LIVE    生活生

EXIST AND USE FOOD.
ALIVELIFELIVINGLIVEBREATHINGVITALFUNCTIONINGANIMATESENTIENTEXISTINGINFORMAL ALIVE AND KICKINGIN THE LAND OF THE LIVINGAMONG THE LIVINGEXISTBE ALIVEBEHAVE LIFEBREATHEDRAW BREATHWALK THE EARTH
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current standard word for being alive is shēng 生 (ant. sǐ 死 "be dead"). 2. Cún 存 (ant. wáng 亡 ) and zài 在 (ant. mò 沒 / 歿 "go under") refer to continuing in the state of being alive, but the word also refers to continued existence in general. 3. Huó 活 (ant. sǐ 死 ) specifically refers to the state of being alive when one might have been dead, and strongly connotes not only a failure to die but also the continued existence of life energy. 4. Mìng 命 refers specifically to one's life-span and not to the content of one's life that might be described in a biography. 5. Shēn 身 comes to refer to the life one conducts as in xíng shēn 行身 "conduct one's life" (Greek bios), and, and to one's lifespan as in zhōng shēn 終身 "all one's life". 6. Shòu 壽 (yāo 夭 "short life ended by an unnaturally early death") refers specifically to a lifespan as long as it naturally can be and should be.
Modern Chinese Criteria
生活 過活 過日子 吃飯 起居 活蹦亂跳 飲食起居 衣食住行 安身立命 安家立業 謀生 營生 治生 求生 為生 討生活 圖存 糊口 度命 事畜 仰事俯畜 養生送死 生活 日子 光陰 光景 狗命 生命 性命 命 活命 人命 民命 身 生 生死 存亡 死活 人天 陰陽 幽明 生死存亡 生老病死 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • GROW　LIVE so as to INCREASE in SIZE. (anc: 8/0, child: 1)
  • AFTERLIFE　LIFE AFTER DIE>DEATH. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • DIESTOP LIVING.
See also
  • LIFEPERIOD DURING WHICH ONE LIVES
Hypernym
  • EXIST　BE-IN the UNIVERSE of SPACE AND TIME. (anc: 6/0, child: 5)
  • BE IN　RELATION between a THING AND what that THING FILLS OR PART:partially FILLS. (anc: 5/0, child: 7)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 4.74

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    ALIVE

    vivus refers to a living being being alive rather than dead.

    animans refers to a living being being animate rather than inanimate.

    VITA

    vita refers to the duration of life as such, and in particular the public life.

    salus refers to the safety of life.

    victus refers to the private life of a man.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    VITA

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 79

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. II.275

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.1889

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 5.52

  • 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究 ( WANG WEIHUI 2000) p. 302

  • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 108

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.124

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.123

    • Words (58 items)

    生  shēng OC: sraaŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ 119 Attributions

    The current standard word for being alive is shēng 生 (ant. sǐ 死 "be dead").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 死/DIE The dominant general word is sǐ 死 (ant. shēng 生"be alive"), and this can refer to the death of plants as well as animals or men.
    • Ant: 殺 / 煞/KILL The overwhelmingly dominant term referring to any form of taking the life of anything is shā 殺.
    • Epithet: 長/ENDURING Cháng 長 (ant. duǎn 短 "of short duration") expresses bounded enduringness with a definite final point being typically imagined, although in cháng shēng 長生 the word refers to an unending long life.
    • Contrast: 存/LIVE Cún 存 (ant. wáng 亡) and zài 在 (ant. mò 沒/歿 "go under") refer to continuing in the state of being alive, but the word also refers to continued existence in general.
    • Contrast: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Contrast: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • nab[.post-N]featureone's state of being alive; one's life; one's survival; sometimes even: livelihood 治生 "look after one's livelihood"
    • nabcausativeletting liveLZ
    • nabfeature=vitalityvitality; living quality
    • nabpsychlife, way of life, conditions of life
    • nabtimelifespan, the stretch of time one is alive 長生
    • v[adN]pluralthe living, those who are alive; living creatures
    • vadNalive, live; living; occurring during one's lifetime
    • vadVstativein a living state, while alive; sometimes the reference is to the object: while still alive 生燒人
    • vadVwhole lifeall one's life
    • viconativetry to survive
    • vicontinuousbe alive; remain alive
    • viinchoativestart to live, come to life, waken
    • vt prep Nlive in (place N)LZ
    • vt+prep+Nlive in (times N)
    • vtoNcausativebe left alive; be made to survive
    • vtoNcausativegive life
    • vtoNcausativecause to be a living creature; cause to survive; cause to have a good life
    • vtoNcontinuouslive in a place 生世上
    命  mìng OC: mɢreŋs MC: mɣaŋ 37 Attributions

    Mìng 命 refers specifically to one's life-span and not to the content of one's life that might be described in a biography.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 短/SHORT The current general term for shortness is duǎn 短 (ant. cháng 長 "long").

      Syntactic words
    • nab(post-N)lifeCH
    • nab.post-Nderivedcontinuing existence, lifeCH
    • nabreflexivemy life, one's life
    • nabstativestate of being alive, one's aliveness
    • nabtimeallotted lifespan; life
    身  shēn OC: qhjin MC: ɕin 24 Attributions

    Shēn 身 comes to refer to the life one conducts as in 行身 "conduct one's life" (Greek bios), and one's lifespan in certain idiomatic contexts, as in zhōng shēn 終身 "all one's life".

      Syntactic words
    • nab(post-N)the life of the contextually determinate N
    • nab.post-Nlife-time; personal survival; one's life as an individual (as someting one might lose, or which might be endangered)
    • vtoNenact??
    活  huó OC: ɡood MC: ɦʷɑt 20 Attributions

    Huó 活 (ant. sǐ 死) specifically refers to the state of being alive when one might have been dead, and strongly connotes not only a failure to die but also the continued existence of life energy.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 死/DIE The dominant general word is sǐ 死 (ant. shēng 生"be alive"), and this can refer to the death of plants as well as animals or men.
    • Ant: 殺 / 煞/KILL The overwhelmingly dominant term referring to any form of taking the life of anything is shā 殺.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNliving
    • vadV(bury) alive
    • viremain alive; save one's life
    • viinchoativecome to lifeDS
    • vtoNcausativeallow to remain alive; cause to survive
    • vtoNcausativekeep (oneself) alive
    • vtoNcausative.passivebe caused to survive
    • vtoNcausative.reflex.自cause (oneself) to survive
    在  zài OC: sɡɯɯʔ MC: dzəi 15 Attributions

    Cún 存 (ant. wáng 亡) and zài 在 (ant. mò 沒/歿 "go under") refer to continuing in the state of being alive, but the word also refers to continued existence in general.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 沒 / 歿/DIE Mò 沒/歿 (ant. cún 存 "survive") and zhōng 終are abstract elevated, polite words to use about the death of a significant person.

      Syntactic words
    • viremain alive, survive; be alive
    生死  shēng sǐ OC: sraaŋ pliʔ MC: ʂɣaŋ si 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPablife BUDDH: the cycle of life and death; SANSKRIT Saṃsāra
    • NPabbuddhistthe cycle of death and rebirth
    身命  shēn mìng OC: qhjin mɢreŋs MC: ɕin mɣaŋ 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturelife; physical life on this earth; human lives; one's own life
    死生  sǐ shēng OC: pliʔ sraaŋ MC: si ʂɣaŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabadditivelife and deathCH
    • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}life on earth; one's dying or staying alive
    • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}featuresurvivability (of a terrain)
    壽  shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 5 Attributions

    Shòu 壽 (yāo 夭 "short life ended by an unnaturally early death") refers specifically to a lifespan as long as it naturally can be and should be.

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • nabtimelifetime, span of life (long OR short)
    • vt+.V{NUM}adNreach the NUM age; live until NUM yearsDS
    人命  rén mìng OC: njin mɢreŋs MC: ȵin mɣaŋ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturefated life of men, human life
    存  cún OC: sɡɯɯn MC: dzuo̝n 4 Attributions

    Cún 存 (ant. wáng 亡) and zài 在 (ant. mò 沒/歿 "go under") refer to continuing in the state of being alive, but the word also refers to continued existence in general.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 生/LIVE The current standard word for being alive is shēng 生 (ant. sǐ 死 "be dead").

      Syntactic words
    • vibe alive
    壽命  shòu mìng OC: djuʔ mɢreŋs MC: dʑɨu mɣaŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPprocesslife
    世  shì OC: lʰebs MC: ɕiɛi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nlife; lifetime 沒世"to the end of his life"
    死命  sǐ mìng OC: pliʔ mɢreŋs MC: si mɣaŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabprocessthe destiny of death [not in DCD]
    性命  xìng mìng OC: seŋs mɢreŋs MC: siɛŋ mɣaŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabtimelife
    人身  rén shēn OC: njin qhjin MC: ȵin ɕin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativeBUDDH: incarnation as a human being; human life
    自活  zì huó OC: sblids ɡood MC: dzi ɦʷɑt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPpost-Vearn a living by V-ing
    自生  zì shēng OC: sblids sraaŋ MC: dzi ʂɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPisurvive
    偷生  tōu shēng MC: thuw sraeng OC: lʰoo sraaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPito muddle alongLZ
    一世  yī shì OC: qliɡ lʰebs MC: ʔit ɕiɛi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab[post-N]one's whole life
    • NPab{PRED}the whole life is overDS
    有命  yǒu mìng OC: ɢʷɯʔ mɢreŋs MC: ɦɨu mɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]living creatures
    • VPadNendowed with life, living (creatures)
    免  miǎn OC: mronʔ MC: miɛn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viprocessavoid disastrous premature death; survive; get to survive;
    住世  zhù shì OC: dos lʰebs MC: ɖi̯o ɕiɛi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactdwell in this world> remain alive
    在日  zài rì OC: sɡɯɯʔ mljiɡ MC: dzəi ȵit 2 Attributions
    • () p. 1166b

      This expression seems to be quite late and the ZTJ might be one of the earliest sources for it (HYDCD cites the earliest examples from texts dating from the Qing period)

      Syntactic words
    • VPiprocessto be alive, to live
    人生  rén shēng OC: njin sraaŋ MC: ȵin ʂɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabprocesshuman life
    生命  shēng mìng OC: sraaŋ mɢreŋs MC: ʂɣaŋ mɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativelife
    久視  jiǔ shì MC: kjuwX dzyijH OC: klɯʔ ɡljils 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • VPiidiomto live a long lifeLZ
    生存  shēng cún OC: sraaŋ sɡɯɯn MC: ʂɣaŋ dzuo̝n 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe alive
    生平  shēng píng MC: sraeng bjaeng OC: sraaŋ breŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab.adNliving; being of the time when sb. was alive DS
    長生  cháng shēng MC: drjang sraeng OC: ɡrlaŋ sraaŋ 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • VPito live a long lifeLZ
    遺  yí OC: k-lul MC: ji 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • visurvive
    故世  gù shì OC: kaas lʰebs MC: kuo̝ ɕiɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabprocessformer life; life in a former existence
    寄生  jì shēng OC: krals sraaŋ MC: kiɛ ʂɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNliving as dependent on the support/tolerance of others
    陽  yáng OC: k-laŋ MC: ji̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viprocesscome to life; live
    軀命  qū mìng OC: kho mɢreŋs MC: khi̯o mɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativehuman life
    治生  zhì shēng OC: rlils sraaŋ MC: ɖi ʂɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake a living; earn a living; earn money
    含生  hán shēng MC: hom sraeng OC: ɡlɯɯm sraaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]living creaturesCH
    舉火  jǔ huǒ MC: kjoX xwaX  OC: klaʔ qphaalʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPicontinuativemake a livingCH
    活計  huó jì OC: ɡood kiis MC: ɦʷɑt kei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactlife as something provided for by one's activities; life as conducted (Greek: bios rather than the zoological zooee)
    年壽  nián shòu MC: nen dzyuwX OC: niin djuʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabtimelifespanCH
    住  zhù OC: tos MC: ʈi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe alive
    長生久視  cháng shēng jiǔ shì MC: drjang sraeng kjuwX dzyijH OC: ɡrlaŋ sraaŋ klɯʔ ɡljils 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiidiomto live a long lifeLZ
    居  jū OC: ka MC: ki̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]N=humanalive person
    度  dù OC: ɡ-laaɡs MC: duo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]pass through one's life
    有  yǒu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi N{SUBJ}exist as a living being, liveCH
    全身  quán shēn MC: dzjwen syin OC: sɡon qhjin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPipreserve one's life; surviveCH
    一生已來  yī shēng yǐ lái OC: qliɡ sraaŋ k-lɯʔ m-rɯɯ MC: ʔit ʂɣaŋ jɨ ləi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVone's whole life
    祿  lù OC: b-rooɡ MC: luk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nfigurativelife
    生乎  shēng hū MC: sraeng hu OC: sraaŋ ɢaa 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVwhile aliveLZ
    今生  jīn shēng OC: krɯm sraaŋ MC: kim ʂɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVin this life
    視  shì OC: ɡljils MC: dʑi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabprocesstime to enjoy life, enjoyment of life??? Cf. Greek blepein.
    軀  qū OC: kho MC: khi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactrarely, in certain idiomatic contexts life (as something one may lose or forfeit)
    處世  chù shì OC: qhljas lʰebs MC: tɕhi̯ɤ ɕiɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactconduct of life
    • VPiactconduct one's life
    餘  yú OC: la MC: ji̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNsurviving
    為身  wéi shēn OC: ɢʷal qhjin MC: ɦiɛ ɕin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactconduct one's life
    五邪命  wǔ xié mìng OC: ŋaaʔ sɢlja mɢreŋs MC: ŋuo̝ zɣɛ mɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactBUDDH: "The five improper ways of gain or livelihood for a monk, i. e. (1) changing his appearance, e. g. theatrically; (2) advertising his own powers and virtue; (3) fortuning by physiognomy, etc.; (4) hectoring and bullying; (5) praising the generosity of another to induce the hearer to bestow presents." (SOOTHILL: 128)
    邪命  xié mìng OC: sɢlja mɢreŋs MC: zɣɛ mɣaŋ 0 Attributions
    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 612d, 613a

    • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p. 246

      Heterodox or improper ways of obtaining a living on the part of a monk, e. g. by doing work with his hands, by astrology, his wits, flattery, magic, etc. Begging, or seeking alms, was the orthodox way of obtaining a living.

      Syntactic words
    • NPadVBUDDH: through heterodox means of living (often concretely refering to receiving food in an improper way (e.g. by means of work) instead of mendinancy 乞食) (see also 五邪命) (ant. of zhèngmìng 正命); skr. mithyā-ājiva; also 邪命活 pali micchājivena jīvikaṃ kappenti
    平生  píng shēng OC: breŋ sraaŋ MC: bɣaŋ ʂɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVthroughout one's life