raŋ MC: gi̯ɐŋ li̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPiactbe rigid and inflexible
        石  shí OC: djaɡ MC: dʑiɛk 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • nadNstone-hard and insensitive
        金  jīn OC: krɯm MC: kim 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • nmadNfigurativehard and inflexible like metal

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