DISTRESS 心痛
FEELING that one's SELF:own SITUATION IS INTENSELY BAD.
ANGUISHSUFFERINGPAINAGONYTORMENTHEARTACHEHEARTBREAKMISERYWRETCHEDNESSSORROWGRIEFWOESADNESSUNHAPPINESSDESOLATIONDESPAIR
Antonym
- COMFORTABLEPEACEFUL:at-ease BECAUSE what one NEEDS is PREPARED:provided.
- DELIGHTINTENSELY GOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO something NOW.*The joy of the enjoyer X over something enjoyed Y.
Hypernym
- FEELINGNATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND.
See also
- POORLACK SUFFICIENT PROPERTY FOR a GOOD LIFE.
Hyponym
- ANGUISH DISTRESS AND LACK of HOPE for IMPROVEment.
- TIRED DISTRESSED BECAUSE of NEAR:recent PAST INTENSIVE EFFORT.
- PAIN DISTRESS CAUSED by a BAD SITUATION in one's BODY.
- SAD DISTRESS ARISING from BAD THOUGHTS NOW IN ONE'S MIND which CAUSE one to LACK DELIGHT:joy.NB: The words I have chosen to include in this group pose special problems of contrastive analysis. There is something irretrievably diffuse about their usage, in many cases, and in many others the number of relevant examples in the early literature is so small that it is impossible to get anything like a firm grip on their precise semantics. Under these circumstances I have tried to compensate for lack of neat analysis with more quotation, especially from Chǔcí. Throughout this section I quote my teacher David Hawkes' translations, mindful of the fact that many of these were written in the third year of his study of Chinese...
- GRIEF INTENSELY SAD IN-RELATION-TO a DEATH OR a BIG DISASTER.
- MELANCHOLY DELIGHT in one's OWN SADNESS IN-RELATION-TO ALL THINGS, this SADNESS LACKING CONCRETE CAUSE, AND being CULTIVATED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN OR SHOW WISDOM:higher-sensitivity.
- DEPRESSED INTENSELY SAD AND LACKING HOPE.
- ALAS EXCLAMATION EXPRESSing SADNESS OR REGRET.
- LONELY SAD BECAUSE one is ALONE.
- DISAPPOINTED SAD BECAUSE something HOPED for in the PAST was NOT OBTAINED.
- NOSTALGIA YEARN for SITUATIONS IN the PAST as GOOD:better IN-RELATION-TO NOW:the-present.
- WORRY DISTRESS CAUSED-BY THINKING about something PRESENT OR FUTURE, which is DANGEROUS OR DIFFICULT.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most representative current general word for distress is probably kùn 困 (ant. ān 安 "be in a good state"), although the group of words discussed here is selected on singularly problematic grounds.
2. Qióng 窮 (ant. tōng 通 "have a way out from a difficult situation") refers to a form form of distress as something from which it is impossible or hard to escape.
3. Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.
4. Shāng 傷 (ant. yuè 悅 ) refers to lasting psychological distress.
5. Yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "joyful occasion") may very occasionally be used to refer not as standardly to worries of some kind, but to an objective state of precarious trouble.
6. Jiù 疚 refers to purely psychological and often moral distress caused by a bad conscience or the like.
2. Qióng 窮 (ant. tōng 通 "have a way out from a difficult situation") refers to a form form of distress as something from which it is impossible or hard to escape.
3. Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.
4. Shāng 傷 (ant. yuè 悅 ) refers to lasting psychological distress.
5. Yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "joyful occasion") may very occasionally be used to refer not as standardly to worries of some kind, but to an objective state of precarious trouble.
6. Jiù 疚 refers to purely psychological and often moral distress caused by a bad conscience or the like.
Modern Chinese Criteria
心痛
心傷
苦惱
苦難
疾苦
困苦
痛癢
瘼
<div>rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／</div><div><br></div><div>GREEK KEYWORDS</div><div>άγανακτέω contr.vb. 1 feel annoyance or resentment, be<br>aggrieved or distressed (sts. w.dat. or prep.phr. at events,<br>circumstances, another’s actions or words) Th. Ar. Att.orats.<br>PL + —W.ACC. in one’s guts Ar.<br>2 (of a soul sprouting wings) feel discomfort, ache PL<br></div><br>
心傷
苦惱
苦難
疾苦
困苦
痛癢
瘼
<div>rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／</div><div><br></div><div>GREEK KEYWORDS</div><div>άγανακτέω contr.vb. 1 feel annoyance or resentment, be<br>aggrieved or distressed (sts. w.dat. or prep.phr. at events,<br>circumstances, another’s actions or words) Th. Ar. Att.orats.<br>PL + —W.ACC. in one’s guts Ar.<br>2 (of a soul sprouting wings) feel discomfort, ache PL<br></div><br>
- Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
MISERIA
- Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
11.119 UNBEHAGEN
- Using Chinese Synonyms
(
GRACE ZHANG 2010)
p.
328
Words
窮 qióng OC: ɡʷɯŋ MC: guŋ 55 AttributionsWD
Qióng 窮 (ant. tōng 通 "have a way out from a difficult situation") refers to a form form of distress as something from which it is impossible or hard to escape.
- Word relations
- Ant: 達/SUCCEED
The general word for succeeding is 達 (ant. qiǒ2ng 窮 "get nowhere, have no way out") refers quite simply to "making it". - Contrast: 貧/POOR
The current general word for poverty is pín 貧 (ant. fù 富 "rich"), but the term does not in general refer to transitory poverty. - Assoc: 困/DISTRESS
The most representative current general word for distress is probably kùn 困 (ant. ān 安 "be in a good state"), although the group of words discussed here is selected on singularly problematic grounds.
- Syntactic words
- nabpsychinescapable hardship or trouble
- nabsituationextreme trouble; extremitiesCH
- v[adN]nonreferentialthe distressed
- vadNdistressed, destitute; hopeless
- vadNin extreme poverty, in distressLZ
- vihave come to a dead end; be in a hopeless position; be in an intellectually hopeless position, be lost for words; be at one's wit's end
- vichangerun into trouble, get into a tight corner
- viextremebe in great trouble; feel cornered; be in extreme distress
- vtoNcausativedrive to exhaustion, wear out completely; put in a tight spot
- vtoNcausativecause to be in a hopeless position; put in a tight corner; put in an impossible position; embarrass
- vtoNcausativeget (oneself) into an inescapable kind of trouble
苦 kǔ OC: khaaʔ MC: khuo̝ 36 AttributionsWD
Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.
- Word relations
- Subject: 民/PEOPLE
The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state. - Ant: 樂/DELIGHT
The equally current lè 樂 (ant. āi 哀 "grief") adds to yuè 悅 the dimensions of practical indulgence, psychological and often philosophical depth, and - very often - a dimension of joy that can be shared and appreciated by others, and that is typically lasting if not permanent. See ENJOY - Contrast: 勞/TIRED
Láo 勞 refers to the state of exhaustion after extended lasting effort. - Contrast: 貧/POOR
The current general word for poverty is pín 貧 (ant. fù 富 "rich"), but the term does not in general refer to transitory poverty. - Assoc: 愁/SAD
Chóu 愁 refers to an internalised sadness one is reluctant to show openly. - Assoc: 煩/WORRY
Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself. - Assoc: 憂/DISTRESS
Yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "joyful occasion") may very occasionally be used to refer not as standardly to worries of some kind, but to an objective state of precarious trouble. - Assoc: 痛/PAIN
The clearly dominant general word for physical pain is tòng 痛 (ant. shū 舒 "feel well" and wú yàng 無恙 "fail nothing").
- Syntactic words
- nabpsychdistress; hardship
- v[adN]nonreferentialthose who are in hard circumstances, those who have a hard time; those who suffer hardship
- vadNcharacterised by bitter distress
- vibe in hard circumstances, suffer hardship; be distressful; (of tasks) be hard work; be devoid of joy 樂
- vt+prep+Ngradedbe harder to bear, be more distressful than
- vtoNcausativetorment; cause distress to; embitter
- vtoNcausativecause bitter distress to (oneself)
- vtoNcausative, reflexive.自cause (oneself) pain, wear (oneself) out completeley
- vtoNputativefind distressfulCH
困 kùn OC: khuuns MC: khuo̝n 35 AttributionsWD
The most representative current general word for distress is probably kùn 困 (ant. ān 安 "be in a good state"), although the group of words discussed here is selected on singularly problematic grounds.
- Word relations
- Object: 患/DISASTER
Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations. - Assoc: 窮/DISTRESS
Qióng 窮 (ant. tōng 通 "have a way out from a difficult situation") refers to a form form of distress as something from which it is impossible or hard to escape. - Assoc: 貧/POOR
The current general word for poverty is pín 貧 (ant. fù 富 "rich"), but the term does not in general refer to transitory poverty.
- Syntactic words
- v[adN]those in distress
- vadNdistressing???
- vadNpassivedistressed, destitute, in distress
- vibe distressed; feel distressed; be in desperate state; be in straights;
- vichangeget into trouble, have a hard time 大困
- vt+prep+Nbe distressed with N, be in trouble with respect to NCH
- vt+prep+Nabbe in trouble regarding Nab; be in distress because of NabCH
- vtoN1.+VtoN2passivebe troubled by N2DS
- vtoNcausativeoccasionally causative vt: cause trouble for, make life difficult for
- vtoNcausativecause oneself to be distressed
- vtoNpassivebe troubled by; be distressed; be reduced to trouble
- vtoNputativefind distressingCH
艱 jiān OC: krɯɯn MC: kɣɛn 13 AttributionsWD
Jiān 艱 refers to hardship and diffuculties, typically with respect to certain tasks.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 難/DIFFICULT
The clearly dominant word for anything that is hard to achieve or hard to sustain is nán 難 (ant. yì 易 "easy").
- Syntactic words
- nabarchaic: difficulties; problems; tribulations
- nadNN=humarchaic: troublesome, trouble-creating
- nadVarchaic: with difficulty
- visubject=actionarchaic: be troublesome, be fraught with difficulties
- visubject=humanarchaic: be in difficulties
憂 yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 12 AttributionsWD
Yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "joyful occasion") may very occasionally be used to refer not as standardly to worries of some kind, but to an objective state of precarious trouble.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 苦/DISTRESS
Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.
- Syntactic words
- nabpsychologicaldistress, griefCH
- vibe in deep trouble (of a state or a person)
- vi0there will be distressCH
- vtoNcreate distress and grief forCH
疚 jiù OC: klɯs MC: kɨu 12 AttributionsWD
Jiù 疚 refers to purely psychological and often moral distress caused by a bad conscience or the like.
- Syntactic words
- nabeventdistress; suffering
- vicausativecause distress; cause a person/oneself to be distressed
- vipsychbe distressed; be suffering
傷 shāng OC: lʰaŋ MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 10 AttributionsWD
Shāng 傷 (ant. yuè 悅) refers to lasting psychological distress.
- Word relations
- Contrast: 哀/GRIEF
The current general word for deep sorrow is āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "profound joy"), and this word refers to an inner state of mind that typically finds expression in ritualised action.
- Syntactic words
- vifeel distressed; feel so very distressed
- vicausativebe designed to cause mental distress or excessive feelings of sadness
- vt(oN)feel distress about the contextually determinate object
- vtoNhurt, inflict psychological harm
- vtoNPab{S}psychfeel distressed about
- vtoNpsychfeel distressed about
- vtoNputativefind distressing
不樂 bù lè OC: pɯʔ ɡ-raawɡ MC: pi̯ut lɑk 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPi(by litotes (see RHETORICAL DEVICES):) be unhappy; be quite dissatisfied
苦惱 kǔ nǎo OC: khaaʔ nuuʔ MC: khuo̝ nɑu 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabpsychbitterness, trouble; afflictions
- VPibe in dire distress
艱難 jiān nàn OC: krɯɯn mɢlaans MC: kɣɛn nɑn 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabintensitivesevere difficulties, tribulations
窘 jiǒng OC: ɡrunʔ MC: gin 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vibe in trouble; be in a precarious situation; be hard pressed; be in straights[or vtpass ??]
- vibe troublingCH
- vt+V[0]N=actbe in severe trouble with regard to V-ing
- vtoNcausativecause distress to
困窮 kùn qióng OC: khuuns ɡʷɯŋ MC: khuo̝n guŋ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralthose in distress
- VPibe in trouble; get into trouble
窮困 qióng kùn OC: ɡʷɯŋ khuuns MC: guŋ khuo̝n 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabfeaturedestitution
- VPisuffer conditions of severe distressLZ
- VPichangesuffer conditions of severe distress
- VPtoNwear out and distressCH
必窮 bì qióng MC: pjit gjuwng OC: piɡ ɡʷɯŋLZ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPab.post-V{NUM}(type of) inevitable dire straitsLZ
忉 dāo OC: k-laaw MC: tɑu 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vi.redbe grieved; distressed in mind; sad; sorrowful
瘵 zhài OC: skreeds MC: ʈʂɣɛi 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vibe distressed; suffer
- vtoNcausative.reflex.自cause distress to (oneself)
受苦 shòu kǔ OC: djuʔ khaaʔ MC: dʑɨu khuo̝ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabeventthe suffering of distress
- VPisuffer hardship; suffer bitter distress
困苦 kùn kǔ OC: khuuns khaaʔ MC: khuo̝n khuo̝ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadNmiserableCH
- VPisuffer bitter distress
艱難 jiān nán OC: krɯɯn mɢlaan MC: kɣɛn nɑn 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPiactcause difficulties; be troublesome
- VPtoNcausativecause difficulties for
- VPtoNreflexive.身cause difficulties for (oneself)
辛苦 xīn kǔ OC: siŋ khaaʔ MC: sin khuo̝ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabstativebitter distress
- VPibe distressed, be exhausted, be tired
幾 jī OC: kɯl MC: kɨi 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabcrisis point; momentary crisis; momentary state of distress
- vireach crisis point
隘 ài OC: qreeɡs MC: ʔɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabdistress; troubleCH
- vichangebecome distressed (ZUO)
墊隘 diàn ài OC: qreeɡs MC: tem ʔɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabpsychstraights, straghtened circumstances, oppressed circumstances
- VPibe in distress
憂慼 yōu qī OC: qu skhlɯɯwɡ MC: ʔɨu tshek 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabpsychdistress
憂苦 yōu kǔ OC: qu khaaʔ MC: ʔɨu khuo̝ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabpsychdistress and worry
艱辛 jiān xīn OC: krɯɯn siŋ MC: kɣɛn sin 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPibe difficult, be strenuous, full of hardship be in distress
充 chōng OC: thjuŋ MC: tɕhuŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vi.redshow great distress
契 qì OC: khees MC: khei 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vidistressed; anxious
- vi.redall distressed
衰 shuāi OC: srul MC: ʂi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nab.post-V{NUM}psychforms of decrepitude and distress
逼 bī OC: pɯɡ MC: pɨk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vipsychfeel oppressed
鞠 jū OC: kuɡ MC: kuk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vidistressed and fearful
- vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to be distressed
不適 bù shì OC: pɯʔ qljeɡ MC: pi̯ut ɕiɛk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabstativetrouble, distress, worry
乏困 fá kùn OC: bob khuuns MC: bi̯ɐp khuo̝n 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabeventwant and distress > straights
困急 kùn jí OC: khuuns krɯb MC: khuo̝n kip 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadVbe in urgent distress
愁痛 chóu tòng OC: dzriw kh-looŋs MC: ɖʐɨu thuŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabpsychdistress
- VPifeel distress
疾苦 jí kǔ OC: dzid khaaʔ MC: dzit khuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabpsychurgent distress; current urgent distressful concerns
- VPtoNfeel currently and urgently distressed by
疲苦 pí kǔ OC: bral khaaʔ MC: biɛ khuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPibe in distress
痛苦 tòng kǔ OC: kh-looŋs khaaʔ MC: thuŋ khuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPibe distressing
苦因 kǔ yīn OC: khaaʔ qin MC: khuo̝ ʔin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabmetaphysicalcause of distress
蘊結 yùn jié OC: quns kiid MC: ʔi̯un ket 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPifull of pent-up feelings
貧苦 pín kǔ OC: brɯn khaaʔ MC: bin khuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPab{N1&N2}distress
近憂 jìn yōu OC: ɡɯnʔ qu MC: gɨn ʔɨu 1 AttributionWD
distress near at hand
- Syntactic words
- NPabeventworry/trouble close at hand
酸苦 suān kǔ OC: sqloon khaaʔ MC: sʷɑn khuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPibe in severe distress
屈安 jué ān MC: kjut 'an OC: klud qaanLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vi-V{SUFF}.adVin a manner reminding one of heavily distressed peopleLZ
隱約 yǐn yuē MC: 'j+nX 'jak OC: qɯnʔ qplewɡCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabobscure straightened circumstancesCH
折傷 zhé shāng MC: tsyet syang OC: kljed lʰaŋLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt(oN)inflict psychological harm to the contextually determinate NLZ
頓窮 dùn qióng MC: twonH gjuwng OC: tuuns ɡʷɯŋLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPibe in troubleLZ
憊 bèi MC: -- OC: --CH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)feel distressed by the contextually determinate NCH
鞅掌 yāng zhǎng MC: 'jangX tsyangX OC: qaŋʔ tjaŋʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VP[adN]men in distressCH
迫窮 pò qiòng MC: paek khjuwngH OC: -- --CH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadNdesperately distressfulCH
悒悒 yì yì MC: 'ip 'ip OC: qrɯb qrɯbDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadVbecause of great distressDS
屈 qū OC: khlud MC: khi̯ut 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vibe in straights
怳 huǎng OC: qhʷaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 惑/CONFUSED
The standard general word for any kind of confusion is huò 惑 (ant. qīng 清 "be unconfused and clear").
- Syntactic words
- vidistressed; disappointed (CC)
憔 qiáo OC: dzew MC: dziɛu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNpassivebe distressed; be harassed
極 jí OC: ɡɯɡ MC: gɨk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNdrive to extreme exhaustion
欿 kǎn OC: ɡloomʔ MC: ɦəm 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vidistressed and despondent
病 bìng OC: bɢraŋs MC: bɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
瘝 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 0 AttributionsWD
guān
- Syntactic words
- vtoNcausativecause to be distressed; distress
盱 xū OC: qhʷla MC: hi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vibe pained; distressed
竭 jié OC: ɡad MC: gi̯ɐt 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vibe in intellectual distress and at one's wit's end
紛 fēn OC: phɯn MC: phi̯un 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
辛 xīn OC: siŋ MC: sin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- viendure pungent hardship
頓 dùn OC: tuuns MC: tuo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNpassivebe molested by
困死 kùn sǐ OC: khuuns pliʔ MC: khuo̝n si 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPichangesuffer distress so as to die > die in distress
疲困 pí kùn OC: bral khuuns MC: biɛ khuo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPibe in distress
痛惱 tòng nǎo OC: kh-looŋs nuuʔ MC: thuŋ nɑu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabpsychdistress
苦死 kǔ sǐ OC: khaaʔ pliʔ MC: khuo̝ si 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadVintensitivein distress, desperately
苦病 kǔ bìng OC: khaaʔ bɢraŋs MC: khuo̝ bɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPiresultativesuffer distress so as to become debilitated
苦辛 kǔ xīn OC: khaaʔ siŋ MC: khuo̝ sin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadVsuffering bitter distress in the process of V-ing
辛楚 xīn chǔ OC: siŋ skhraʔ MC: sin ʈʂhi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabpsychpoetic: bitter distress
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