DEFEND  保衛

SAFEGUARD so as to CAUSE NOT TO be DEFEATED WHEN ATTACKED OR ACCUSED.
PROTECTGUARDSAFEGUARDSECURESHIELDFORTIFYGARRISONBARRICADEUPHOLDSUPPORTWATCH OVER
Antonym
  • ATTACKTRY to DESTROY OR DAMAGE USING WARFARE OR FIGHT.
    Hypernym
    • SAFEGUARDHAVE AND CAUSE NOT TO BECOME DAMAGED.
      • HAVERELATION to something such that it BE-IN:is in one OR is CONTROLLED by one.
        • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER.
          • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE....
    Hyponym
    • RESCUE　To DEFEND someone so as to CAUSE him/her to ESCAPE.
      Old Chinese Criteria
      1. The standard general word for defending a community is wèi 衛 (ant. gōng 攻 "attack").

      2. The standard word for defending a place is shǒu 守 (ant. gōng 攻 "attack").

      3. Yù 禦 is to hinder attack effectively and successfully. See HINDER

      4. Fáng 防 refers to defending a concrete or abstract thing successfully.

      5. Hàn 扞 / 捍 is to try to resist an outside attack successfully.

      6. Bǎo 保 is to try to ensure the safety of one's place against a threat from outside.

      7. Shù 戍 put up a (not necessarily successful) military defense.

      8. Bèi 備 is to make defensive arrangements.

      9. Yù 豫 is to make defensive arrangements well ahead in time or in good time. [See also PREPARE][CA]

      10. Kàng 亢 typically refers to the mounting of a vigorous and energetic offensive defence against a violent attack.

      Modern Chinese Criteria
      保衛

      捍衛

      護衛

      衛護

      侍衛

      捍

      保

      衛

      防守

      守候

      守御

      防御

      捍御

      防衛

      守

      把守

      看守

      扼守

      鎮守

      守衛

      守留

      守護

      布防

      設防

      rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

      • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 20.44

      • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

        DEFEND [MIXED BAG!]

        prohibere is to keep at a distance and to prevent the approach of something.

        arcere is to bar the entry of something and to defend oneself against something.

        defendere is to guard systematically against possible recurrent attack or approach.

        DEFEND

        tueri refers to a defense against a danger which is only possible, as "protect".

        defendere refers to a defense against an actual attack, as the English "defend".

        EXPEL Schulz 112

        depellere is to defend oneself successfully against something by expelling it from where it already has made inroads.

        propulsare is to defend oneself by expelling something by violent means.

      • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 47

      • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 124

      • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 75 cf also 13

      • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 94

      • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 151B

      Words

      守  shǒu OC: qhjuʔ MC: ɕɨu 31 AttributionsWD

      The standard word for defending a place is shǒu 守 (ant. gōng 攻 "attack").

        Word relations
      • Result: 固/SAFE Gù 固 (ant.* sōng 鬆 "not right and impregnable") refers specifically to the provision of natural or military defenses against possible enemies.
      • Ant: 攻/ATTACK The generalword for any attack is gōng 攻 (ant. shǒu 守 "defend") which can be used in a general sense referring to all kinds of attack, although that word does also have the specific meaning of a pointed campaign against a certain locality. [GENERAL]
      • Epithet: 備/PROVIDE The current general word for preparing something or supplying something in good time is bèi 備, and what is thus supplied is typically part of some larger scheme.
      • Oppos: 爭/FIGHT The current general word for any form of conflict or competition is zhēng 爭 (ant. ràng 讓 "give polite precedence to"). However, the word specifically focusses on competition rather than physical violence.

        Syntactic words
      • nabactdefensive warfare, defense
      • vadNdefensive; guard- 守狗
      • viactundertake defensive tasks; be in charge of the defence of the state
      • vt(oN)defend the contextually determinate object
      • vtoNdefend; guard; protect
      • vtoNfigurativeact in defense and support of NCH
      • vtoNpassivebe effectively defended
      • vtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
      備  bèi OC: brɯɡs MC: bi 29 AttributionsWD

      Bèi 備 is to make defensive arrangements.

        Word relations
      • Conv: 患/DISASTER Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations.
      • Object: 不虞/DISASTER Bù yú 不虞 is normally a minor disaster that was utterly unexpected.
      • Object: 危/DANGER The current standard general word for real objective as well as perceived imminent danger is wēi 危 (ant. ān 安 "peace").
      • Contrast: 防/DEFEND Fáng 防 refers to defending a concrete or abstract thing successfully.
      • Assoc: 防/DEFEND Fáng 防 refers to defending a concrete or abstract thing successfully.

        Syntactic words
      • ndefensive/protective contraptions of any kind
      • nab.post-V{NUM}actdefensive preparations; necessary precautions, cautionary measures
      • vtoNguard against; guard properly against; prepare against, put up defences against
      • vtoNpassivebe guarded against
      • vtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
      捍  hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn
      扞  hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn 8 AttributionsWD

      Hàn 扞/捍 is to try to resist an outside attack successfully.

        Syntactic words
      • vadNdefensive
      • vtoNprotect against, fend off, ward off; defend somebody; guard
      殿  diàn OC: dɯɯns MC: den 8 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nagentrear guard
      • vt[oN]to defend the rear; guard the rear
      • vtoNserve as rear guard for
      • vtoNcausativeuse as rearguard
      屏  bǐng OC: peŋʔ MC: piɛŋ 5 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nscreen; protection
      • vtoNto screen; to protect; to safeguard; be a fence for
      防  fáng OC: baŋ MC: bi̯ɐŋ 5 AttributionsWD

      Fáng 防 refers to defending a concrete or abstract thing successfully.

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNguard against; put a stop to
      防  fáng OC: baŋ MC: bi̯ɐŋ 4 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNdike > protect; defend
      亢  kàng OC: khaaŋs MC: khɑŋ 3 AttributionsWD

      Kàng亢 typically refers to the mounting of a vigorous and energetic offensive defence against a violent attack.

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNto protect; to defend vigorously
      • vtoNreflexive.身defend (oneself)
      保  bǎo OC: puuʔ MC: pɑu 3 AttributionsWD

      Bǎo 保 is to try to ensure the safety of one's place against a threat from outside.

        Word relations
      • Assoc: 輔/HELP Zuǒ 佐, yòu 佑 (deriving their meaning from the position of aides near the ruler), and also fǔ 輔 refer to official assistance in a formal context.

        Syntactic words
      • vadNdefended> fortified
      • viactdefend oneself, make defensive arrangements
      • vt[oN]defend against enemiesLZ
      • vtoNdefend against enemies and keep secure
      屯  zhūn OC: tun MC: ʈʷin
      屯  tún OC: duun MC: duo̝n 3 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • viestablish a defensive military camp
      • vtoNN=placeencamp at to defend the place; establish a garrison at
      衛  wèi OC: ɢods MC: ɦiɛi 3 AttributionsWD

      The standard general word for defending a community is wèi 衛(ant. gōng 攻 "attack").

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNfend for and defend, take good professional care of (superiors); guard militarily
      • vtoNreflexive.自defend oneselfCH
      守備  shǒu bèi OC: qhjuʔ brɯɡs MC: ɕɨu bi 3 AttributionsWD

      Refers generally to various defensive arrangements of all sorts.

        Syntactic words
      • nabdefensive arrangements; protective preparations
      障塞  zhàng sāi OC: kjaŋs sɯɯɡ MC: tɕi̯ɐŋ sək 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPnonreferentialdefenses; blockages; impediments; defensive arrangements
      戍  shù OC: qhjos MC: ɕi̯o 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNdefend as a garrison
      營  yíng OC: ɢʷleŋ MC: jiɛŋ 1 AttributionWD

        Word relations
      • Assoc: 衛/DEFEND The standard general word for defending a community is wèi 衛(ant. gōng 攻 "attack").

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNdefend, protect (prototypically by surrounding and forming a defensive ring)
      監  jiān OC: kraam MC: kɣam 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNguard (a gate)
      表  biǎo OC: prawʔ MC: piɛu 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • nouter defense
      豫  yù OC: las MC: ji̯ɤ
      預  yù OC: las MC: ji̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD

      Yù 豫 is to make defensive arrangements well ahead in time or in good time. See also PREPARE

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNtake precautions against
      障  zhàng OC: kjaŋs MC: tɕi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
      守固  shǒu gù OC: qhjuʔ kaas MC: ɕɨu kuo̝ 1 AttributionWD

      Refers to effective defense.

        Syntactic words
      • VPiresultativeestablish defenses so as to make things secure
      守圉  shǒu yǔ OC: qhjuʔ ŋaʔ MC: ɕɨu ŋi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabactdefense
      守衛  shǒu wèi OC: qhjuʔ ɢods MC: ɕɨu ɦiɛi 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
      捍蔽  hàn bì OC: ɡaans peds MC: ɦɑn piɛi 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabactdefense
      警守  jǐng shǒu OC: kreŋʔ qhjuʔ MC: kɣaŋ ɕɨu 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPiactmake cautious defensive preparations
      防禦  fáng yù OC: baŋ ŋaʔ MC: bi̯ɐŋ ŋi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNdefend (something) in every way
      • VPtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
      營衛  yíng wèi MC: yweng -- OC: ɢʷleŋ ɢodsCH 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPdefensive guard, garrisonCH
      禦  yù OC: ŋaʔ MC: ŋi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD

      Yù 禦 is to hinder attack effectively and successfully. See HINDER

        Syntactic words
      閑  xián OC: ɢreen MC: ɦɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nsubject=humanprotector (GULIANG) ????
      • vtoNto protect (MENG)
      門  mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • viactdefend the gate
        Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPdefensive guard, garrisonCH

      Existing SW for

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