HARD    堅固堅

STRONG so that one CAN NOT CHANGE its SHAPE.
FIRMSOLIDRIGIDSTIFFRESISTANTUNBREAKABLEINFLEXIBLEIMPENETRABLEUNYIELDINGSOLIDIFIEDHARDENEDCOMPACTCOMPACTEDDENSECLOSE-PACKEDCOMPRESSEDSTEELYTOUGHSTRONGSTONYROCKLIKEFLINTYAS HARD AS STONEFROZENLITERARY ADAMANTINE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固. 2. Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness, and the word has related figurative meanings, with both positive and negative connotations. 3. Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness. See STRONG. NP: Yìng 硬 (ant. ruǎn 軟 "soft") is a post-Han word.
Modern Chinese Criteria
硬 堅 鐵 棒 僵 堅固 牢固 堅硬 硬棒 硬實 硬掙 強直 僵硬 硬邦邦 硬撅撅 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • SOFTLACK HARDNESS.
See also
  • STRONGABLE to ACHIEVE DIFFICULT TASKS of the BODY OR to the MIND.
  • ENDURINGBIG in respect of the PERIOD something EXISTS, HAPPENS, OR is being ACTED:done.
Hypernym
  • STRONG　ABLE to ACHIEVE DIFFICULT TASKS of the BODY OR to the MIND. (anc: 7/0, child: 7)
  • ABLE　HAVE FEATURES one NEEDS in SELF:oneself FOR ACHIEVING something. (anc: 6/0, child: 16)
  • HAVE　RELATION to something such that it BE-IN:is in one OR is CONTROLLED by one. (anc: 5/0, child: 5)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 15.74

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 349

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 224

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 303

  • 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究 ( WANG WEIHUI 2000) p. 378

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.196:131

    CONSTANT.FERME.INEBRALABLE.INFLEXIBLE

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.196:131

    CONSTANT.FERME.INEBRANLABLE.INFLEXIBLE

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 264

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.119

    • Words (21 items)

    剛  gāng OC: kaaŋ MC: kɑŋ 32 Attributions

    Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness. [has also fig. meanings with positive and negative connotations][CA]

      Word relations
    • Inconsist: 慾/LEWD Yù 慾 refers to a lustful attitude.
    • Ant: 柔/SOFT The current standard word for anything pliable and soft is róu 柔, and I have found no competing words with related meanings.
    • Ant: 柔/SOFT The current standard word for anything pliable and soft is róu 柔, and I have found no competing words with related meanings.
    • Contrast: 堅/HARD The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.
    • Assoc: 強 / 強/STRONG The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak").
    • Assoc: 愎/STUBBORN Bì 愎 refers to stubbornness as a deplorable feature involving lack of flexibility and obstinacy.
    • Assoc: 堅/HARD The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.
    • Assoc: 毅/STRONG Yì 毅 (ant. nuò 懦 "weak") refers to inflexible and unshakeable firmness as well as strength.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactuncompromising hardness and insensitivity
    • nabnegativeinflexibility, rigidness
    • nabpsychfirmness
    • v[adN]that which is firm, the firm and strong things; a hard substance
    • vadNpsychhard
    • vi(primarily of things) physically firm and unshakable, hard
    • vichangeget hard
    • vifigurativebe inflexible, hard, tough; uncompromising
    • vifigurativeinflexible
    堅  jiān OC: kiin MC: ken 29 Attributions

    The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 敝/TATTERED
    • Ant: 柔/SOFT The current standard word for anything pliable and soft is róu 柔, and I have found no competing words with related meanings.
    • Epithet: 甲/ARMOUR The dominant general term is jiǎ 甲 and this armour is typically made of rhinoceros leather. [GENERAL]
    • Contrast: 剛/HARD Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness. [has also fig. meanings with positive and negative connotations][CA]
    • Contrast: 強 / 強/STRONG The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak").
    • Contrast: 定/FIX The current general word for fixing something in any objective and interpersonal way, concrete or abstract is dìng 定.
    • Assoc: 剛/HARD Gāng 剛 (ant. róu 柔 "pliable") focusses on physical hardness as the core of inflexibility and firmness. [has also fig. meanings with positive and negative connotations][CA]
    • Assoc: 固/STRONG The standard word for internal inherent solidity is jiān 堅 (ant. cuì 脆 "brittle"), and the standard word for external firmness, sturdiness and immobility is gù 固.
    • Assoc: 定/FIX The current general word for fixing something in any objective and interpersonal way, concrete or abstract is dìng 定.
    • Assoc: 強 / 強/STRONG The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak").

      Syntactic words
    • nabstativesolidity; firmness
    • vadNsolid, hard
    • vadVfigurativesteadily; persistently, in an insisting manner; firmly
    • viof physical objects: be physically rigid and inflexible, hard, solid, impenetrable
    • vifigurativeof persons: maintain in a firm state, keep unswerving determination; be unswerving; also of mind: resolute
    • vtoNcausative(cause to be firm >) make strong; firm up; strengthen; make firm
    • vtoNcausativestrengthen oneself, strengthen one's own position
    • vtoNfigurativebe firm with respect to
    剛強  gāng qiáng OC: kaaŋ ɡaŋ MC: kɑŋ gi̯ɐŋ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPma hard and inflexible substance
    • VPihard and inflexible;
    • VPifigurativefirm and strong
    堅固  jiān gù OC: kiin kaas MC: ken kuo̝ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturehardness
    • VPadNhard; hard and strong
    • VPibe sturdy and solid
    • VPifigurativebe morally firm
    • VPinegativebe inflexible
    壯  zhuàng OC: skraŋs MC: ʈʂi̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions

    Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness. See STRONG.

      Syntactic words
    • vibe in vigorous shape, be tough and strong 益強
    固  gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]something solidCH
    • vifirm; hard; solid; inflexible; unchangeable
    剛柔  gāng róu OC: kaaŋ mlju MC: kɑŋ ȵɨu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}conceptthe dimension of firmness versus sofness
    • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}featurerelative firmness or softness
    僵  jiāng MC: kjang OC: kaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vpostadVstiffly; rigidlyDS
    塥  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 1 Attribution

    gé

      Syntactic words
    • vichangebe become firm; to harden (as characteristic of non-productive soil)
    介介  jiè jiè MC: keajH keajH OC: kreeds kreeds 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redfigurativeevokes the idea of absolute resolutenessLZ
    矼  gāng OC: krooŋ MC: kɣɔŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viZHUANG: firm; strong
    堅剛  jiān gāng OC: kiin kaaŋ MC: ken kɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPichangebecome firm and hard
    強良  qiáng liáng OC: ɡaŋ ɡ-raŋ MC: gi̯ɐŋ li̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe rigid and inflexible
    金  jīn OC: krɯm MC: kim 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmadNfigurativehard and inflexible like metal
    鞏  gǒng OC: koŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redfigurativebe very firm; be all solid; be very strong
    勁  jìng OC: keŋs MC: kiɛŋ 0 Attributions

    Zhuàng 壯 and jìng 勁 (all ant. ruò 弱 "weak") add the notion of engergy and vigour to that of firmness. See STRONG.

      Syntactic words
    牢  láo OC: ruu MC: lɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • visolid and not easily destroyed
    石  shí OC: djaɡ MC: dʑiɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNstone-hard and insensitive
    硬  yìng OC: ŋɡreeŋs MC: ŋɣɛŋ 0 Attributions

    NP: Yìng 硬 (ant. ruǎn 軟 "soft") is a post-Han word.

      Syntactic words
    • viprimarily of physical objects: inflexible, firm
    确  què OC: ɡrooɡ MC: ɦɣɔk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vihard and stony
    紉  rèn OC: nin MC: ɳin
    韌  rèn OC: njins MC: ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNfirm and pliable
    • vibe strong and pliable