DISTRESS    心痛

FEELING that one's SELF:own SITUATION IS INTENSELY BAD.
ANGUISHSUFFERINGPAINAGONYTORMENTHEARTACHEHEARTBREAKMISERYWRETCHEDNESSSORROWGRIEFWOESADNESSUNHAPPINESSDESOLATIONDESPAIR
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most representative current general word for distress is probably kùn 困 (ant. ān 安 "be in a good state"), although the group of words discussed here is selected on singularly problematic grounds. 2. Qióng 窮 (ant. tōng 通 "have a way out from a difficult situation") refers to a form form of distress as something from which it is impossible or hard to escape. 3. Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions. 4. Shāng 傷 (ant. yuè 悅 ) refers to lasting psychological distress. 5. Yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "joyful occasion") may very occasionally be used to refer not as standardly to worries of some kind, but to an objective state of precarious trouble. 6. Jiù 疚 refers to purely psychological and often moral distress caused by a bad conscience or the like.
Modern Chinese Criteria
心痛心傷苦惱苦難疾苦困苦痛癢瘼<div>rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／</div><div><br></div><div>GREEK KEYWORDS</div><div>άγανακτέω contr.vb. 1 feel annoyance or resentment, be<br>aggrieved or distressed (sts. w.dat. or prep.phr. at events,<br>circumstances, another’s actions or words) Th. Ar. Att.orats.<br>PL + —W.ACC. in one’s guts Ar.<br>2 (of a soul sprouting wings) feel discomfort, ache PL<br></div><br>
Hyponym
  • ANGUISH　DISTRESS AND LACK of HOPE for IMPROVEment.  (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • TIRED　DISTRESSED BECAUSE of NEAR:recent PAST INTENSIVE EFFORT. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • PAIN　DISTRESS CAUSED by a BAD SITUATION in one's BODY. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • SAD　DISTRESS ARISING from BAD THOUGHTS NOW IN ONE'S MIND which CAUSE one to LACK DELIGHT:joy.NB: The words I have chosen to include in this group pose special problems of contrastive analysis. There is something irretrievably diffuse about their usage, in many cases, and in many others the number of relevant examples in the early literature is so small that it is impossible to get anything like a firm grip on their precise semantics. Under these circumstances I have tried to compensate for lack of neat analysis with more quotation, especially from Chǔcí. Throughout this section I quote my teacher David Hawkes' translations, mindful of the fact that many of these were written in the third year of his study of Chinese... (anc: 13/0, child: 7)
  • WORRY　DISTRESS CAUSED-BY THINKING about something PRESENT OR FUTURE, which is DANGEROUS OR DIFFICULT. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • COMFORTABLEPEACEFUL:at-ease BECAUSE what one NEEDS is PREPARED:provided.
  • DELIGHTINTENSELY GOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO something NOW.*The joy of the enjoyer X over something enjoyed Y.
See also
  • POORLACK SUFFICIENT PROPERTY FOR a GOOD LIFE.
Hypernym
  • FEELING　NATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND. (anc: 11/0, child: 17)
  • REACT　CHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something. (anc: 10/0, child: 5)
  • CHANGE　EVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2. (anc: 9/0, child: 18)
  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    MISERIA

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 11.119

    UNBEHAGEN

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 328

    • Words (70 items)

    窮  qióng OC: ɡʷɯŋ MC: guŋ 55 Attributions

    Qióng 窮 (ant. tōng 通 "have a way out from a difficult situation") refers to a form form of distress as something from which it is impossible or hard to escape.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 達/SUCCEED The general word for succeeding is 達 (ant. qiǒ2ng 窮 "get nowhere, have no way out") refers quite simply to "making it".
    • Contrast: 貧/POOR The current general word for poverty is pín 貧 (ant. fù 富 "rich"), but the term does not in general refer to transitory poverty.
    • Assoc: 困/DISTRESS The most representative current general word for distress is probably kùn 困 (ant. ān 安 "be in a good state"), although the group of words discussed here is selected on singularly problematic grounds.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychinescapable hardship or trouble
    • nabsituationextreme trouble; extremitiesCH
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthe distressed
    • vadNdistressed, destitute; hopeless
    • vadNin extreme poverty, in distressLZ
    • vihave come to a dead end; be in a hopeless position; be in an intellectually hopeless position, be lost for words; be at one's wit's end
    • vichangerun into trouble, get into a tight corner
    • viextremebe in great trouble; feel cornered; be in extreme distress
    • vtoNcausativedrive to exhaustion, wear out completely; put in a tight spot
    • vtoNcausativecause to be in a hopeless position; put in a tight corner; put in an impossible position; embarrass
    • vtoNcausativeget (oneself) into an inescapable kind of trouble
    苦  kǔ OC: khaaʔ MC: khuo̝ 35 Attributions

    Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.

      Word relations
    • Subject: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.
    • Ant: 樂/DELIGHT The equally current lè 樂 (ant. āi 哀 "grief") adds to yuè 悅 the dimensions of practical indulgence, psychological and often philosophical depth, and - very often - a dimension of joy that can be shared and appreciated by others, and that is typically lasting if not permanent. See ENJOY
    • Contrast: 勞/TIRED Láo 勞 refers to the state of exhaustion after extended lasting effort.
    • Contrast: 貧/POOR The current general word for poverty is pín 貧 (ant. fù 富 "rich"), but the term does not in general refer to transitory poverty.
    • Assoc: 愁/SAD Chóu 愁 refers to an internalised sadness one is reluctant to show openly.
    • Assoc: 煩/WORRY Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself.
    • Assoc: 憂/DISTRESS Yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "joyful occasion") may very occasionally be used to refer not as standardly to worries of some kind, but to an objective state of precarious trouble.
    • Assoc: 痛/PAIN The clearly dominant general word for physical pain is tòng 痛 (ant. shū 舒 "feel well" and wú yàng 無恙 "fail nothing").

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychdistress; hardship
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthose who are in hard circumstances, those who have a hard time; those who suffer hardship
    • vadNcharacterised by bitter distress
    • vibe in hard circumstances, suffer hardship; be distressful; (of tasks) be hard work; be devoid of joy 樂
    • vt+prep+Ngradedbe harder to bear, be more distressful than
    • vtoNcausativetorment; cause distress to; embitter
    • vtoNcausativecause bitter distress to (oneself)
    • vtoNcausative, reflexive.自cause (oneself) pain, wear (oneself) out completeley
    • vtoNputativefind distressfulCH
    困  kùn OC: khuuns MC: khuo̝n 35 Attributions

    The most representative current general word for distress is probably kùn 困 (ant. ān 安 "be in a good state"), although the group of words discussed here is selected on singularly problematic grounds.

      Word relations
    • Object: 患/DISASTER Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations.
    • Assoc: 窮/DISTRESS Qióng 窮 (ant. tōng 通 "have a way out from a difficult situation") refers to a form form of distress as something from which it is impossible or hard to escape.
    • Assoc: 貧/POOR The current general word for poverty is pín 貧 (ant. fù 富 "rich"), but the term does not in general refer to transitory poverty.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]those in distress
    • vadNdistressing???
    • vadNpassivedistressed, destitute, in distress
    • vibe distressed; feel distressed; be in desperate state; be in straights;
    • vichangeget into trouble, have a hard time 大困
    • vt+prep+Nbe distressed with N, be in trouble with respect to NCH
    • vt+prep+Nabbe in trouble regarding Nab; be in distress because of NabCH
    • vtoN1.+VtoN2passivebe troubled by N2DS
    • vtoNcausativeoccasionally causative vt: cause trouble for, make life difficult for
    • vtoNcausativecause oneself to be distressed
    • vtoNpassivebe troubled by; be distressed; be reduced to trouble
    • vtoNputativefind distressingCH
    艱  jiān OC: krɯɯn MC: kɣɛn 13 Attributions

    Jiān 艱 refers to hardship and diffuculties, typically with respect to certain tasks.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 難/DIFFICULT The clearly dominant word for anything that is hard to achieve or hard to sustain is nán 難 (ant. yì 易 "easy").

      Syntactic words
    • nabarchaic: difficulties; problems; tribulations
    • nadNN=humarchaic: troublesome, trouble-creating
    • nadVarchaic: with difficulty
    • visubject=actionarchaic: be troublesome, be fraught with difficulties
    • visubject=humanarchaic: be in difficulties
    憂  yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 13 Attributions

    Yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "joyful occasion") may very occasionally be used to refer not as standardly to worries of some kind, but to an objective state of precarious trouble.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 苦/DISTRESS Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychologicaldistress, griefCH
    • vadNpsychtroubled, worriedLZ
    • vibe in deep trouble (of a state or a person)
    • vi0there will be distressCH
    • vtoNcreate distress and grief forCH
    疚  jiù OC: klɯs MC: kɨu 12 Attributions

    Jiù 疚 refers to purely psychological and often moral distress caused by a bad conscience or the like.

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventdistress; suffering
    • vicausativecause distress; cause a person/oneself to be distressed
    • vipsychbe distressed; be suffering
    傷  shāng OC: lʰaŋ MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 10 Attributions

    Shāng 傷 (ant. yuè 悅) refers to lasting psychological distress.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 哀/GRIEF The current general word for deep sorrow is āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "profound joy"), and this word refers to an inner state of mind that typically finds expression in ritualised action.

      Syntactic words
    • vifeel distressed; feel so very distressed
    • vicausativebe designed to cause mental distress or excessive feelings of sadness
    • vt(oN)feel distress about the contextually determinate object
    • vtoNhurt, inflict psychological harm
    • vtoNPab{S}psychfeel distressed about
    • vtoNpsychfeel distressed about
    • vtoNputativefind distressing
    苦惱  kǔ nǎo OC: khaaʔ nuuʔ MC: khuo̝ nɑu 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychbitterness, trouble; afflictions
    • VPibe in dire distress
    不樂  bù lè OC: pɯʔ ɡ-raawɡ MC: pi̯ut lɑk 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPi(by litotes (see RHETORICAL DEVICES):) be unhappy; be quite dissatisfied
    艱難  jiān nàn OC: krɯɯn mɢlaans MC: kɣɛn nɑn 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabintensitivesevere difficulties, tribulations
    困窮  kùn qióng OC: khuuns ɡʷɯŋ MC: khuo̝n guŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthose in distress
    • VPibe in trouble; get into trouble
    必窮  bì qióng MC: pjit gjuwng OC: piɡ ɡʷɯŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab.post-V{NUM}(type of) inevitable dire straitsLZ
    窮困  qióng kùn OC: ɡʷɯŋ khuuns MC: guŋ khuo̝n 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturedestitution
    • VPisuffer conditions of severe distressLZ
    • VPichangesuffer conditions of severe distress
    • VPtoNwear out and distressCH
    窘  jiǒng OC: ɡrunʔ MC: gin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe in trouble; be in a precarious situation; be hard pressed; be in straights[or vtpass ??]
    • vibe troublingCH
    • vt+V[0]N=actbe in severe trouble with regard to V-ing
    • vtoNcausativecause distress to
    困苦  kùn kǔ OC: khuuns khaaʔ MC: khuo̝n khuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNmiserableCH
    • VPisuffer bitter distress
    受苦  shòu kǔ OC: djuʔ khaaʔ MC: dʑɨu khuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventthe suffering of distress
    • VPisuffer hardship; suffer bitter distress
    忉  dāo OC: k-laaw MC: tɑu 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redbe grieved; distressed in mind; sad; sorrowful
    艱難  jiān nán OC: krɯɯn mɢlaan MC: kɣɛn nɑn 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactcause difficulties; be troublesome
    • VPtoNcausativecause difficulties for
    • VPtoNreflexive.身cause difficulties for (oneself)
    辛苦  xīn kǔ OC: siŋ khaaʔ MC: sin khuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativebitter distress
    • VPibe distressed, be exhausted, be tired
    瘵  zhài OC: skreeds MC: ʈʂɣɛi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe distressed; suffer
    • vtoNcausative.reflex.自cause distress to (oneself)
    隘  ài OC: qreeɡs MC: ʔɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabdistress; troubleCH
    • vichangebecome distressed (ZUO)
    憂慼  yōu qī OC: qu skhlɯɯwɡ MC: ʔɨu tshek 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychdistress
    墊隘  diàn ài OC: qreeɡs MC: tem ʔɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychstraights, straghtened circumstances, oppressed circumstances
    • VPibe in distress
    憂苦  yōu kǔ OC: qu khaaʔ MC: ʔɨu khuo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychdistress and worry
    艱辛  jiān xīn OC: krɯɯn siŋ MC: kɣɛn sin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe difficult, be strenuous, full of hardship be in distress
    幾  jī OC: kɯl MC: kɨi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabcrisis point; momentary crisis; momentary state of distress
    • vireach crisis point
    不適  bù shì OC: pɯʔ qljeɡ MC: pi̯ut ɕiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativetrouble, distress, worry
    屈安  jué ān MC: kjut 'an OC: klud qaan 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi-V{SUFF}.adVin a manner reminding one of heavily distressed peopleLZ
    衰  shuāi OC: srul MC: ʂi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}psychforms of decrepitude and distress
    貧苦  pín kǔ OC: brɯn khaaʔ MC: bin khuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{N1&N2}distress
    逼  bī OC: pɯɡ MC: pɨk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vipsychfeel oppressed
    悒悒  yì yì MC: 'ip 'ip OC: qrɯb qrɯb 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVbecause of great distressDS
    鞠  jū OC: kuɡ MC: kuk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vidistressed and fearful
    • vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to be distressed
    酸苦  suān kǔ OC: sqloon khaaʔ MC: sʷɑn khuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe in severe distress
    苦因  kǔ yīn OC: khaaʔ qin MC: khuo̝ ʔin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalcause of distress
    愁痛  chóu tòng OC: dzriw kh-looŋs MC: ɖʐɨu thuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychdistress
    • VPifeel distress
    蘊結  yùn jié OC: quns kiid MC: ʔi̯un ket 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPifull of pent-up feelings
    隱約  yǐn yuē MC: 'j+nX 'jak OC: qɯnʔ qplewɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabobscure straightened circumstancesCH
    鞅掌  yāng zhǎng MC: 'jangX tsyangX OC: qaŋʔ tjaŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]men in distressCH
    折傷  zhé shāng MC: tsyet syang OC: kljed lʰaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)inflict psychological harm to the contextually determinate NLZ
    疲苦  pí kǔ OC: bral khaaʔ MC: biɛ khuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe in distress
    疾苦  jí kǔ OC: dzid khaaʔ MC: dzit khuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychurgent distress; current urgent distressful concerns
    • VPtoNfeel currently and urgently distressed by
    痛苦  tòng kǔ OC: kh-looŋs khaaʔ MC: thuŋ khuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe distressing
    近憂  jìn yōu OC: ɡɯnʔ qu MC: gɨn ʔɨu 1 Attribution

    distress near at hand

      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventworry/trouble close at hand
    充  chōng OC: thjuŋ MC: tɕhuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redshow great distress
    乏困  fá kùn OC: bob khuuns MC: bi̯ɐp khuo̝n 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventwant and distress > straights
    契  qì OC: khees MC: khei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vidistressed; anxious
    • vi.redall distressed
    憊  bèi MC: -- OC: -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)feel distressed by the contextually determinate NCH
    頓窮  dùn qióng MC: twonH gjuwng OC: tuuns ɡʷɯŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe in troubleLZ
    困急  kùn jí OC: khuuns krɯb MC: khuo̝n kip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVbe in urgent distress
    迫窮  pò qiòng MC: paek khjuwngH OC: -- -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNdesperately distressfulCH
    辛  xīn OC: siŋ MC: sin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viendure pungent hardship
    疲困  pí kùn OC: bral khuuns MC: biɛ khuo̝n 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe in distress
    頓  dùn OC: tuuns MC: tuo̝n 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe molested by
    痛惱  tòng nǎo OC: kh-looŋs nuuʔ MC: thuŋ nɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychdistress
    苦死  kǔ sǐ OC: khaaʔ pliʔ MC: khuo̝ si 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVintensitivein distress, desperately
    辛楚  xīn chǔ OC: siŋ skhraʔ MC: sin ʈʂhi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychpoetic: bitter distress
    苦病  kǔ bìng OC: khaaʔ bɢraŋs MC: khuo̝ bɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiresultativesuffer distress so as to become debilitated
    屈  qū OC: khlud MC: khi̯ut 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe in straights
    怳  huǎng OC: qhʷaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 惑/CONFUSED The standard general word for any kind of confusion is huò 惑 (ant. qīng 清 "be unconfused and clear").

      Syntactic words
    • vidistressed; disappointed (CC)
    憔  qiáo OC: dzew MC: dziɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe distressed; be harassed
    苦辛  kǔ xīn OC: khaaʔ siŋ MC: khuo̝ sin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVsuffering bitter distress in the process of V-ing
    極  jí OC: ɡɯɡ MC: gɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdrive to extreme exhaustion
    欿  kǎn OC: ɡloomʔ MC: ɦəm 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vidistressed and despondent
    困死  kùn sǐ OC: khuuns pliʔ MC: khuo̝n si 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPichangesuffer distress so as to die > die in distress
    病  bìng OC: bɢraŋs MC: bɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    瘝  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions

    guān

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativecause to be distressed; distress
    盱  xū OC: qhʷla MC: hi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe pained; distressed
    竭  jié OC: ɡad MC: gi̯ɐt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe in intellectual distress and at one's wit's end
    紛  fēn OC: phɯn MC: phi̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words