PURE  純潔純

EXCELLENT BECAUSE LACKING DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES.
UNADULTERATEDUNCONTAMINATEDUNMIXEDUNDILUTEDUNALLOYEDUNBLENDEDSTERLINGSOLIDREFINEDONE HUNDRED PERCENTCLARIFIEDCLEARFILTEREDFLAWLESSPERFECTGENUINEREAL
Antonym
  • DIRTYCONTAIN DUST OR HAVE DUST, TYPICALLY on the SURFACE.
    • MIXEDINTENSELY TOGETHER AND DIFFICULT to SEPARATE.
      Hypernym
      • EXCELLENTFEATURE BECAUSE of which SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS OR SHOULD BE PREFERRED to OTHERS
        • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
          • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to.
      See also
      • CLEANLACK DIRT OR NOT CONTAIN DIRT, TYPICALLY on the SURFACE.
        Old Chinese Criteria
        1. The standard general term for purity is chún 純 (ant. zá 雜 "mixed").

        2. Sù 素 (ant. huá 華 "well-adorned") adds to the notion of purity that of the unadulaterated original state of something.

        3. Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent.

        4. Jìng 淨 (ant. wū 污 "impure") emphasises the unsullied state of something and the absence specifically of dirt.

        5. Chè 澈 (ant. hún 渾 "murky") focusses on perfect transparency.

        6. Jié 潔 / 絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refer abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.

        7. Chún 醇 (bó 駁 "mixed") refers specifically to the undiluted state of wine but the word is also used in generalised senses of purity.

        Modern Chinese Criteria
        純潔

        高潔

        聖潔

        天真

        清白

        一清二白

        一塵不染

        纖塵不染

        冰清玉潔

        玉潔冰清

        白璧無瑕

        rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

        • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

          PURE

          purus refers to uncontaminated purity in general.

          merus refers to purity as the quality of anything unmixed, either with praise or neutrally.

          meracus refers specifically to unmixed wine, and, figuratively and negatively, to anything that should be mixed but is unmixed.

          putus or purus ac putus is the technical term for the purity of gold.

        • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 282

        • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 348

        • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.2238

        • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 8.531

          REIN, REINHEIT

        • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 15

        • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 18

        • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 218

        • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. no. 14/5

        Words

        清  qīng OC: tsheŋ MC: tshiɛŋ 32 AttributionsWD

        Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent.

          Word relations
        • Ant: 濁/DIRTY Zhuó 濁 (ant. qīng 清 "clear and pure") typically refers to physical states of dirtiness, but there are occasional usages like zhuó lì 濁吏 "morally impure official".
        • Epithet: 節/DECENT The current word in general use is jié 節 (ant. yín 淫 "unrestrained") which refers primarily to decency in behaviour.
        • Assoc: 潔 / 絜 / 潔絜洁/PURE Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.
        • Assoc: 潔 / 絜 / 潔絜洁/PURE Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.
        • Synon: 淨/PURE Jìng 淨 (ant. wū 污"impure") emphasises the unsullied state of something and the absence specifically of dirt.
        • Oppos: 濁/DIRTY Zhuó 濁 (ant. qīng 清 "clear and pure") typically refers to physical states of dirtiness, but there are occasional usages like zhuó lì 濁吏 "morally impure official".

          Syntactic words
        • nabactpurity of mind; moral impeccability
        • nabfeaturetranslucency
        • nabstativepurity of tones
        • nsubjectsomething pure
        • v[adN]those who are morally pure
        • vadNpure (tones) (often figurative)
        • vadNfigurativemorally pure, pure in character; etherealCH
        • vibe translucent and physically pure, without admixtures
        • vichangebecome clear and translucent
        • vichangebecome unsoiled (by contact with the world)
        • vifigurativebe morally pure, be pure
        • vifigurativebe aesthetically exquisite and undilutedCH
        • vtoNcausativepurify (oneself)
        淨  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 27 AttributionsWD

        Jìng 淨 (ant. wū 污"impure") emphasises the unsullied state of something and the absence specifically of dirt.

          Word relations
        • Assoc: 潔 / 絜 / 潔絜洁/PURE Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.
        • Synon: 清/PURE Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent.
        • Oppos: 穢/DIRTY Huì 穢 can refer to physical dirt, but the word is also used abstractly to refer to what is vulgar and morally distasteful.

          Syntactic words
        • nabconceptthe very concept of purity
        • nabpsychpurity (of mind), inner purity
        • vadNfeaturepure; clear
        • vadVfigurativewith impeccable (Buddhist) moral purity of mind
        • vibe clean, pure
        • vtoN.adVcausativeto V purifying the N; to V with a pure N
        • vtoNcausativepurify
        • vtoNcausativepurify one's own N
        清淨  qīng jìng OC: tsheŋ skhreeŋ MC: tshiɛŋ dziɛŋ 26 AttributionsWD

        qīngjìng

          Syntactic words
        • NPabBUDDH ?? purity
        • VPadNBUDDH ??pure; skr. vyavadāna; pali vodāna
        • VPibe clean
        • VPifigurativeBUDDH ??be morally pure; skr. vyavadāna; pali vodāna
        潔  jié OC: keed MC: ket
        絜  jié OC: keed MC: ket
        潔絜洁  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 21 AttributionsWD

        Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.

          Word relations
        • Ant: 污/DIRTY The current general word for uncleanness and dirt, both concrete and abstract, is wū 污/汙 (ant. jié 潔 "clean").
        • Assoc: 白/WHITE The dominant word for whiteness is bái 白 (ant. hēi 黑 "black").
        • Assoc: 清/PURE Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent.
        • Assoc: 精 / 菁/EXCELLENT Jīng 精 (of general application) (ant. cū 粗 "of only rough quality") and ruì 銳(typically applied to military prowess) (ant. dùn 鈍 "of lesser quality") refer to above-average performance without suggestion individual excellence.

          Syntactic words
        • vadNpure
        • vibe unsullied, without blemish; clean
        • vifigurativemorally pure
        • vtoNcausativepurify
        • vtoNcausativepurify (oneself)
        • vtoNcausativepurify (oneself)
        純  chún OC: djun MC: dʑʷin 8 AttributionsWD

        The standard general term for purity is chún 純 (ant. zá 雜 "mixed").

          Word relations
        • Ant: 駁/MIXED Bó 駁 sometimes refers figurativelyj to something as having varying and not properly constant features.
        • Ant: 駁/COLOURFUL Bó 駁 (ant. chún 純 "pure") refers to distinct variety in colour as a positive feature. But see also MIXED.
        • Assoc: 一/UNITE The standard word for the unification of what is disunited is yī 一 (ant. fēn 分 "divide").
        • Assoc: 樸 / 樸/SIMPLE The current word for unadorned simplicity is pǔ 樸 (ant. lì 麗 "beautifully patterned").
        • Assoc: 潔 / 絜 / 潔絜洁/PURE Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.
        • Assoc: 誠/EARNEST The current standard word for earnestness in attitude and earnest effort in practice is chéng 誠 (ant.* màn 慢 "negligent").

          Syntactic words
        • nabactmoral purity
        • v[adN]figurativethose who are pure; the pure
        • vadNfigurativewithout blemish
        • vadVin an unadulterated way, purely
        • vifigurativeunadulterated; pure, be without blemish
        • vifigurativebe all pure
        • vtoNdeclarativedeclare to be morally pure
        無漏  wú lòu OC: ma roos MC: mi̯o lu 8 AttributionsWD

        • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 5128

        • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 1351d

          Syntactic words
        • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: purity (i.e. the absence of passions and delusions) freedom from biases
        • VPadNbuddhistBUDDH: without outflows > untainted, pure, without bias; without contamination (i.e. the absence of passions and delusions) (ant. of yǒulòu 有漏); skr. anāsrava, nirmala, nirāsvara
        • VPibuddhistBUDDH: be without outflows > be untainted, pure, without contamination (i.e. the absence of passions and delusions) (ant. of yǒulòu 有漏); skr. anāsrava, nirmala, nirāsvara
        醇  chún OC: djun MC: dʑʷin 7 AttributionsWD

        Chún 醇 (bó 駁 "mixed") refers specifically to the undiluted state of wine but the word is also used in generalised senses of purity.

          Syntactic words
        • v[adN]what is pureCH
        • vadNpure; of wine: full-bodiedCH
        • viactact with moral purity???
        • vifigurativebe pristine; be straightforward and not artful
        • vifigurativebe morally pure
        潔白  jié bái OC: keed braaɡ MC: ket bɣɛk 5 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabfeaturepurity
        • VPiactmaintain purity
        淳  chún OC: djun MC: dʑʷin 4 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vadNpure
        • vipure, simple, honest
        • vtoNcausativepurify (in a figurative sense)
        澄  chéng OC: dɯŋ MC: ɖɨŋ 4 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • nabpurity
        • vadNunsullied, unruffled, clear, limpidCH
        • vipure
        • vtoNpurifyCH
        清濁  qīng zhuó OC: tsheŋ rdooɡ MC: tshiɛŋ ɖɣɔk 4 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}featurerelative purity
        清白  qīng bái OC: tsheŋ braaɡ MC: tshiɛŋ bɣɛk 4 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabfeaturemoral purity
        • VP[adN]the morally pure peopleCH
        粹  cuì OC: squds MC: si 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • nabfigurativeunadulterated purityCH
        • vipure and unadulterated
        精潔  jīng jié OC: tseŋ keed MC: tsiɛŋ ket
        精絜  jīng jié OC: tseŋ keed MC: tsiɛŋ ket 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabpsychmoral purity
        • VPadNfigurativemorally pure
        • VPibe morally completely undefiled
        涓涓  juān juān OC: kʷleen kʷleen MC: ken ken 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPadNall purified and cleansed
        • VPibe cleanDS
        清潔  qīng jié OC: tsheŋ keed MC: tshiɛŋ ket 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabpsychpurity of heart
        • VPadNmarkedmorally pure, impeccable
        • VPibe pure
        淨心  jìng xīn OC: skhreeŋ slɯm MC: dziɛŋ sim 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPadVwith a moral purity purity of heart
        純粹  chún cuì OC: djun squds MC: dʑʷin si 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPifigurativepure, undiluted; immaculate
        明  míng OC: mraŋ MC: mɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vadNclean, unsullied (of dress)
        梵  fàn OC: bloms MC: bi̯ɐm 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vadNpure 晉 葛洪 《要用字苑》："梵，潔也。"參見" 梵行 "。
        漻  liáo OC: ɡ-rɯɯw MC: leu 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vilimpid
        素  sù OC: saas MC: suo̝ 1 AttributionWD

        Sù 素 (ant. huá 華 "well-adorned") adds to the notion of purity that of the unadulaterated original state of something.

          Word relations
        • Contrast: 白/WHITE The dominant word for whiteness is bái 白 (ant. hēi 黑 "black").

          Syntactic words
        • nsubjectoccasionally nominalized: the unadorned
        • vadNpure and unadulterated, unadorned; pristine and plain, uncorrupted; plain, unaffected; unpainted, unvarnished; unornamented
        • vadVin purity; in plainness ???
        • vibe pure and unadulterated, unadorned; pristine and plain, uncorrupted; plain, unaffected; unpainted, unvarnished; unornamented
        縮  suō OC: sruɡ MC: ʂuk 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNto strain (wine)
        • vtoNcausativecause to become pure> strain (wine), filter
        淨潔  jìng jié OC: skhreeŋ keed MC: dziɛŋ ket 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPadNjìng jié: pure
        純潔  chún jié OC: djun keed MC: dʑʷin ket 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPadNintensitivecompletely pure
        淳厚  chún hòu MC: dzywin huwH  OC: djun ɡoos CH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPadNpure and generousCH
        清氾  qīng fàn MC: tshjeng phjomH OC: tsheŋ phomsCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabfor 清泛 limpid character =清淡CH
        汰  tài OC: thaads MC: thɑi 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNcausativecause to be pure > purify
        涓  juān OC: kʷleen MC: ken 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vadNpurifying, specialised in purification 涓人
        • vibe purified
        澄  chéng OC: dɯŋ MC: ɖɨŋ 0 AttributionsWD

        Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent.

          Syntactic words
        • DELETEDpure, unruffled and clear
        澈  chè OC: dad MC: ɖiɛt 0 AttributionsWD

        Chè 澈 (ant. hún 渾 "murky") focusses on perfect transparency.

          Syntactic words
        • vitransparent
        皭  jiào OC: tsewɡs MC: tsiɛu 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vi.redresplendently clean
        本性清淨  běn xìng qīng jìng OC: pɯɯnʔ seŋs tsheŋ skhreeŋ MC: puo̝n siɛŋ tshiɛŋ dziɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD

        běnxìng qīngjìng

          Syntactic words
        • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: innate purity (i.e. the originally purity of every sentient being, beclouded by afflictions; compare 離垢清淨); SANSKRIT prakṛti-pariśuddhi
        離垢清淨  lí gòu qīng jìng OC: b-rel kooʔ tsheŋ skhreeŋ MC: liɛ ku tshiɛŋ dziɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD

        lígòu qīngjìng

          Syntactic words
        • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: purity freed of taint (i.e. the original purity made accessible through enlightenment; compare 本性清淨); SANSKRIT vimala-śuddhi
          Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabfeaturefigurative: moral purityCH
          Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabfeaturefigurative: moral purityCH
          Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabfeaturefigurative: moral purityCH
          Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabfeaturefigurative: moral purityCH

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