Taxonomy of meanings for 黎:
- 黎 lí (OC: riil MC: lei) 郎奚切 平 廣韻：【衆也又姓黎侯國之後郎奚切二十一 】
Additional information about 黎
說文解字:
- Criteria
- BLACK
[[COMMON/RARE]]
[DRAMATIC/UNDRAMATIC]
[ELEVATED/FAMILIAR]
[+FIG/LITERAL]
[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]
[IDIOMATIC/NON-IDIOMATIC]
[POETIC/PROSAIC]
1.The standard word is hēi 黑 (ant. bái 白 "white") which refers to anything very dark.
[GENERAL], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC]; [[COMMON]]
2. Xuán 玄 (ant. sù 素 "pristine unadorned white") refers to a redish mystifying black. SW: 黑而有赤色者
[ELEVATED], [+FIG], [POETIC!]
3. Àn 黯 (ant. hào 昊 "shining bright (of sky)") is rare and poetic, and the word refers to the threatening darkness of clouds in a thunderstorm.
[DRAMATIC], [ELEVATED], [LITERAL], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]
4. Zī 淄／緇 (ant. sù 素 "plain white") refers to the glossy greyish black appearance of dark silk, like the colour of dark earth, and this word seems limited to the description of clothes.
[ELEVATED], [LITERAL], [SPECIFIC]
5. Dài 黛 (ant. hào 皓 "shining whie") refers specifically to the dust-glossy black of make-up.
[ELEVATED], [LITERAL], [POETIC], [SPECIFIC]; [[RARE]]
6. Lí 黎 / 黧 (ant. sù 素 "pristine white and un-suntanned") refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods.
[IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC]
7. Qián 黔 refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods, especially in qián mín 黔民 "the common people".
[IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC]
8. Méi 黴 refers to the facial complexion darkened either by exposure to the sun or by sorrow.
[ELEVATED], [+FIG], [IDIOMATIC], [POETIC!]; [[RARE]]
9. Zào 皂 (sù 素 "plain undyed white") is also very rare and refers to the appearance of coarse dyed black non-silken textiles, the original reference of the word being to the plant used to produce the black effect.
[LITERAL], [PROSAIC]
10. Mò 墨 is basically ink, and by extension the word can come to refer to a dark black colour.
- PEOPLE
1. The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers inclusively to all the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state (xiǎo mín 小民 are the ordinary people). [ 夫民之為言也暝也，萌之為言也（肓）〔盲〕也，故惟上之所扶而以之，民無不化也。故曰：「民萌。」民萌哉！ ( 直言其意而為之名也 ) Xinshu 9
2. Bǎi xìng 百姓 (ant. jūn zhǔ 君主 "ruler") typically refers to the registered senior families in a state who are under the control of the ruler and contribute taxes as well as military service to him; but from earliest times this term was occasionally used to refer generally to the populace at large.
3. Rén 人 (ant. wáng 王 "king") is sometimes used generically for those people who were taken to have a political voice, as in Yīn rén 殷人 "the people of Yīn".
4. Méng 氓 / 萌 (ant.* shì mín 士民 "citizens") refers specifically to the common people belonging to the lower echelons of society.
5. Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.
6. Qián shǒu 黔首 "black-headed people" is the current word for the people especially promoted by the Qin dynasty.
7. Shì mín 士民 refers to senior registered citizens with a certain political influence; but the term can also be used collectively to refer to the freemen/gentleman shì 士 on the one hand, and the common people mín 民 on the other.
8. Guó rén 國人 refers not to the people in a state, but specifically to the senior citizens in the capital.
9. Mín rén 民人 is a very current way of referring to the people without suggesting any low or high status.
10. Shù rén 庶人 is the technical term for the non-office-holding commoners in a country.