RESTRAIN    制約約

HINDER from being UNRESTRAINED.
CONTROLKEEP UNDER CONTROLCHECKHOLD/KEEP IN CHECKCURBSUPPRESSREPRESSCONTAINDAMPENSUBDUESMOTHERCHOKE BACKSTIFLEBOTTLE UPREIN BACK/ININFORMAL KEEP THE LID ON
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for restraining something or someone is yuē 約 (ant. zòng 縱 "give free rein to"). 2. Jié 節 (ant. sì 肆 "be unrestrained") always refers to abstract restraint and moderation, typically the restraint is directed towards oneself. 3. Jū 拘 (ant. dàng 蕩 "be completely free") and shù 束 refer to being confined or constrained by external circumstances. 4. Lè 勒 and kòng 控 (all ant. fàng 放 "set free") refer to a vigorous act of restraining someone or something by force. 5. Jī 羈 (ant. tuō 脫 "let loose") and yǐn 引 refer specifically to the reining in of horses by the use of a bridle, but the word also has generalised uses where it refers to restraint of other creatures.
Modern Chinese Criteria
約束 壓抑 抑制 制止 阻止 防止 限制 限定 拘束 束縛 監禁 按捺 管束 束縛 羈絆 桎梏 緊箍咒 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • PUNISH　RESTRAIN OR DAMAGE a CULPRIT BECAUSE of his/her CRIMES. (anc: 15/0, child: 5)
  • MODERATION　CULTIVATE ONESELF so as to cause oneself to BE ENDURINGLY RESTRAINED. (anc: 15/0, child: 3)
See also
  • CONTROLINTERACT so as to CAUSE TO BE OR ACT RESEMBLE:as one DESIRES.
Hypernym
  • HINDER　STOP from ACT:doing what someone or something INTENDS to ACT:do. (anc: 13/0, child: 4)
  • STOP　ACT so as NOT to CONTINUE NOW:present ACTION. (anc: 12/0, child: 10)
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    RESTRAIN

    coercere refers to restraining by force.

    compescere refers to restraining or constraining duly, as by dint of one's moral or political authority.

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 251

    • Words (34 items)

    拘  jū OC: ko MC: ki̯o 17 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 肆/UNRESTRAINED Sì 肆 and dàng 蕩 (ant. jū 拘 "be properly restrained") refer often positively to lack of inhibitions and a freedom of behaviour.
    • Object: 禮/RITUAL The current general term for everything relating to the system of ritual propriety is lǐ 禮. However the term can also be used to refer to individual prescribed rituals.
    • Synon: 束/RESTRAIN Jū 拘 (ant. dàng 蕩 "be completely free") and shù 束 refer to being confined or constrained by external circumstances.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNconfined and limited in perspective
    • vipassivebe confined, be limited in one's perspective
    • vt+prep+Npassivekeep to; be constrained by N 拘於俗
    • vt[oN{REFLEX}]reflexivekeep to; confine oneself to, limit oneself to, restrict oneself to
    • vtoNlimit, confine; fix on
    • vtoNpassivebe limited by, be confined by (with unmarked agent)
    節  jié OC: tsiiɡ MC: tset 17 Attributions

    Jié 節 (ant. sì 肆 "be unrestrained") always refers to abstract restraint and moderation, typically the restraint is directed towards oneself.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
    • Contrast: 適/RESTRAIN
    • Assoc: 禮/RITUAL The current general term for everything relating to the system of ritual propriety is lǐ 禮. However the term can also be used to refer to individual prescribed rituals.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmethodmoderation
    • nabpsychologicalcourageous self-restraintCH
    • vadNrestrained
    • viactbe moderate
    • vt+prep+Ntemper, moderate; be moderate with respect to
    • vt+prep+Npsychmoderate or restrain (oneself)
    • vt[oN{REFLEX}]exercise restraint or moderation; ensure proportionality
    • vtoNtemper, moderate; be moderate with respect to
    • vtoNpsychrestrain (oneself)
    • vtoNpsychmoderate or restrain (oneself)
    圉  yǔ OC: ŋaʔ MC: ŋi̯ɤ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNconstrain, restrain, contain; hold back; defend onself against
    • vtoNpassivebe defended against, be contained, be restrained
    約  yuē OC: qplewɡ MC: ʔi̯ɐk 10 Attributions

    The current general word for restraining something or someone is yuē 約 (ant. zòng 縱 "give free rein to").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 博/BROAD Bó 博 (ant. yuē 約 "confined") is primarily metaphorical in application, and its concrete senses applied to physical objects are derived senses of the word only.
    • Ant: 張/LONG Zhāng 張 (ant. suō 縮"shortened") refers to something that is longer than expected or longer than it was before.
    • Assoc: 束/RESTRAIN Jū 拘 (ant. dàng 蕩 "be completely free") and shù 束 refer to being confined or constrained by external circumstances.
    • Oppos: 張/STRETCH OUT

      Syntactic words
    • nabactreticence, restraint, psychological constraint
    • viactrestrain others
    • vimiddle voicebe restrained, restrain oneself; show rule-governed moderation
    • vt[oN{REFLEX}]be restrained and non-expansive; be inhibited
    • vtoNattitudinalexercise restraint in relation to
    • vtoNcausativerestrain
    • vtoNpsychrestrain (oneself)
    鎮  zhèn OC: tins MC: ʈin 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrestrain and control
    • vtoNpsychsteel and restrain (oneself)
    要  yāo OC: qew MC: ʔiɛu 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabwhat restrains > rule, normLZ
    • vtoNcoerce
    • vtoNfigurativebind to one (by contract)
    • vtoNpsychrestrain (oneself)
    係  xì OC: keeɡs MC: kei 5 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 羈/RESTRAIN Jī 羈 (ant. tuō 脫 "let loose") and yǐn 引 refer specifically to the reining in of horses by the use of a bridle, but the word also has generalised uses where it refers to restraint of other creatures.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe tied to something and thus restrained; be reined in
    抑  yì OC: qɯɡ MC: ʔɨk 5 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 揚/SHOW Yáng 揚 (ant. yì 抑 "suppress and keep from general knowledge") is to make something universally visible to the general public.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrestrain, constrain; chastise
    • vtoNpsychrestrain (oneself)
    束  shù OC: lʰoɡ MC: ɕi̯ok 5 Attributions

    Jū 拘 (ant. dàng 蕩 "be completely free") and shù 束 refer to being confined or constrained by external circumstances.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 約/RESTRAIN The current general word for restraining something or someone is yuē 約 (ant. zòng 縱 "give free rein to").
    • Synon: 拘/RESTRAIN

      Syntactic words
    • viactconstrict others
    • vtoNtie down and constrain, constrict
    • vtoNpassivebe constrained by NCH
    引  yǐn OC: liŋʔ MC: jin 3 Attributions

    Jī 羈 (ant. tuō 脫 "let loose") and yǐn 引 refer specifically to the reining in of horses by the use of a bridle, but the word also has generalised uses where it refers to restraint of other creatures.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactpulling back, restraining, reining in
    • vtoNbackpull back, rein in (horses)
    控  kòng OC: khooŋs MC: khuŋ 3 Attributions

    Lè 勒 and kòng 控 (all ant. fàng 放 "set free") refer to a vigorous act of restraining someone or something by force.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrestrain (horses); rein in
    • vtoNpassivebe controlled and constrained by force
    寡欲  guǎ yù MC: kwaeX yowk OC: kʷraaʔ k-loɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactthe causing of one's material desires to be few; minimalisation of material desiresCH
    • VPihave few material desiresCH
    檢  jiǎn OC: kromʔ MC: kiɛm 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabproper restraintCH
    • viactbe restrained in one's needs and demands
    縻  mí OC: mral MC: miɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtie up someone so as to constrain his free movement
    羈  jī OC: kral MC: kiɛ 2 Attributions

    Jī 羈 (ant. tuō 脫 "let loose") and yǐn 引 refer specifically to the reining in of horses by the use of a bridle, but the word also has generalised uses where it refers to restraint of other creatures.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrein in, bridle, control, restrain
    • vtoNpassivebe restrained, be reined in
    羈鎖  jī suǒ OC: kral soolʔ MC: kiɛ sʷɑ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfigurativebe restrained, bound, tied up
    逼  bī MC: pik OC: pɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivefigurative: be constrained; be pushed around aesthetically; be stifled, be repressedCH
    適  shì OC: qljeɡ MC: ɕiɛk 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 節/RESTRAIN Jié 節 (ant. sì 肆 "be unrestrained") always refers to abstract restraint and moderation, typically the restraint is directed towards oneself.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrestrain and moderate appropriately
    鉗結  qián jié OC: ɡram kiid MC: giɛm ket 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactrestrain oneself > keep quiet, remain silent (Compare qiánkǒu jiéshé 鉗口結舌 'restrain-mouth-bind-tongue> keep silent; to silence sb.')
    繜絀  zūn chù MC: tswon trwit OC: tsuun krlud 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPimiddle voicebe restrained, restrain oneself; show rule-governed moderationLZ
    僔  zǔn MC: tswonX OC: tsuunʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmiddle(= zun3 撙) restrain oneself (> behave modestly)LZ
    刦  jié MC: -- OC: -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN= 劫 suppress vehementlyLZ
    勒  lè OC: ɡ-rɯɯɡ MC: lək 1 Attribution

    Lè 勒 and kòng 控 (all ant. fàng 放 "set free") refer to a vigorous act of restraining someone or something by force.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 壅/BLOCK Yōng 壅 (ant. chè 徹 "unblock") refers to blocking things from entering. [SPECIFIC]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbridle in, rein in, constrain
    凝止  níng zhǐ MC: nging tsyiX OC: ŋɡɯŋ kljɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNkeep N within sensible limitsLZ
    節度  jié dù OC: tsiiɡ ɡ-laaɡs MC: tset duo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNrestrain, constrain; moderate according to rules
    屈  qū MC: khjut OC: khlud 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrestrain, contain within limits, minimaliseCH
    攝  shè OC: qhljeb MC: ɕiɛp 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrestrain
    止  zhǐ MC: tsyiX OC: kljɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN{REFLEX}]self-restrained, self-moderatingLZ
    箝  qián OC: ɡram MC: giɛm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNto gag; restrain
    約整  yuē zhěng OC: qplewɡ tjeŋʔ MC: ʔi̯ɐk tɕiɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNpsychconstrain and properly adjust (oneself)
    挾  xié OC: ɡeeb MC: ɦep 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe constrained to
    範  fàn OC: bomʔ MC: bi̯ɐm 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfunctionconstraining factor, constraining agent See DZD meaning 6 約束
    絆  bàn OC: paans MC: pʷɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtie up someone so that he cannot escape
    繫  xì OC: ɡeeɡs MC: ɦei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrestrain??? ????