PURE    純潔純

EXCELLENT BECAUSE LACKING DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES.
UNADULTERATEDUNCONTAMINATEDUNMIXEDUNDILUTEDUNALLOYEDUNBLENDEDSTERLINGSOLIDREFINEDONE HUNDRED PERCENTCLARIFIEDCLEARFILTEREDFLAWLESSPERFECTGENUINEREAL
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard general term for purity is chún 純 (ant. zá 雜 "mixed"). 2. Sù 素 (ant. huá 華 "well-adorned") adds to the notion of purity that of the unadulaterated original state of something. 3. Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent. 4. Jìng 淨 (ant. wū 污 "impure") emphasises the unsullied state of something and the absence specifically of dirt. 5. Chè 澈 (ant. hún 渾 "murky") focusses on perfect transparency. 6. Jié 潔 / 絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refer abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish. 7. Chún 醇 (bó 駁 "mixed") refers specifically to the undiluted state of wine but the word is also used in generalised senses of purity.
Modern Chinese Criteria
純潔 高潔 聖潔 天真 清白 一清二白 一塵不染 纖塵不染 冰清玉潔 玉潔冰清 白璧無瑕 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • DIRTYCONTAIN DUST OR HAVE DUST, TYPICALLY on the SURFACE.
  • MIXEDINTENSELY TOGETHER AND DIFFICULT to SEPARATE.
See also
  • CLEANLACK DIRT OR NOT CONTAIN DIRT, TYPICALLY on the SURFACE.
Hypernym
  • EXCELLENT　FEATURE BECAUSE of which SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS OR SHOULD BE PREFERRED to OTHERS (anc: 4/0, child: 11)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    PURE

    purus refers to uncontaminated purity in general.

    merus refers to purity as the quality of anything unmixed, either with praise or neutrally.

    meracus refers specifically to unmixed wine, and, figuratively and negatively, to anything that should be mixed but is unmixed.

    putus or purus ac putus is the technical term for the purity of gold.

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 282

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 348

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.2238

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 8.531

    REIN, REINHEIT

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 15

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 18

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 218

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. no. 14/5

    • Words (38 items)

    清  qīng OC: tsheŋ MC: tshiɛŋ 32 Attributions

    Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 濁/DIRTY Zhuó 濁 (ant. qīng 清 "clear and pure") typically refers to physical states of dirtiness, but there are occasional usages like zhuó lì 濁吏 "morally impure official".
    • Epithet: 節/DECENT The current word in general use is jié 節 (ant. yín 淫 "unrestrained") which refers primarily to decency in behaviour.
    • Assoc: 潔 / 絜 / 潔絜洁/PURE Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.
    • Assoc: 潔 / 絜 / 潔絜洁/PURE Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.
    • Synon: 淨/PURE Jìng 淨 (ant. wū 污"impure") emphasises the unsullied state of something and the absence specifically of dirt.
    • Oppos: 濁/DIRTY Zhuó 濁 (ant. qīng 清 "clear and pure") typically refers to physical states of dirtiness, but there are occasional usages like zhuó lì 濁吏 "morally impure official".

      Syntactic words
    • nabactpurity of mind; moral impeccability
    • nabfeaturetranslucency
    • nabstativepurity of tones
    • nsubjectsomething pure
    • v[adN]those who are morally pure
    • vadNpure (tones) (often figurative)
    • vadNfigurativemorally pure, pure in character; etherealCH
    • vibe translucent and physically pure, without admixtures
    • vichangebecome clear and translucent
    • vichangebecome unsoiled (by contact with the world)
    • vifigurativebe morally pure, be pure
    • vifigurativebe aesthetically exquisite and undilutedCH
    • vtoNcausativepurify (oneself)
    淨  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 27 Attributions

    Jìng 淨 (ant. wū 污"impure") emphasises the unsullied state of something and the absence specifically of dirt.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 潔 / 絜 / 潔絜洁/PURE Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.
    • Synon: 清/PURE Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent.
    • Oppos: 穢/DIRTY Huì 穢 can refer to physical dirt, but the word is also used abstractly to refer to what is vulgar and morally distasteful.

      Syntactic words
    • nabconceptthe very concept of purity
    • nabpsychpurity (of mind), inner purity
    • vadNfeaturepure; clear
    • vadVfigurativewith impeccable (Buddhist) moral purity of mind
    • vibe clean, pure
    • vtoN.adVcausativeto V purifying the N; to V with a pure N
    • vtoNcausativepurify
    • vtoNcausativepurify one's own N
    清淨  qīng jìng OC: tsheŋ skhreeŋ MC: tshiɛŋ dziɛŋ 26 Attributions

    qīngjìng

      Syntactic words
    • NPabBUDDH ?? purity
    • VPadNBUDDH ??pure; skr. vyavadāna; pali vodāna
    • VPibe clean
    • VPifigurativeBUDDH ??be morally pure; skr. vyavadāna; pali vodāna
    潔  jié OC: keed MC: ket
    絜  jié OC: keed MC: ket
    潔絜洁  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 21 Attributions

    Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 污/DIRTY The current general word for uncleanness and dirt, both concrete and abstract, is wū 污/汙 (ant. jié 潔 "clean").
    • Assoc: 白/WHITE The dominant word for whiteness is bái 白 (ant. hēi 黑 "black").
    • Assoc: 清/PURE Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent.
    • Assoc: 精 / 菁/EXCELLENT Jīng 精 (of general application) (ant. cū 粗 "of only rough quality") and ruì 銳(typically applied to military prowess) (ant. dùn 鈍 "of lesser quality") refer to above-average performance without suggestion individual excellence.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNpure
    • vibe unsullied, without blemish; clean
    • vifigurativemorally pure
    • vtoNcausativepurify
    • vtoNcausativepurify (oneself)
    • vtoNcausativepurify (oneself)
    無漏  wú lòu OC: ma roos MC: mi̯o lu 8 Attributions

    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 5128

    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 1351d

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: purity (i.e. the absence of passions and delusions) freedom from biases
    • VPadNbuddhistBUDDH: without outflows > untainted, pure, without bias; without contamination (i.e. the absence of passions and delusions) (ant. of yǒulòu 有漏); skr. anāsrava, nirmala, nirāsvara
    • VPibuddhistBUDDH: be without outflows > be untainted, pure, without contamination (i.e. the absence of passions and delusions) (ant. of yǒulòu 有漏); skr. anāsrava, nirmala, nirāsvara
    純  chún OC: djun MC: dʑʷin 8 Attributions

    The standard general term for purity is chún 純 (ant. zá 雜 "mixed").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 駁/MIXED Bó 駁 sometimes refers figurativelyj to something as having varying and not properly constant features.
    • Ant: 駁/COLOURFUL Bó 駁 (ant. chún 純 "pure") refers to distinct variety in colour as a positive feature. But see also MIXED.
    • Assoc: 一/UNITE The standard word for the unification of what is disunited is yī 一 (ant. fēn 分 "divide").
    • Assoc: 樸 / 樸/SIMPLE The current word for unadorned simplicity is pǔ 樸 (ant. lì 麗 "beautifully patterned").
    • Assoc: 潔 / 絜 / 潔絜洁/PURE Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.
    • Assoc: 誠/EARNEST The current standard word for earnestness in attitude and earnest effort in practice is chéng 誠 (ant.* màn 慢 "negligent").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactmoral purity
    • v[adN]figurativethose who are pure; the pure
    • vadNfigurativewithout blemish
    • vadVin an unadulterated way, purely
    • vifigurativeunadulterated; pure, be without blemish
    • vifigurativebe all pure
    • vtoNdeclarativedeclare to be morally pure
    醇  chún OC: djun MC: dʑʷin 7 Attributions

    Chún 醇 (bó 駁 "mixed") refers specifically to the undiluted state of wine but the word is also used in generalised senses of purity.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]what is pureCH
    • vadNpure; of wine: full-bodiedCH
    • viactact with moral purity???
    • vifigurativebe pristine; be straightforward and not artful
    • vifigurativebe morally pure
    潔白  jié bái OC: keed braaɡ MC: ket bɣɛk 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturepurity
    • VPiactmaintain purity
    清濁  qīng zhuó OC: tsheŋ rdooɡ MC: tshiɛŋ ɖɣɔk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}featurerelative purity
    清白  qīng bái OC: tsheŋ braaɡ MC: tshiɛŋ bɣɛk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturemoral purity
    • VP[adN]the morally pure peopleCH
    淳  chún OC: djun MC: dʑʷin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNpure
    • vipure, simple, honest
    • vtoNcausativepurify (in a figurative sense)
    澄  chéng OC: dɯŋ MC: ɖɨŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpurity
    • vadNunsullied, unruffled, clear, limpidCH
    • vipure
    • vtoNpurifyCH
    粹  cuì OC: squds MC: si 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfigurativeunadulterated purityCH
    • vipure and unadulterated
    精潔  jīng jié OC: tseŋ keed MC: tsiɛŋ ket
    精絜  jīng jié OC: tseŋ keed MC: tsiɛŋ ket 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychmoral purity
    • VPadNfigurativemorally pure
    • VPibe morally completely undefiled
    純粹  chún cuì OC: djun squds MC: dʑʷin si 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPifigurativepure, undiluted; immaculate
    淨心  jìng xīn OC: skhreeŋ slɯm MC: dziɛŋ sim 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVwith a moral purity purity of heart
    涓涓  juān juān OC: kʷleen kʷleen MC: ken ken 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNall purified and cleansed
    • VPibe cleanDS
    清潔  qīng jié OC: tsheŋ keed MC: tshiɛŋ ket 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychpurity of heart
    • VPadNmarkedmorally pure, impeccable
    • VPibe pure
    純潔  chún jié OC: djun keed MC: dʑʷin ket 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNintensitivecompletely pure
    淳厚  chún hòu MC: dzywin huwH  OC: djun ɡoos 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNpure and generousCH
    淨潔  jìng jié OC: skhreeŋ keed MC: dziɛŋ ket 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNjìng jié: pure
    清氾  qīng fàn MC: tshjeng phjomH OC: tsheŋ phoms 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfor 清泛 limpid character =清淡CH
    明  míng OC: mraŋ MC: mɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNclean, unsullied (of dress)
    梵  fàn OC: bloms MC: bi̯ɐm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNpure 晉 葛洪 《要用字苑》："梵，潔也。"參見" 梵行 "。
    漻  liáo OC: ɡ-rɯɯw MC: leu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vilimpid
    素  sù OC: saas MC: suo̝ 1 Attribution

    Sù 素 (ant. huá 華 "well-adorned") adds to the notion of purity that of the unadulaterated original state of something.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 白/WHITE The dominant word for whiteness is bái 白 (ant. hēi 黑 "black").

      Syntactic words
    • nsubjectoccasionally nominalized: the unadorned
    • vadNpure and unadulterated, unadorned; pristine and plain, uncorrupted; plain, unaffected; unpainted, unvarnished; unornamented
    • vadVin purity; in plainness ???
    • vibe pure and unadulterated, unadorned; pristine and plain, uncorrupted; plain, unaffected; unpainted, unvarnished; unornamented
    縮  suō OC: sruɡ MC: ʂuk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNto strain (wine)
    • vtoNcausativecause to become pure> strain (wine), filter
    離垢清淨  lí gòu qīng jìng OC: b-rel kooʔ tsheŋ skhreeŋ MC: liɛ ku tshiɛŋ dziɛŋ 0 Attributions

    lígòu qīngjìng

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: purity freed of taint (i.e. the original purity made accessible through enlightenment; compare 本性清淨); SANSKRIT vimala-śuddhi
    本性清淨  běn xìng qīng jìng OC: pɯɯnʔ seŋs tsheŋ skhreeŋ MC: puo̝n siɛŋ tshiɛŋ dziɛŋ 0 Attributions

    běnxìng qīngjìng

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: innate purity (i.e. the originally purity of every sentient being, beclouded by afflictions; compare 離垢清淨); SANSKRIT prakṛti-pariśuddhi
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturefigurative: moral purityCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturefigurative: moral purityCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturefigurative: moral purityCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturefigurative: moral purityCH
    汰  tài OC: thaads MC: thɑi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativecause to be pure > purify
    涓  juān OC: kʷleen MC: ken 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNpurifying, specialised in purification 涓人
    • vibe purified
    澄  chéng OC: dɯŋ MC: ɖɨŋ 0 Attributions

    Qīng 清 (ant. zhuó 濁 "dirty, impure") and the rarer chéng 澂 emphasises the absence of any admixtures that might make something less transparent and translucent.

      Syntactic words
    • DELETEDpure, unruffled and clear
    澈  chè OC: dad MC: ɖiɛt 0 Attributions

    Chè 澈 (ant. hún 渾 "murky") focusses on perfect transparency.

      Syntactic words
    • vitransparent
    皭  jiào OC: tsewɡs MC: tsiɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redresplendently clean