HOLD    把持持

CONTROL by KEEPING IN one's HANDS.
CLASPCLUTCHGRASPGRIPCLENCHCLING TOHOLD ON TOCARRYBEAR
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most current general and neutral word for holding something in any way concrete or abstract is chí 持 (ant. shī 失 "lose hold of"). 2. Zhí 執 is often inchoative "take hold of", and then comes to mean "hold on to, keep holding" as one goes along. 3. Cāo 操 refers to holding and holding onto something, often taking it along as one goes along, sometimes wielding it as a weapon. 4. Bǐng 秉 refers to clasping something firmly, often solemnly with both hands, and sometimes several things so as to hold and keep them together and not to let go. 5. Jiá 挾 refers specifically to holding something under one's armpit, but the word also has some more generalised uses. 6. Wò 握 and bǎ 把 are rather dramatic words referring to gripping something and not letting go of it. 7. Gǒng 拱 refers to holding something politely in both hands.
Modern Chinese Criteria
執掌 掌握 掌 握 拿 柄 拿 持 執 捉 秉 操 仗 手 is restricted to the phrase 老手 "keep holding in one's hands" 握 攥 搦 (rare) is to grasp. rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • LEAN ON　HOLD onto something so as to SUPPORT ONESELF (TYPICALLY STANDING). (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • WIELD　HOLD so as to USE as a WEAPON OR TOOL. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • DISCARDDISPLACE something so as to VOLUNTARILY CAUSE ONESELF to LACK it.
See also
  • KEEPHAVE AND REFUSE to GIVE to OTHERS.
Hypernym
  • CONTROL　INTERACT so as to CAUSE TO BE OR ACT RESEMBLE:as one DESIRES. (anc: 13/0, child: 7)
  • INTERACT　ACT so as to CAUSE ANOTHER TO REACT. (anc: 12/0, child: 14)
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 11.15

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 238

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 157

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 380

    • Words (38 items)

    執  zhí OC: tjib MC: tɕip 69 Attributions

    Zhí 執 is often inchoative "take hold of", and then comes to mean "hold on to, keep holding" as one goes along.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 失/LOSE The dominant general word for to lose is shī 失 (ant. dé 得 "get") which refers to any disappearance of something which belonged to one in any sense, but the emphasis tends to be on the loss being the result of a mistake rather than mere insouciance.
    • Object: 要/IMPORTANT The most general term for the relative importance and crucial nature of something is yào 要 (ant. xì 細).
    • Object: 一/ONE The general word for one is yī 一.
    • Synon: 操/HOLD Cāo 操 refers to holding and holding onto something, often taking it along as one goes along, sometimes wielding it as a weapon.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactthe holding on to something; grasping
    • vadNfigurativecharacterised by fixed attachment to opinion
    • vt+prep+Nfigurativehold onto psychologically
    • vt[oN]hold onto one's position
    • vtoN.adVholding an N to VCH
    • vtoNcontinuoushold and carry (any object) with one or with two hands; wield
    • vtoNfigurativehold onto as true; maintain as true; hold onto as important; negatively: not budge from
    操  cāo OC: tshaaw MC: tshɑu 16 Attributions

    Cāo 操 refers to holding and holding onto something, often taking it along as one goes along, sometimes wielding it as a weapon.

      Word relations
    • Synon: 執/HOLD Zhí 執 is often inchoative "take hold of", and then comes to mean "hold on to, keep holding" as one goes along.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold in one's hands and be in charge of; hold and carry along (objects with or without a handle)
    • vtoN.adVholding an N to VCH
    握  wò OC: qrooɡ MC: ʔɣɔk 14 Attributions

    Wò 握 and bǎ 把 are rather dramatic words referring to gripping something and not letting go of it.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNgrip firmly; hold (a physical object, probably without a handle) in one's hands; abstractly: keep a firm grip on, hold on to
    • vtoNfigurativeabstractly: hold on toCH
    • vtoNpassivebe held in one's hands
    挾  xié OC: ɡeeb MC: ɦep
    夾  jiā OC: kreeb MC: kɣɛp 11 Attributions

    Jiā 夾／ 挾 refers specifically to holding something under one's armpit, but the word also has some more generalised uses.

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • vt2oNfigurative"hold (between each other)"> have between each other
    • vtoNhold (concealed) under one's armpit, clasp under the arm; keep to oneself [take/seize (with chopsticks)][CA]
    • vtoNpassivebe carried under one's armpit
    秉  bǐng OC: praŋʔ MC: pɣaŋ 11 Attributions

    Bǐng 秉 refers to clasping something firmly, often solemnly with both hands, and sometimes several things so as to hold and keep them together and not to let go.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 把/HOLD Wò 握 and bǎ 把 are rather dramatic words referring to gripping something and not letting go of it.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold (ox-tail flag) in one hand, clasp; hold
    • vtoNhold so as to use: wieldCH
    • vtoNfigurativehold onto as the crucial thing
    把  bǎ OC: praaʔ MC: pɣɛ 8 Attributions

    Wò 握 and bǎ 把 are rather dramatic words referring to gripping something and not letting go of it.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 秉/HOLD Bǐng 秉 refers to clasping something firmly, often solemnly with both hands, and sometimes several things so as to hold and keep them together and not to let go.
    • Synon: 持/HOLD The most current general and neutral word for holding something in any way concrete or abstract is chí 持 (ant. shī 失 "lose hold of").
    • Synon: 操/WIELD

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)omgrasp, grip (a contextually determinate object) in one's hands
    • vtoNgrasp, grip (a physical object, often an object with a handle) in one's hands
    • vtoNinchoativegrasp, grip (a physical object, often an object with a handle)TW
    持  chí OC: ɡrlɯ MC: ɖɨ 7 Attributions

    The most current general and neutral word for holding something in any way concrete or abstract is chí 持 (ant. shī 失 "lose hold of").

      Word relations
    • Object: 戟/LANCE
    • Contrast: 舉/LIFT The most general and the most current word for lifting up anything, in literal as well as figurative senses is jǔ 舉.
    • Contrast: 舉/LIFT The most general and the most current word for lifting up anything, in literal as well as figurative senses is jǔ 舉.
    • Synon: 把/HOLD Wò 握 and bǎ 把 are rather dramatic words referring to gripping something and not letting go of it.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcontinuoushold on to
    • vtoNfigurativehold on to, not let go of
    • vtoNpassivebe held
    捉  zhuō OC: tsrooɡ MC: ʈʂɣɔk 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabgrasp
    • vtoNhold, grab
    • vtoNinchoativetake hold of, take and hold together
    奉  fèng OC: boŋʔ MC: bi̯oŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)hold politely with both hands
    • vtoNhold politely with both hands
    將  jiāng OC: skaŋ MC: tsi̯ɐŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcarry along, bring, take
    撰  zhuàn OC: sɡroonʔ MC: ɖʐɣan 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold
    • vtoNinchoativelay hold of
    抱  bào MC: bawX OC: buuʔ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold in one's armsCH
    捫  mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)touch the contextually determinate NDS
    • vtoNgrasp after, hold on to, touch, reach out after
    托  tuō OC: ph-laaɡ MC: thɑk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)hold, support with one's palm (with contextually determinate object)
    承  chéng OC: ɡjɯŋ MC: dʑɨŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold with both hands so as to offer up ＝奉
    抱  bào MC: bawX OC: buuʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold in one's armsCH
    拱  gǒng OC: koŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ 2 Attributions

    Gǒng 拱 refers to holding something politely in both hands.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNtaking two arms to hold around
    • vihold one's arms in front of the chestCH
    • vtoNhold with both hands (e.g. a piece of jade in order to present it politely); hold with both arms (as firewood)
    • vtoNpassivebe held politely
    執捉  zhí zhuō OC: tjib tsrooɡ MC: tɕip ʈʂɣɔk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiacthold; grasp
    持載  chí zài OC: ɡrlɯ sɡlɯɯs MC: ɖɨ dzəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNhold up
    攀欄  pān lán OC: phraan ɡ-raan MC: phɣan lɑn 1 Attribution
    • () p. 3783c

      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNto grasp something and not want to let go, to firmly hold on to, to cling to (on the origin of this compound see HYDCD: 攀朱檻)
    繫執  xì zhí OC: ɡeeɡs tjib MC: ɦei tɕip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)omhold on to; grasp
    懷挾  huái xié OC: ɡruul ɡeeb MC: ɦɣɛi ɦep 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)hold a contextually determinate object N to one's chest
    把將  bǎ jiāng OC: praaʔ skaŋ MC: pɣɛ tsi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)fetch, bring (a contexutally determnate N)
    仗  zhàng OC: daŋʔ MC: ɖi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold (typically a weapon) in one's hand
    把捉  bǎ zhuō OC: praaʔ tsrooɡ MC: pɣɛ ʈʂɣɔk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)figurativegrasp (a contextually determinate abstract N)
    懷  huái MC: hweaj  OC: ɡruul 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold in one's armsCH
    拘  jū MC: kju OC: ko 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNinchoativehold up, gather upCH
    掎  jī OC: kral MC: kiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold fast; hold onto; pull down
    採  cǎi OC: tshɯɯʔ MC: tshəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtake, grasp, pick up
    搊  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpluck > grasp, get hold of
    撙  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold in hand
    將還  jiāng huán OC: skaŋ ɡʷraan MC: tsi̯ɐŋ ɦɣan 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativecarry back to, bring back to
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNinchoativehold up, gather upCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold in one's armsCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold in one's armsCH
    攜  xié OC: ɡʷlee MC: ɦei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold; take along
    有  yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcontinuativehold in one's hands
    綏  suí OC: snul MC: si 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcarry or hold something ceremonously at the level of the heart