CRIME    罪過罪／過

WICKED ACT OFFENDING INTENSELY against an IMPORTANT LAW.
OFFENSEUNLAWFUL ACTILLEGAL ACTFELONYMISDEMEANORMISDEEDWRONGNO-NO
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution"). 2. Yóu 尤 refers generally to morally disreputable behaviour. 3. Jiù 咎 (ant. láo 勞 "obtain merits") refers to an action for which one deserves blame. 4. Dào 盜 (ant.* dé 德 "virtue") refers to morally and legally outrageous behaviour. 5. Yuè 越 can come to refer to a failure to keep within the boundaries set by one's social status or office. 6. Gū 辜 (ant. xún 勛 "significant contribution") is an archaising word referring to serious crimes at an early stage, but later commonly used (mostly in negated form) to refer to any crime. 7. Tè 忒, qiān 愆, and shěng 眚 refer to a minor but culpable error. 8. Qiān 愆 refers to a minor mistake in procedure.
Modern Chinese Criteria
罪行 罪名 罪過 過犯 罪 辜 孽 罪孽 罪惡 罪戾 滔天大罪 彌天大罪 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • CHEAT　CRIME of CAUSING OTHERS TO BELIEVE to be TRUE what one KNOWS is NOT TRUE AND TYPICALLY to CAUSE THEM THEREFORE TO SUFFER DAMAGE. (anc: 13/0, child: 2)
  • SINnew-f0595941-4dc4-4cbb-9959-414dc49cbba3　VICE OR CRIME OFFENDING AGAINST DEITIES. (anc: 13/0, child: 2)
Antonym
  • CORRECTAPPROPRIATE so as to FIT the FACTS or the PRINCIPLES PERFECTLY.
See also
  • GUILTRESPONSIBILITY FOR ONE'S AVOIDABLE PAST BAD ACT. 
  • WICKEDMORALLY BAD.
  • WICKEDMORALLY BAD.
  • MISTAKENEGLECT something and ACT so as to FAIL to ACHIEVE one's INTENTION.
  • LAWGROUP of ENDURING PUBLIC COMMANDS SHOULD:obligatory FOR ALL MEMBERS of a STATE.
  • CHEATCRIME of CAUSING OTHERS TO BELIEVE to be TRUE what one KNOWS is NOT TRUE AND TYPICALLY to CAUSE THEM THEREFORE TO SUFFER DAMAGE.
Hypernym
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • CHANGE　EVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2. (anc: 9/0, child: 18)
  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 88

    299. In textu Pantinus fortasse legebat totque, aut totidem et, pro quo varia lectio assignatur totidemque. [AREV.]

    ]

    299. Inter Iniquitatem et peccatum sic distare dicit Ambrosius, quod iniquitas ad mentis acerbitatem refertur, peccatum vero ad prolapsionem corporis. Praecedit igitur iniquitas, peccatum sequitur. Sed gravior est iniquitas, tanquam materia peccatorum, in cujus comparatione levius est peccatum. Item peccatum est quod admittitur; piaculum autem id quod admissum est, et id quod expiatur admissum. Iniquitatis [col. 41B] autem tres sunt differentiae: 40 suggestionis, delectationis, et consensus. Inter iniquitates et peccata sanctus Hieronymus hanc differentiam facit: iniquitates dicimus quae ante susceptam fidem, sive per ignorantiam, sive per scientiam committuntur. Peccata vero, quae post cognitionem fidei, vel gratiam baptismatis contrahuntur; totidemque et peccata, verbi, operis et consensionis.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    TRANSGRESSION

    delictum refers to a relatively light offense against punitive laws.

    peccatum refers to a transgression of natural rules of reason or morality.

    malefactum refers to any deed that one should not have done.

    maleficium refers to any misdeed that springs from an evil intention.

    facinus is a major daring misdeed which springs from wickedness of nature.

    flagitium is a flagrant breach of the norms of honourable behaviour that one has set for oneself, e.g. through gluttony, cowardice, licentiousness.

    scelus is a fragrant offence against society through malice.

    nefas refers to sacrilege against what is holy to the gods or ordained by the gods.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 87

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    CRIMEN

    SCELUS

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 88

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 11.58

    VERBRECHEN

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.283.241

    FAUTE.CRIME.PECHE.DELIT.FORFAIT

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 31

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 145A

    • Words (35 items)

    罪  zuì OC: sbuulʔ MC: dzuo̝i 63 Attributions

    The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 惡/WICKED The most current and general word for wickedness is probably è 惡 (ant. shàn 善 "good"), but it must be noted that in early texts the word is more current in the meaning of physical ugliness.
    • Ant: 功/MERIT The current general word for achievements of any kind is gōng 功.
    • Object: 免/PARDON Miǎn 免 refers to an administrative act allowing a culprit to avoid being punished for his crime.
    • Object: 赦/PARDON Shè 赦 (ant. zuì 罪 "hold criminally responsible") refers specifically and technically to the legal act of pardoning a convicted culprit.
    • Contrast: 失/MISTAKE The most current general word for a mistake is probably shī 失 (ant. dé 得 "get things right") refers generally to an inadvertent mistake in action, and normally of minor kind.
    • Contrast: 惡/WICKED The most current and general word for wickedness is probably è 惡 (ant. shàn 善 "good"), but it must be noted that in early texts the word is more current in the meaning of physical ugliness.
    • Assoc: 過/MISTAKE
    • Assoc: 過/CRIME The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-Ncrime or fault of NCH
    • nab.post-V{NUM}crime
    • nab[.post-N]one'sown crime/guilt
    • nabactcriminal offence, deliberate illegal act; punishable crime; grave fault
    • nabsocialinjustice (also from superiors!)CH
    • vadVby criminal meansCH
    • vibe criminal; be a criminal offence
    • viactcommit a crime
    • vt+prep+Ncommit a crime against (Heaven etc)
    • vt+V/Ncommit a crime sanctioned with V/N (cf: 有罪當刖)DS
    • vtoNcommit (a crime)
    咎  jiù OC: ɡlɯwʔ MC: gɨu 17 Attributions

    Jiù 咎 (ant. láo 勞 "obtain merits") refers to an action for which one deserves blame.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactfault, moral responsibility for an unfortunate state of affairs
    過  guò OC: klools MC: kʷɑ 9 Attributions

    The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 惡/WICKED The most current and general word for wickedness is probably è 惡 (ant. shàn 善 "good"), but it must be noted that in early texts the word is more current in the meaning of physical ugliness.
    • Contrast: 失/MISTAKE The most current general word for a mistake is probably shī 失 (ant. dé 得 "get things right") refers generally to an inadvertent mistake in action, and normally of minor kind.
    • Contrast: 惡/WICKED The most current and general word for wickedness is probably è 惡 (ant. shàn 善 "good"), but it must be noted that in early texts the word is more current in the meaning of physical ugliness.
    • Contrast: 辜/CRIME Gū 辜 (ant. xún 勛 "significant contribution") is an archaising word referring to serious crimes at an early stage, but later commonly used (mostly in negated form) to refer to any crime.
    • Assoc: 罪/CRIME The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

      Syntactic words
    • nabcrimeCH
    • nab.post-V{NUM}actcrime
    • viactcommit an offense, make a mistake
    辜  gū OC: kaa MC: kuo̝ 8 Attributions

    Gū 辜 (ant. xún 勛 "significant contribution") is an archaising word referring to serious crimes at an early stage, but later commonly used (mostly in negated form) to refer to any crime.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 不/NOT
    • Contrast: 過/CRIME The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactoriginally: severe crime, severe guilt; later, generally: crime, guilt
    • vibe guilty of a severe crime
    不孝  bù xiào OC: pɯʔ qhruus MC: pi̯ut hɣɛu 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]unfilial act; crime of unfilial behaviour
    • VP[adN]N=humansomeone guilty of the crime of failing to practice filial pietyCH
    • VPiactcommit an act of lack of filial piety
    戾  lì OC: rɯɯds MC: lei 7 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 功/ACHIEVE Gōng 功 refers to the achievement of something regarded as important to others. See MERIT. [ALTRUISTIC], [IMPORTANT]; [NOUN]

      Syntactic words
    • nabacttransgression; crime; mistake
    死  sǐ OC: pliʔ MC: si 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabcrime deserving deathDS
    • nab.post-V{NUM}mortal crime
    • nab{PRED}be a matter of death, be cases of the death penaltyCH
    • vadNdeserving of the death penalty
    不法  bù fǎ OC: pɯʔ pab MC: pi̯ut pi̯ɐp 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]those who violate the law
    • NPab{vt{NEG}+V(.adN)}actillegal act
    死罪  sǐ zuì OC: pliʔ sbuulʔ MC: si dzuo̝i 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactcrime deserving death
    罪人  zuì rén OC: sbuulʔ njin MC: dzuo̝i ȵin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcriminal
    忒  tè OC: lʰɯɯɡ MC: thək 4 Attributions

    Tè 忒, qiān 愆, and shěng 眚 refer to a minor but culpable error.

      Syntactic words
    • nabacttransgression, error
    • vibe bad
    • viactSHI 256: err (as Heaven and Earth in meting out punishments); YI: deviate (as sun and moon from their proper course; sun: make a military mistake (in action)
    罪過  zuì guò OC: sbuulʔ klools MC: dzuo̝i kʷɑ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{N1&N2}actmisdemeanour
    越  yuè OC: ɢʷad MC: ɦi̯ɐt 3 Attributions

    Yuè 越 can come to refer to a failure to keep within the boundaries set by one's social status or office.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtransgress, go beyond (one's official duties zhí 職)
    愆  qiān OC: khran MC: khiɛn 3 Attributions

    Qiān 愆 refers to a minor mistake in procedure.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}actundue delay, (minor but culpable) mistake, fault, minor offence; mistaken procedure
    眚  shěng OC: sraaŋʔ MC: ʂɣaŋ 3 Attributions

    Tè 忒, qiān 愆, and shěng 眚 refer to a minor but culpable error.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactinadvertency, blunder; minor crime
    辠  zuì MC: -- OC: sbuulʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nab=罪　crime; guiltCH
    非法  fēi fǎ OC: pɯl pab MC: pɨi pi̯ɐp 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabcrime
    • VPibe not good as law; contravene (traditional) law
    不典  bù diǎn OC: pɯʔ tɯɯnʔ MC: pi̯ut ten 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactarchaic: crime
    過惡  guò è OC: klools qaaɡ MC: kʷɑ ʔɑk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabdispositionvice
    尤  yóu OC: ɢʷɯ MC: ɦɨu 2 Attributions

    Yóu 尤 refers generally to morally disreputable behaviour.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactbehaviour that is to be condemned, morally unacceptable behaviour
    惡  è OC: qaaɡ MC: ʔɑk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactbad mistake, crime
    過罪  guò zuì OC: klools sbuulʔ MC: kʷɑ dzuo̝i 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactcrime
    • VPiactcommit a crime
    逾閑  yú xián OC: lo ɢreen MC: ji̯o ɦɣɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPitransgress the norms
    姦宄  jiān guǐ OC: kraan kʷruʔ MC: kɣan ki 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]generic, pluralcriminals of various kindsDS
    • NPabactcriminal behaviour
    罪尤  zuì yóu OC: sbuulʔ ɢʷɯ MC: dzuo̝i ɦɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturecrime or guilt
    刑  xíng OC: ɡeeŋ MC: ɦeŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabactcrime
    過失  guò shī OC: klools lʰiɡ MC: kʷɑ ɕit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabact(minor) crime, offence
    名  míng OC: meŋ MC: miɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabsocialoccasionally used specifically to refer to the bad name one gets because one is addused of a crime: bad name
    否  fǒu OC: pɯʔ MC: pɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viactcommit a transgression, do something wrong
    大辟  dà bì OC: daads peɡ MC: dɑi piɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactcrime deserving of capital punishment, capital crime
    犯禁  fàn jìn MC: bjomX kimH OC: bomʔ krɯms 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]offender against prohibitionsCH
    大刑  dà xíng OC: daads ɡeeŋ MC: dɑi ɦeŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactcapital crime
    戕敗  qiāng bài OC: sɡaŋ praads MC: dzi̯ɐŋ pɣɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNgiven to injuring and ruining others
    爽  shuǎng OC: sraŋʔ MC: ʂi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactGUOYU: inadvertent mistake (in words)
    盜  dào OC: daaws MC: dɑu 0 Attributions

    Dào 盜 (ant.* dé 德 "virtue") refers to morally and legally outrageous behaviour.

      Syntactic words