ENEMY    敵人敵

OPPONENENT whom one HATES.
OPPONENTADVERSARYFOERIVALANTAGONISTCOMBATANTCHALLENGERCOMPETITOROPPOSER(THE ENEMY) THE OPPOSITIONTHE COMPETITIONTHE OTHER SIDETHE OPPOSING SIDE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general word for an enemy or opponent of any kind is dí 敵 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") which can also often refer to mere competitors or adversaries. 2. Kòu 寇 is an enemy of the state, often a foreigner. 3. Chóu 讎 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") emphasises the intense emotional nature of the conflict between the enemies concerned. 4. Qiú 仇 "fiend" (ant. qīn 親 "someone close to one") refers to a mortal enemy with whom one has a serious feud. 5. Lǔ 虜 is originally a foreign enemy who deserves to be taken prisoner, but the term comes to be used quite generally for an enemy of the state in Han times. 6. Zéi 賊 emphasises the moral turpitude and decrepitude or the villainy of the enemy.
Modern Chinese Criteria
敵人 仇人 仇敵 勁敵 refers to an enemy as a formidable threat. 仇家 寇仇 對頭 冤家 怨家 仇 冤家對頭 死敵 死對頭 眼中釘 肉中刺 手下敗將 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • FRIENDHUMAN with whom one INTERACTS with MUTUAL LOVE AND RESPECT BECAUSE s/he has RESEMBLING ASPIRATIONS.
Hypernym
  • OPPONENT　HUMAN who COMPETES with someone. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
  • HUMAN　ANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS. (anc: 6/0, child: 31)
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.52

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    ENEMY

    adversarius refers to any opponent in any context

    hostis is the enemy in war.

    inimicus is a personal enemy.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    INIMICUS/INIMICITIA

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 13

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 35

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 162

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 121

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 16

    1. WL 16 does not make the semantic difference between cho2u 讎and qiu2 仇 clear. The crucial contrast is that whereas both CAN refer to mortal enemies, cho2u 讎 has a more general application and refers occasionally to a friendly mate, or to mere opponents, like di2 敵, and even where the word does refer to an enemy, the emphasis is not normally on him being a mortal enemy.

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 255f

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.321.283.

    ENNEMI.ADVERSAIRE.ANTAGONISTE

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.210

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 79A

    • Words (23 items)

    讎  chóu OC: ɡju MC: dʑɨu 61 Attributions

    Chóu 讎 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") emphasises the intense emotional nature of the conflict between the enemies concerned.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 友/FRIEND The most general current word for a friend is yǒu 友 (ant. dí 敵 "enemy"), and the specific nuance indicated by this word is that of a commonality of feelings and interests, although it must be noted that the etymological link of the word is with the notion of "help", and in pre-SHI times the word tended to refer to cooperating associates rather than friends.
    • Epithet: 怨/HATE Yuàn 怨 is resentment due to identified concrete causes, and the emotion is typically directed towards superiors or equals.
    • Assoc: 仇 / 讎/ENEMY Qiú 仇 "fiend" (ant. qīn 親 "someone close to one") refers to a mortal enemy with whom one has a serious feud.
    • Assoc: 寇/ENEMY Kòu 寇 is an enemy of the state, often a foreigner.
    • Assoc: 敵/ENEMY The general word for an enemy or opponent of any kind is dí 敵 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") which can also often refer to mere competitors or adversaries.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactunfriendly act
    • nabstativeenmity; real contradiction
    • nadNhostile
    • npost-Narch enemy, foe
    • npost-Nfigurativecompetitor
    • vtoNbe enemies with, treat as an enemy
    敵  dí OC: ɡ-leeɡ MC: dek 48 Attributions

    The general word for an enemy or opponent of any kind is dí 敵 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") which can also often refer to mere competitors or adversaries.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 與/FRIEND
    • Ant: 友/FRIEND The most general current word for a friend is yǒu 友 (ant. dí 敵 "enemy"), and the specific nuance indicated by this word is that of a commonality of feelings and interests, although it must be noted that the etymological link of the word is with the notion of "help", and in pre-SHI times the word tended to refer to cooperating associates rather than friends.
    • Object: 勝/WIN The current general word for winning or gaining the upper hand in any way, including warfare, is shèng 勝 (ant. bài 敗 "be defeated").
    • Epithet: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Epithet: 怨/HATE Yuàn 怨 is resentment due to identified concrete causes, and the emotion is typically directed towards superiors or equals.
    • Assoc: 仇 / 讎/ENEMY Qiú 仇 "fiend" (ant. qīn 親 "someone close to one") refers to a mortal enemy with whom one has a serious feud.
    • Assoc: 讎/ENEMY Chóu 讎 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") emphasises the intense emotional nature of the conflict between the enemies concerned.
    • Oppos: 我/ONESELF 自我

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)competingrival, opponent, competitor; military opponent; an equal
    • n(post-N)hostileenemy; enemiesCH
    • nabenmityLZ
    • vadNrivalling, rival; enemy; opposing 敵國
    • vt(oN)attitudinaltreat contextually determinate person N as an opponent > engage in contest with
    • vtoNattitudinaltreat as one's competitor or potential enemy; treat as an enemy
    • vtoNcausativecause to be an enemy of; create a worthy opponent for, create a match for
    • vtoNputativeconsider as a competitor or enemy
    仇  chóu MC: -- OC: --
    讎  chóu OC: ɡju MC: dʑɨu 40 Attributions

    Qiú 仇 "fiend" (ant. qīn 親 "someone close to one") refers to a mortal enemy with whom one has a serious feud.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 敵/ENEMY The general word for an enemy or opponent of any kind is dí 敵 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") which can also often refer to mere competitors or adversaries.
    • Assoc: 讎/ENEMY Chóu 讎 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") emphasises the intense emotional nature of the conflict between the enemies concerned.

      Syntactic words
    • nenemy, mortal enemy
    • nabfigurativehostile stance
    • nabpsychenmity
    • nadNwith whom one has a feud
    • vi.redintensitivein a hostle manner
    • vtoNbe enemies (with someone); act in a hostile manner against
    寇  kòu OC: khoos MC: khu 22 Attributions

    Kòu 寇 is an enemy of the state, often a foreigner.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 讎/ENEMY Chóu 讎 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") emphasises the intense emotional nature of the conflict between the enemies concerned.
    • Assoc: 戎/BARBARIAN Róng 戎 refers to western barbarians.
    • Oppos: 我/WE

      Syntactic words
    • nforeign enemy; enemy; mostly plural: the enemy(!)
    • n(post-N)enemyCH
    • vtoNbe the enemy of NCH
    仇讎  qiú chóu OC: ɡu ɡju MC: gɨu dʑɨu 20 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmortal enemy; mortal enemies
    • NPadNwho are mortal enemies
    賊  zéi OC: sɡɯɯɡ MC: dzək 11 Attributions

    Zéi 賊 emphasises the moral turpitude and decrepitude or the villainy of the enemy.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-Nenemy; mortal enemy; malefactor
    • npost=Nprenemy Npr; the Npr banditsDS
    • ntfigurativeforce destructive of, "mortal enemy of"
    • ntmassenemy as massive forceDS
    • ntpluralenemiesDS
    不善  bù shàn OC: pɯʔ ɡjenʔ MC: pi̯ut dʑiɛn 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe on bad terms
    • VPt(oN)be on bad terms with the contextually determiante N
    • VPtoNstativebe on bad terms with
    寇讎  kòu chóu OC: khoos ɡju MC: khu dʑɨu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactenmity; enemy action
    • NPnonreferentialenemies; foreign enemies
    敵國  dí guó MC: dek kwok OC: ɡ-leeɡ kʷɯɯɡ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPrival state(s)LZ
    仇敵  qiú dí OC: ɡu ɡ-leeɡ MC: gɨu dek 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPenemy with whom one has a feud
    虜  lǔ OC: ɡ-raaʔ MC: luo̝ 1 Attribution

    Lǔ 虜 is originally a foreign enemy who deserves to be taken prisoner, but the term comes to be used quite generally for an enemy of the state in Han times.

      Syntactic words
    • nforeign enemy
    為怨  wéi yuàn OC: ɢʷal qons MC: ɦiɛ ʔi̯ɐn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtpost-.vt+N{OBJ}be on bad terms with N
    敵人  dí rén MC: dek nyin OC: ɡ-leeɡ njin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPenemyLZ
    私怨  sī yuàn OC: sil qons MC: si ʔi̯ɐn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtpost-.vt+N{OBJ}have a private feud with N
    讎人  chóu rén MC: dzyuw nyin OC: ɡju njin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPenemyLZ
    讎國  chóu guó OC: ɡju kʷɯɯɡ MC: dʑɨu kək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNenemy (state of X)
    敵者  dí zhě MC: dek tsyaeX OC: ɡ-leeɡ kljaʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpost-NN's enemyLZ
    讎敵  chóu dí MC: dzyuw dek OC: ɡju ɡ-leeɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPbitter enemyCH
    仇人  qiú rén OC: ɡu njin MC: gɨu ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPenemy
    慝  tè OC: nʰɯɯɡ MC: thək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npluralill-wishers>enemies??
    毒  dú OC: duuɡ MC: duok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nfigurativepoisonous enemy
    怨家  yuàn jiā OC: qons kraa MC: ʔi̯ɐn kɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPenemies; hostile clans
    冤家  yuān jiā OC: qon kraa MC: ʔi̯ɐn kɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPperson who feels he has suffered a serious injustice from one