Taxonomy of meanings for 研:　　

Additional information about 研

說文解字:

Criteria
• CITIES
  

  See 曲英結，先秦都城復原研究，黑龍江人民, 1991

• STUDY
  

  1. The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers to the acquisition of existing knowledge or virtues, typically under another person. Often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.

  2. Shī 師 and cóng 從 refer to deciding to study under someone and treating him as one's teacher.

  3. Kǎo 考 refers to an investigation of a subject in a "scientific" spirit with the aim of finding the truth about something.

  4. Jiū 究 and yán 研 refers to an in-depth study of a subject, typically involving a fair amount of reflection.

  5. Zhì 治 and gōng 攻 refer to the systematic and specialised study, typically of a certain text.

  6. Xí 習 refers to rehearsing and application in practice of what one has learnt, through repetition of text and/or through enactment in practice.

• GRIND
  

  1. The general term for grinding is mó 磨, which can also refer specifically to polishing a surface of something with stone, sand, etc.

  2. Yán 研 means to reduce to powder by crushing with a hard instrument.

  3. Qiē 切 can refer to the grinding action of one's teeth.

  NB: For the entirely separate meaning "grind and sharpen", see under POLISH:

  Dǐ 砥 refers to sharpening of an artefact with the small and fine whetstone.

  Lì 礪 refers to sharpening of an artefact with the crude type of whetstone.