HARD 堅固堅
STRONG so that one CAN NOT CHANGE its SHAPE.
FIRMSOLIDRIGIDSTIFFRESISTANTUNBREAKABLEINFLEXIBLEIMPENETRABLEUNYIELDINGSOLIDIFIEDHARDENEDCOMPACTCOMPACTEDDENSECLOSE-PACKEDCOMPRESSEDSTEELYTOUGHSTRONGSTONYROCKLIKEFLINTYAS HARD AS STONEFROZENLITERARY ADAMANTINE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.
2. Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness, and the word has related figurative meanings, with both positive and negative connotations.
3. Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness.
See STRONG.
NP: Yìng 硬 (ant. ruǎn 軟 "soft") is a post-Han word.
2. Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness, and the word has related figurative meanings, with both positive and negative connotations.
3. Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness.
See STRONG.
NP: Yìng 硬 (ant. ruǎn 軟 "soft") is a post-Han word.
Modern Chinese Criteria
硬
堅
鐵
棒
僵
堅固
牢固
堅硬
硬棒
硬實
硬掙
強直
僵硬
硬邦邦
硬撅撅
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
堅
鐵
棒
僵
堅固
牢固
堅硬
硬棒
硬實
硬掙
強直
僵硬
硬邦邦
硬撅撅
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
15.74 - 韓非子同義詞研究
(
HANFEI TONGYI 2004)
p.
349 - “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究
(
HUANG XIAODONG 2003)
p.
224 - “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究
(
HUANG XIAODONG 2003)
p.
303 - 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究
(
WANG WEIHUI 2000)
p.
378 - SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
2.196:131 CONSTANT.FERME.INEBRALABLE.INFLEXIBLE
- SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
2.196:131 CONSTANT.FERME.INEBRANLABLE.INFLEXIBLE
- 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典
(
HONG CHENGYU 2009)
p.
264 - A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms
(
T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004)
p.
NO.119
Words
剛 gāng OC: kaaŋ MC: kɑŋ 32 AttributionsWD
Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness. [has also fig. meanings with positive and negative connotations][CA]
- Word relations
- Inconsist: 慾/LEWD
Yù 慾 refers to a lustful attitude. - Ant: 柔/SOFT
The current standard word for anything pliable and soft is róu 柔, and I have found no competing words with related meanings. - Ant: 柔/SOFT
The current standard word for anything pliable and soft is róu 柔, and I have found no competing words with related meanings. - Contrast: 堅/HARD
The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固. - Assoc: 強 / 強/STRONG
The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak"). - Assoc: 愎/STUBBORN
Bì 愎 refers to stubbornness as a deplorable feature involving lack of flexibility and obstinacy. - Assoc: 堅/HARD
The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固. - Assoc: 毅/STRONG
Yì 毅 (ant. nuò 懦 "weak") refers to inflexible and unshakeable firmness as well as strength.
- Syntactic words
- nabactuncompromising hardness and insensitivity
- nabnegativeinflexibility, rigidness
- nabpsychfirmness
- v[adN]that which is firm, the firm and strong things; a hard substance
- vadNpsychhard
- vi(primarily of things) physically firm and unshakable, hard
- vichangeget hard
- vifigurativebe inflexible, hard, tough; uncompromising
- vifigurativeinflexible
堅 jiān OC: kiin MC: ken 29 AttributionsWD
The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.
- Word relations
- Ant: 敝/TATTERED
- Ant: 柔/SOFT
The current standard word for anything pliable and soft is róu 柔, and I have found no competing words with related meanings. - Epithet: 甲/ARMOUR
The dominant general term is jiǎ 甲 and this armour is typically made of rhinoceros leather. [GENERAL] - Contrast: 剛/HARD
Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness. [has also fig. meanings with positive and negative connotations][CA] - Contrast: 強 / 強/STRONG
The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak"). - Contrast: 定/FIX
The current general word for fixing something in any objective and interpersonal way, concrete or abstract is dìng 定. - Assoc: 剛/HARD
Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness. [has also fig. meanings with positive and negative connotations][CA] - Assoc: 固/STRONG
The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固. - Assoc: 定/FIX
The current general word for fixing something in any objective and interpersonal way, concrete or abstract is dìng 定. - Assoc: 強 / 強/STRONG
The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak").
- Syntactic words
- nabstativesolidity; firmness
- vadNsolid, hard
- vadVfigurativesteadily; persistently, in an insisting manner; firmly
- viof physical objects: be physically rigid and inflexible, hard, solid, impenetrable
- vifigurativeof persons: maintain in a firm state, keep unswerving determination; be unswerving; also of mind: resolute
- vtoNcausative(cause to be firm >) make strong; firm up; strengthen; make firm
- vtoNcausativestrengthen oneself, strengthen one's own position
- vtoNfigurativebe firm with respect to
剛強 gāng qiáng OC: kaaŋ ɡaŋ MC: kɑŋ gi̯ɐŋ 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPma hard and inflexible substance
- VPihard and inflexible;
- VPifigurativefirm and strong
堅固 jiān gù OC: kiin kaas MC: ken kuo̝ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabfeaturehardness
- VPadNhard; hard and strong
- VPibe sturdy and solid
- VPifigurativebe morally firm
- VPinegativebe inflexible
壯 zhuàng OC: skraŋs MC: ʈʂi̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD
Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness. See STRONG.
- Syntactic words
- vibe in vigorous shape, be tough and strong 益強
剛柔 gāng róu OC: kaaŋ mlju MC: kɑŋ ȵɨu 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPab{nab1ant.nab2}conceptthe dimension of firmness versus sofness
- NPab{nab1ant.nab2}featurerelative firmness or softness
固 gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- v[adN]something solidCH
- vifirm; hard; solid; inflexible; unchangeable
塥 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 1 AttributionWD
gé
- Syntactic words
- vichangebe become firm; to harden (as characteristic of non-productive soil)
矼 gāng OC: krooŋ MC: kɣɔŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- viZHUANG: firm; strong
堅剛 jiān gāng OC: kiin kaaŋ MC: ken kɑŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPichangebecome firm and hard
介介 jiè jiè MC: keajH keajH OC: kreeds kreedsLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vi.redfigurativeevokes the idea of absolute resolutenessLZ
僵 jiāng MC: kjang OC: kaŋDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vpostadVstiffly; rigidlyDS
勁 jìng OC: keŋs MC: kiɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness. See STRONG.
- Syntactic words
牢 láo OC: ruu MC: lɑu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- visolid and not easily destroyed
硬 yìng OC: ŋɡreeŋs MC: ŋɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
NP: Yìng 硬 (ant. ruǎn 軟 "soft") is a post-Han word.
- Syntactic words
- viprimarily of physical objects: inflexible, firm
确 què OC: ɡrooɡ MC: ɦɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vihard and stony
紉 rèn OC: nin MC: ɳin
韌 rèn OC: njins MC: ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vadNfirm and pliable
- vibe strong and pliable
鞏 gǒng OC: koŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vi.redfigurativebe very firm; be all solid; be very strong
強良 qiáng liáng OC: ɡaŋ ɡ-raŋ MC: gi̯ɐŋ li̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPiactbe rigid and inflexible
石 shí OC: djaɡ MC: dʑiɛk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nadNstone-hard and insensitive
金 jīn OC: krɯm MC: kim 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmadNfigurativehard and inflexible like metal
Existing SW for
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